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ɂɂɈɫɨɜɫɤɚɹ
ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕȿɂɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿȼɈɅɈɄɇȺ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª
2023
ɍȾɄ 541.64
ȻȻɄ 35.71
Ɉ-75
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ
ɡɚɜ.ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵɛɭɦɚɝɢɢɤɚɪɬɨɧɚȼɒɌɗɞ-ɪɬɟɯɧɧɚɭɤ
ɩɪɨɮȿȽɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɚ;
ɡɚɜɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɟɣɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɯɢɦɢɢɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣɊȺɇɞ-ɪɮɢɡ-ɦɚɬɧɚɭɤ
ɩɪɨɮɋȼȻɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ
Ɉɫɨɜɫɤɚɹɂɂ
Ɉ-75 ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟɢɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɭɱɟɛɧɨɟɩɨɫɨɛɢɟɂɂɈɫɨɜ
ɫɤɚɹ–Ɇɨɫɤɜɚȼɨɥɨɝɞɚɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ–1ɫɢɥɬɚɛɥ
ISBN978-5-9729-1182-0
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨɢɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɵɪɶɹ–ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯɢɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ Ⱦɚɧɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɠ
ɧɟɣɲɢɯɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ©ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚª ©Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜª ©Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜª ©ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜª
Ⱦɥɹɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹɩɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
©ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹª
ɍȾɄ541.64
ȻȻɄ35.71
ISBN978-5-9729-1182-0
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª23
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª23
Ɉɫɨɜɫɤɚɹɂɂ.23
2
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ.................................................................................................................5
ɈȻɓɂȿɉɈɇəɌɂəɈȼɈɅɈɄɇȺɏ................................................................7
ɇȺɌɍɊȺɅɖɇɕȿȼɈɅɈɄɇȺɊȺɋɌɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȽɈ
ɉɊɈɂɋɏɈɀȾȿɇɂə................................................................................................9
ɏɥɨɩɤɨɜɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ.........................................................................................10
Ʌɶɧɹɧɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ.............................................................................................12
ȼɨɥɨɤɧɚɫɨɫɨɛɵɦɢɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.....................................................................15
ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚɢɡɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ...................................................................................16
ɉɢɳɟɜɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ............................................................................................18
Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ.....................................................................................20
ȼɈɅɈɄɇȺɀɂȼɈɌɇɈȽɈɉɊɈɂɋɏɈɀȾȿɇɂə.......................................26
ɒɟɥɤɨɜɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ..........................................................................................27
ɒɟɪɫɬɶ..............................................................................................................28
Ȼɟɥɤɨɜɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ............................................................................................29
ɏɢɬɢɧ-ɝɥɸɤɚɧɨɜɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ...........................................................................30
ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿȼɈɅɈɄɇȺ.............................................................................40
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɤɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦɞɥɹɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ.................42
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ..................................................................................45
ȼɢɫɤɨɡɧɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ...................................................................................45
Ⱥɰɟɬɚɬɧɨɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ....................................................................................50
Ɍɪɢɚɰɟɬɚɬɧɨɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ..............................................................................52
ɋɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ..................................................................................57
4.3.1. ɉɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɧɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ..............................................................................59
4.3.2. ɉɨɥɢɚɤɪɢɥɨɧɢɬɪɢɥɶɧɨɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ–ɧɢɬɪɨɧ...........................................64
4.3.3. ɉɨɥɢɯɥɨɪɜɢɧɢɥɨɜɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯɥɨɪɢɧɉȼɏ........................................68
4.3.4. ɉɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ........................................................................70
3
4.3.5. ɉɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɨɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ–ɥɚɜɫɚɧ...............................................................72
4.3.6. ɉɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ................................................................75
ɆɂɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɕȿȼɈɅɈɄɇȺ..........................................................................78
ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾɇɕȿȼɈɅɈɄɇȺ.............................................................................80
ɂȾȿɇɌɂɎɂɄȺɐɂəȼɈɅɈɄɈɇ....................................................................84
ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿȺɋɉȿɄɌɕɋȼəɁȺɇɇɕȿ
ɋɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼɈɆ ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏȼɈɅɈɄɈɇ......................................94
ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ.......................................................................................................96
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃɋɉɂɋɈɄ................................................................98
4
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ – ɪɚɡɞɟ
ɥɢɬɶɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɭɧɚɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɈɞɧɢɦɢɡɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦȼɨɫɧɨɜɭɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨɞɜɚɨɫ
ɧɨɜɧɵɯɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ–ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɯɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɢɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɬɚɤɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɫɚɦɢɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɧɨɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɉɪɟɢɦɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɫ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɪɚɫɬɢ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟɜɪɟɦɹɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɠɢ
ɜɨɬɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɬɚɤɢɯɤɚɤ ɯɢɬɢɧ ɢ ɯɢɬɨɡɚɧ ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɩɨɥɧɟɡɚɤɨ
ɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬɪɹɞɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɟɣɲɢɯɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɜɵ
ɫɨɤɨɣɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɠɢ
ɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜɦɨɝɭɬɲɢɪɨɤɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹɜɩɪɨ
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ100 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ɂɟɦ-
ɥɢ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɨɫɶ ɇɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ
ɫɩɪɨɫɚɌɚɤ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ20ɥɟɬɨɧɚɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶɥɢɲɶɧɚ25 ɚ ɫɩɪɨɫ–ɧɚ
100 %. ɍɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɹ ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɵ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɢɡɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨɢɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨɫɵɪɶɹɁɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟɝɨɞɵɨɛɴɟɦɦɢ
ɪɨɜɨɝɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɏɢɦɢɤɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
5
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɬɪɭɞɹɬɫɹɧɚɞɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦɧɨɜɵɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɢɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɭɠɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɇɟɨɬɫɬɚɸɬɨɬɧɢɯɢɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɂɡɦɟɧɹɹɫɨɫɬɚɜɫɵɪɶɹɢɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸɟɝɨ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɨɧɢɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɤɚɧɟɣɢɩɪɢɞɚɸɬɢɦɪɹɞɨɫɨɛɵɯɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɞɟɥɚɸɬɢɯɜɨɞɨɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɢɥɢɧɟɬɟɪɹɸɳɢɦɢɮɨɪɦɭɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢɡ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜɢɢɯ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɬɚɤɠɟɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
6
ɈȻɓɂȿɉɈɇəɌɂəɈȼɈɅɈɄɇȺɏ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɨɦɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɮɨɪɦɭɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤɨ
ɬɨɪɚɹɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹɨɱɟɧɶɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦɞɥɢɧɵɤɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɪɚɡɦɟ
ɪɚɦɉɪɢɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹɱɬɨɫɚɦɢɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɦɚɥɵɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ
ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɯɥɨɩɨɤɲɟɪɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ–ɦɤɦɈɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɟɯɩɨɪɤɚɤɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɬɨɥɳɢɧ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ȼɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɫɥɭɱɚɹɯɨ ɱɟɦɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟɛɭɞɟɬɫɤɚɡɚɧɨɩɨɡɞ
ɧɟɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ –ɞɨɞɟ-
ɫɹɬɵɯɞɨɥɟɣɦɢɤɪɨɦɟɬɪɚȼɬɨɠɟɜɪɟɦɹɞɥɹɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɭɠɞɢɡ
ɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɫɨ
ɬɟɧ ɦɢɤɪɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɨɤ Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨɧɧɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɟɫɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɢ ȿɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɥɳɢɧ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡ
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɢɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɨɱɟɧɶɬɨɧɤɢɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɵɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɦɢɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɢɡ-ɡɚɱɟɝɨɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɢɫɤɚɬɶɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɬɨɥɳɢɧɵɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɦɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɟɟ
ɞɪɚɩɢɪɭɸɳɭɸɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɑɬɨɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯɜɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɰɟɥɹɯɬɨɡɞɟɫɶɧɟɬɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜɨ
ɥɨɤɧɚɯɨɬɹɜɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟɢɦɟɬɶɧɢɬɶɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸɢɡ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɧɢɬɶɪɚɜɧɨɜɟ
ɥɢɤɨɝɨɨɛɳɟɝɨɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ
7
ȼɨɜɫɹɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɱɬɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɹɜ
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɪɢ
ɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ
ɋɭɱɟɬɨɦɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɞɟɥɹɬɫɹɧɚ
• ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
• ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
Ʉ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɩɨɤ ɥɟɧ ɲɟɪɫɬɶɢ ɲɟɥɤ Ʉ ɯɢ
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ–ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɉɪɢɷɬɨɦ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɧɚ
• ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
• ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɢɪɨɫɬɚɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɰɟɥɥɸ
ɥɨɡɚɮɢɛɪɨɢɧɤɟɪɚɬɢɧɄɬɤɚɧɹɦɢɡɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
• ɚɰɟɬɚɬ
• ɜɢɫɤɨɡɚ
• ɲɬɚɩɟɥɶ
ɗɬɢɬɤɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɢɦɢɢ
ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɧɚɨɳɭɩɶɋɟɝɨɞɧɹɜɫɟɷɬɢɬɤɚɧɢɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ
ɦɢɛɟɥɶɹɚɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɦɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɋɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨ
ɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣɮɟɧɨɥɚɷɬɢɥɟɧɚɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚɦɟɬɚɧɚɢɞɪɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ-
ɬɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɥɢɩɨɥɢɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɟ
ɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɧɟɮɬɢɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɝɥɹɢɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟɝɚɡɨɜ
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɦɛɟɥɶɹɬɪɢɤɨɬɚɠɧɵɯɢɡɞɟɥɢɣɨɞɟɠɞɵɤɨɜɪɨɜɵɯɢɡɞɟ
ɥɢɣɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɦɢɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨɫɩɪɨɫɚɢɥɢɞɥɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɨɝɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
8
ɇȺɌɍɊȺɅɖɇɕȿ ȼɈɅɈɄɇȺ
ɊȺɋɌɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɉɊɈɂɋɏɈɀȾȿɇɂə
ɊɢɫɄɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ
ɇɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ – ɷɬɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɜ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦɜɢɞɟɨɧɢɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹɛɟɡɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɱɚɫɬɢɹɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠ
ɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɗɬɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɢɡ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɋ
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭ-
6ɇ10Ɉ5
ɸɬɜɨɫɤɢɠɢɪɵɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟɤɪɚɫɹɳɢɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɢɞɪ
Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ
• ɧɚɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢɫɟɦɹɧ–ɯɥɨɩɨɤ;
• ɧɚɫɬɟɧɤɚɯɩɥɨɞɚ
• ɜɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ
• ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɛɥɹ
• ɜɥɢɫɬɶɹɯ
–ɚɛɚɤɚɫɢɡɚɥɶɝɟɧɟɤɟɧɮɨɪɦɢɭɦɸɤɤɚ.
–ɤɚɩɨɤ;
–ɤɚɣɪ;
–ɥɟɧɩɟɧɶɤɚɞɠɭɬɤɟɧɚɮ;
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɩɨɤ
ɢɥɟɧ
9
ɏɅɈɉɄɈȼɕȿ ȼɈɅɈɄɇȺ
ɏɥɨɩɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɚ ɯɥɨɩɱɚɬɧɢɤɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɜɩɪɹɠɟ ɜɞɜɭɯɜɢɞɚɯɜɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɢɜɦɟɪɫɟɪɢɡɨ
ɜɚɧɧɨɦɇɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣɯɥɨɩɨɤ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɛɥɟɤɥɵɟɬɨɧɚɬɚɤɨɜɵ ɟɝɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɦɟɪɫɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɯɥɨɩɨɤɭɞɚɟɬɫɹɨɤɪɚɫɢɬɶɜɹɪɤɢɟɫɨɱɧɵɟɬɨɧɚ
ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɛɥɟɫɤ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɄɨɧɟɱɧɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɦɟɪɫɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶɞɟɲɟɜɵɣɧɨɹɜɧɵɟɩɪɟɢɦɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɚɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨɜɢɞɚɢɧɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɢɡɞɟɥɢɣɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɸɬɟɝɨɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɈɞɧɚɤɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɦɟɪɫɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɩɨɤ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦ ɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧ ɭɫɚɞɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɪɫɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɏɥɨɩɱɚɬɧɢɤ ɢɡɜɟ-
ɫɬɟɧɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɭɠɟ ɥɟɬɗɬɨ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɊɨɞɢɧɚ
ɯɥɨɩɤɚ–ɂɧɞɢɹɢɘɠɧɚɹȺɦɟɪɢɤɚȾɨ;9,ɜɢɧɞɢɣɰɵɞɟɪɠɚɥɢɜɬɚɣɧɟɩɪɨɢɡ
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɩɤɚ ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɩɪɢɜɨɡɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɯɥɨɩɨɤ
ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬɫ;9,,,ɜ ȼɦɢɪɟɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɜɢɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɩɤɚɧɨɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɢɞɚ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬɞɥɹɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ
ɇɚɛɥɚɝɨɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
• ɫɟɦɟɧɚɧɚɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ
• ɜɟɬɤɢɢɨɬɯɨɞɵɧɚɜɚɬɭɛɭɦɚɝɭɤɚɪɬɨɧɢɬɞ
ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯɥɨɩɤɚ
1. ɂɡ ɫɟɦɹɧ-ɤɨɪɨɛɨɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɯɥɨɩɤɚ-ɫɵɪɰɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɟ
7–ɬɵɫɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ
2. ɋɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɩɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ
3. ɉɪɟɫɫɭɸɬɜɤɢɩɵ
ɏɥɨɩɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɛɟɥɵɟɩɭɲɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɞɨ ɦɦ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɦɚ
ɬɨɜɵɟɦɹɝɤɢɟɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ
ɂɡɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟɤɨɧɨɩɥɹ–ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɟɨɞɧɨɥɟɬɧɟɟ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɤɨɧɨɩɥɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɥɟɬ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤɨɧɨɩɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ-
ɸɬɩɟɧɶɤɨɣɸɬɚ–ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɪɨɞɢɧɚ–ɂɧɞɢɹɄɢɬɚɣɤɟɧɚɮ–ɬɪɨ-
10
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