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Файл:Коррозия и антикоррозионная защита. Учебно-методическое пособие
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Ⱥ. ɉ. ɎɂɊɋɌɈȼ
ɄɈɊɊɈɁɂə
ɂ ȺɇɌɂɄɈɊɊɈɁɂɈɇɇȺə ɁȺɓɂɌȺ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ
ɇɢɠɧɟɬɚɝɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ (ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ) ɍɪɎɍ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ» ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
2023
ɍȾɄ 620.197
ȻȻɄ 34.6
Ɏ62
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɈȺɈ «ɇɢɠɧɟɬɚɝɢɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ»
(ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ⱥ. ɇ. ɍɦɚɧɰɟɜ);
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ «ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ» ɜ ɝ. ɇɢɠɧɟɦ Ɍɚɝɢɥɟ ȼ. Ⱥ. Ɉɪɥɨɜ
Ɏɢɪɫɬɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɉ.
Ɏ62 Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨ-
ɛɢɟ / Ⱥ. ɉ. Ɏɢɪɫɬɨɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2023. – 72 ɫ. :
ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-1473-9
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ,
ɞɚɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɧɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ». Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɍȾɄ 620.197
ȻȻɄ 34.6
ISBN 978-5-9729-1473-9 Ɏɢɪɫɬɨɜ Ⱥ. ɉ., 2023
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2023
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2023
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
1. Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ .................................................................................................... 4
1.1. ȼɢɞɵ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ................................................................... 4
1.2. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ................................................. 5
1.3. Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
(ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ) ............................................................................................................... 7
1.4. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ................................................................... 8
2. Ⱥɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ................................................................................... 10
2.1. ȼɢɞɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ...................................................... 13
2.1.1. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ............................................................................... 13
2.1.1.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.2. ɏɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ................................................................ 31
2.1.2.1. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ........ 32
2.1.2.2. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ........................................................................................... 38
2.1.2.3. ȼɢɞɵ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ....................................................................... 48
2.1.3. Ɍɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ .................................................................. 52
2.2. ɉɚɫɫɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ .............................................................................................. 59
2.2.1. Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ ............................................................................. 60
2.2.2. Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ............................................................... 60
2.3. ɂɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ............................................................................... 62
2.4. Ⱦɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ .............................................................................................. 64
3. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ .................................................. 66
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ................................................................................................................. 67
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ............................................................................................................... 68
3
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ (ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ) ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 1,5 % ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
1. ɄɈɊɊɈɁɂə ɆȿɌȺɅɅȺ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ
, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ȼ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɜɫɺ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ: ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨ-
ɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ (ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ) ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɇɟɪɨɣ
ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
ɇɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ (ɩɥɺɧɤɢ), ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɦ
(ɬɚɤ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɚ ɭ Cr ɢɥɢ Al ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ Fe, ɚ ɩɨ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ Fe).
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ:
– ɩɨ ɜɢɞɭ (ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ) ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɺɦɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ;
– ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ);
– ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
– ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟ-
ɬɚɥɥ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
1.1. ȼɢɞɵ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɜɲɚɹ ɜɫɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ
(ɪɢɫ. 1.1). ȿɺ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ.
ɉɪɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ-
ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ) ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.2) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɟ
ɩɹɬɧɚ, ɹɡɜɵ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ (ɩɢɬɬɢɧɝ). Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ
ɩɨɞɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɤɥɺɩɚɧɧɵɦ) ɫɥɨɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɡɞɭɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɹɦɢ
ɢɥɢ ɲɟɥɭɲɢɬɫɹ.
4
Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. ɋɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 1.2. Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ – ɦɟɠɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɧɚɹ (ɢɧɬɟɪɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɧɚɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɹ ɡɺɪɟɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɩɨ ɢɯ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ, ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɧɚɹ, ɪɚɫɫɟɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɣ
ɩɪɹɦɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɺɪɧɚ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ȼɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɧɨɠɟɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɨɠɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɜ
ɨɫɨɛɨ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ
ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɞ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɣɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ, ɢɞɭɳɭɸ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɟɫɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɬɭɧɟɣ).
1.2. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɚɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɬɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦ (ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ). ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɟɺ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɩɥɺɧɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɝɚɡɚɦɢ),
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ
5
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ W ɢɥɢ Mo), ɟɺ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ Nb ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ) ɢ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ – ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
(ɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ).
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɧɟ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ; ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɸ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɬɟɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɞɧɢ (ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɫ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ (ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ,
ɧɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɟɛɹ
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ
ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ (ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ, ɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɺɧɧɵɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ: ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ
ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɢ
ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɝɨ – ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɭɬɺɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɝɨ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ (2ɟ + 2H
ɥɨɪɨɞɚ (4e+O
+4H+ = 2H2O ɢɥɢ 4e+O2+2H2O =4Ɉɇ-), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
2
+
= H2) ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫ-
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
Ⱥɧɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ, ɬɨ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵ
ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɟɺ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ; ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɡ). ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɨ
ɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ. ɇɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ
ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ
ɜɫɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɟɺ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨ-
-
6
ɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɨɞɧɚɹ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɹɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɵɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ. ȼ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ
ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
ɂɧɚɱɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɚɧɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɢɚɧɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɸ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɢɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɦɭ – ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ (ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ, ɧɢɡɤɚɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ
ɚɧɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ), ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢɥɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɜɚɡɢɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ
ɟɣ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɺɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ.
1.3. Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
(ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ)
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦɢ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ, ɬ. ɟ. ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɪɨɫɵ). ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ) ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ: ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɚɹ
– ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɺɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɋɈ
, Cl2, ɢɥɢ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.);
2
ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ – ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ – ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ.
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɢɥɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɟɞɺɬ ɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɪɨɫɵ ɢ
7
ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɉɪɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ,
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɢ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.).
Ɋɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɟɣ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɨɛɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ «ɡɚɯɥɨɩɵɜɚɧɢɟ» ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɞɚɪɨɜ,
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
Ȼɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɮɪɟɬɬɢɧɝ-ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ.
ɍɬɟɱɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɚɧɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɨɝɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɦ).
ɋɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, – ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ. ȼ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɡɚɡɨɪɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɲɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɫɬɨɦ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ, ɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɺɧ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɳɟɥɢ, ɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ, ɢɞɭɳɭɸ
ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
Ʉ. – ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
1.4. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɭɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɥɨ-
ɳɚɞɢ (Ʉ), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɝ/ɦ
2
Âɱ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɬ. ɟ.
ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɧɟɬɪɨɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɉ), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɜ ɦɦ/ɝɨɞ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ:
ɉ = 8,75Ʉ/r, (1)
ɝɞɟ r – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɝ/ɫɦ
3
.
8
ɉɪɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ȽɈɋɌɭ 13819-68 ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ 10-ɛɚɥɥɶɧɚɹ ɲɤɚɥɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 1). ȼ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ (ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɨɫɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɢɞɨɦ
Ʉ. ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
10-ɛɚɥɥɶɧɚɹ ɲɤɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ
ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ Ɇɟɧɟɟ 0,001 1
ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ
ɋɬɨɣɤɢɟ
ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ
Ɇɚɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ
ɇɟɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɋɜɵɲɟ 10,0 10
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɦɦ/ɝɨɞ
ɋɜɵɲɟ 0,001 ɞɨ 0,005
ɋɜɵɲɟ 0,005 ɞɨ 0,01
ɋɜɵɲɟ 0,01 ɞɨ 0,05
ɋɜɵɲɟ 0,05 ɞɨ 0,1
ɋɜɵɲɟ 0,1 ɞɨ 0,5
ɋɜɵɲɟ 0,5 ɞɨ 1,0
ɋɜɵɲɟ 1,0 ɞɨ 5,0
ɋɜɵɲɟ 5,0 ɞɨ 10,0
Ȼɚɥɥ
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ
ɢ ɧɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ (ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ)
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɢ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɠɺɫɬɤɢɯ, ɱɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
9
2. ȺɇɌɂɄɈɊɊɈɁɂɈɇɇȺə ɁȺɓɂɌȺ
Ⱥɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ. Ⱥɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ – ɨɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
ɞɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ
ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 12 % ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɦ
ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɹɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɟɞɢ ɟɳɺ ɜ
ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ (ɨɥɨɜɹɧɧɚɹ ɛɪɨɧɡɚ, ɥɚɬɭɧɶ), ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ – ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ. ɛɵɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ȼ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ
ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ XX ɜ. ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ). ɉɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ 2 ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɥɢ
ɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ;
– ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ.
Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
1. ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ;
2. ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ;
3. ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
4. ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ
5. ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ.
ɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ;
Ʌɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ
ɩɥɺɧɤɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ
ɯɪɨɦɨɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɹɦɢ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ʌɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɚɝɪɟɫ-
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