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Ʉɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ:
θ
sin ,
h
=
D
ɝɞɟ D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɮɪɟɡɵ, ɦ;
ɫ – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ 1 ɧɨɠ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ), ɦ;
Ʉ – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
2
ɪɟɡɰɚ, ɇ/ɦɦ
– ɩɪɢ ɟ > 0,1 ɦɦ
*
ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ v <50 ɦ/ɫ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ v ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ 90v;
– ɩɪɢ
;
≤e 0,11 ɦɦ
∗
vk
kpk += 8
+−⋅++⋅+=
)15,055,0()00015,0007,0()0004,002,0(
ψψδψ
Ɋɢɫ. 5.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
71
lhD=⋅
D
,
ɝɞɟ l – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɞɭɝɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ, ɦ;
π
t
=
,
z
ɝɞɟ t – ɲɚɝ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɨɠɚɦ, ɦ;
z – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɨɠɟɣ, in.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ
e = c · sinș.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ Ɋ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 5.3.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.3
2
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Ʉ (ɤɝ/ɦɦ
) ɢ Ɋ = Ʉɟ (ɤɝ)
e, ɦɦ
0,025
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
ȥ, °
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
∗
3, 7
0, 092
3, 3
0,105
2, 25
0, 25
1, 7
0,34
1, 3
0,39
4,3
0,107
3, 9
0,196
3, 3
0, 33
2, 2
0, 44
1, 7
0, 51
5, 4
0,136
5
0, 25
4,1
0, 41
2,8
0,56
2, 2
0, 66
6,5
0,165
5, 7
0,285
4, 6
0, 46
3, 3
0, 66
2, 7
0,81
7,7
0,19
6, 5
0,325
5,1
0,51
3, 7
0, 74
3
0,9
8,8
0, 21
7,3
0,365
5, 5
0, 55
4,1
0,82
3, 3
0,99
9, 7
0, 24
7,9
0,395
6
0, 6
4, 4
0,88
3, 6
1, 0 8
72
e, ɦɦ
P
ρ
η
ρ
η
η
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 5.3
ȥ, °
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
1, 15
0, 46
1, 0 5
0, 53
1
0, 6
1
0, 7
1, 4 5
0, 58
1, 4
0, 7
1, 3
0, 78
1, 3
0,92
1, 9
0, 76
1, 7
0,85
1, 6 5
1, 0 2
1, 6
1, 14
2, 4
0,96
2,1
1, 0 5
2
1, 2
2
1, 3 6
2, 7
1, 0 8
2, 4
1, 2
2, 2
1, 3 2
2, 2
1, 5
3
1, 2
2, 6
1, 3
2,5
1, 5
2, 45
1, 7
* ȼ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟ ɞɚɧɵ K, ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟ – Ɋ = Ʉɟ.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɭɥɟ
v
⋅
ρ
N
=
ρ
,
ɝɞɟ
– ɄɉȾ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ (
ρ
).
0,9
=
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ (ɫ) ɢ ɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ (y) ɪɢɫ. 5.2.
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
1000 60ɋu
=
⋅⋅
zn
⋅
.
ɮ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ (y) ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 5.2.
3, 2
1, 2 8
3
1, 5
2,8
1, 6 8
2, 7
1, 8 8
73
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɣɫɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
π
ɭ
ɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
⋅⋅
n
D
ɮ
=
v
ɮ
. (5.2)
v (ɦ/ɫ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-
60
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.4
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ
ɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦɦ
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼɬ
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ
Ƚɥ
74
6. ȼɕȻɈɊ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɌȺ ɈȻɈɊɍȾɈȼȺɇɂə
ȾɅə ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼȺ ɌɈȼȺɊɈȼ
ɇȺɊɈȾɇɈȽɈ ɉɈɌɊȿȻɅȿɇɂə
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ:
1) ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɚ;
2) ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɦɟɠɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ
ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ;
3) ɜɵɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɩɨ-
ɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɰɟɯ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɭɛɨɪɤɢ
6.1. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ, ɞɥɢɧɭ, ɩɨɪɨɞɭ
ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
75
ɭ
ɪ
ɪ
3,0
0,28
3,0
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.1
0,26
4,0
0,28
4,0
0,26
6,0
ɟɜɧɨ Ⱦɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɛɵɥɶ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ
0,24
6,0
0,22
6,0
0,20
4,0
0,20
76
4,0
0,18
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɸ 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4,0
0,16
ɤɧɢɠɤɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ Ⱥ Ȼ ȼ Ƚ Ⱦ ȿ ɀ Ɂ ɂ Ʉ
ɐɢɮɪɚ ɡɚɱɟɬɧ.
ɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ Ȼɪɟɜɧɨ Ȼ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɋɨɫɧɚ Ȼɟɪɟɡɚ ȿɥɶ ɋɨɫɧɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 5,0 6,0 10,0
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ
3
ɤɰɢɢ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞ
ȼɢɞ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɩ
ɉɨɪɨɞɚ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɬɵɫ. ɦ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɫɵɪɶɹ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ,
ɦ (ɜ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟ –
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ,
ɲɢɪɢɧɚ,
ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟ –
ɞɥɢɧɚ)
ɫɬɚɧɨɤ
Ɋɟɛɪɨɜɵɣ
– –
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 6.1
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ɤɧɢɠɤɢ
ɐɢɮɪɚ ɡɚɱɟɬɧ.
ɫɬɚɧɨɤ
Ʌɟɧɬɨɱɧɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɣ
Ʌɟɫɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɦɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɤ
ɛɪɭɫɭɸɳɢɣ
Ⱦɜɭɯɩɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ
+ + + + +
– – –
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ
77
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɤ
ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ
ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ⱥ, ɂ, Ʉ – ɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɳɟɱɤɚ; Ȼ, ȼ – ɫɚɞɨɜɵɣ ɲɬɚɤɟɬɧɢɤ; ɀ, Ɂ – ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɨɧɚɠɧɵɟ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɶ, ɤɭɯɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɭɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɩɚɬ.
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ (ɩɥɢɧɬɭɫ, ɩɨɥɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ); Ƚ – ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɞɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɛɨɤ; Ⱦ, ȿ – ɬɨɱɟɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ (ɪɭɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ
6.2. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɬɚɛɥ. 6.2 – 6.14), ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1.2 – 1.18). ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɦɟɠɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
ɋɬɚɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɛɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɢɥɨɜɤɢ
6.2
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɢɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɦ
ɞɥɢɧɚ 112–350 40–650
ɲɢɪɢɧɚ Ⱦɨ 30 Ⱦɨ 63
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ 1,5–28 ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ 1,2
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ, ɦ/ɫ 15, 35, 60 5–45
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼɬ 32,6 41,8
Ɇɚɫɫɚ, ɤɝ 2700 6900
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
3
ɦ
/ɫɦ
ɐɊ-4Ⱥ ɅȾ-125-2
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ
45 120
78
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.3
–
– –
–
–
400 400
Ⱦɨ 100 100
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ
15
Ⱦɨ 700
11 10
11 10
79
Ɍɨɪɰɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ
ɐ6-2 ɐɄȻ-40 ɐɆɗ-3Ⱥ ɐɉȺ-40
10
13
ɩɢɥɟɧɢɢ)
(ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɢɥɟɧɢɢ)
(ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ
/ɫɦ 12 10
3
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 40 Ⱦɨ 40 60
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɦɦ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɢɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ
ɞɥɢɧɚ
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼɬ 4 7,5 4 5,4
Ɇɚɫɫɚ, ɤɝ 815 750 960 550
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦ
–
–
–
–
–
1000
ɪ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.4
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ
100 12 6
80
1250 ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ 1500 ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ 350 450
ɐ2Ʉ-12 ɐ2Ⱦ-5Ⱥ ɐȾɄ 4-3 ɐȾɄ 5-4
80 13
250 630 Ⱦɨ 315 250
1 2 1–2 1–2
4–6 Ⱦɨ 20 8–12 8–12
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɟɡɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɪɟɡɧɵɟ, ɦɧɨɝɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɞɥɢɧɚ 200
ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 40
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɦɦ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɢɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ 12
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼɬ 7,5 43,5 13 24
Ɇɚɫɫɚ, ɤɝ 1810 2500 1900 2500
Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
/ɱ
3
ɚɛɨɱɢɯ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɦ
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