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Файл:Коррозия и антикоррозионная защита. Учебно-методическое пособие
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ɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ – ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ
ɮɚɡɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɷɬɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ,
ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɡɺɪɧɚɯ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɭɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ (ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ). ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɫ
ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɋɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ, ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɯ, ɦɟɞɧɵɯ, ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɭɬɨɤ.
ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɢɡɧɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɺɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
.
ɇɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ
ɫɥɢɬɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɥɟɧɬ, ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɤɥɺɩɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɺ, ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ, ɨɬɩɭɫɤ, ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɇɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ
ɩɨɤɨɜɤɢ ɢ
ɞɪ. ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ, ɨɬɩɭɫɤ, ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ, ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ ɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ,
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ, ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ.
Ɉ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ. Ɋɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɨɬɠɢɝ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɤɚɬɚɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ 400 ɞɨ 220 Ɇɧ/ɦ
(ɫ 40 ɞɨ 22 ɤɝɫ/ɦɦ
2
), ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ 3
ɞɨ 50 %. Ɉɬɨɠɠɺɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɍ8 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ 180 ɇȼ; ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
2
21
ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨ 650 ɇȼ. ɋɬɚɥɶ 38 ɏɆɘȺ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ 470 HV, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɡɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ
1200 HV. ɉɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɭɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɚ Ⱦ16 ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ, ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 200, 300 ɢ 450 Ɇɧ/ɦ
ɢ 45 ɤɝɫ/ɦɦ
ɤɚɥɤɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 120 Ɇɧ/ɦ
2
). ɍ ɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɟɜɨɣ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ Ȼɪ. Ȼ2 ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ (s
2
(12 ɤɝɫ/ɦɦ2), ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ 680 Ɇɧ/ɦ2 (68 ɤɝɫ/ɦɦ2).
2
(20, 30
) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚ-
0,002
2.1.1.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ:
– ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ);
– ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ, ɢ ɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɬɚɥɢ;
– ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ-
ɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ.
ɇɚɝɪɟɜ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɜ ɫɨɥɹɧɵɯ ɜɚɧɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ,
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ.
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɜɵɫɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ
ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ
22
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɶ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɟɟ ɟɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɩɪɨɳɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ 0,8–1 ɦɢɧ ɧɚ 1 ɦɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɵ-
ɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 % ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ.
ɋɪɟɞɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ
ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ:
– ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɟɟ (Ɉ
– ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ (ɋɈ, ɋɇ
– ɨɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ (Ɉ
– ɧɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ (ɋɈ, ɋɇ
– ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ (N
, ɋɈ2, ɇ2Ɉ);
2
);
4
, ɇ2);
2
);
4
, ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ).
2
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɵ Fe2O3, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ,
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ.
Ɉɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ (ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ)
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2.2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ
ɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟ-
Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ
Ɉɬɠɢɝ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ:
– ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ;
– ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ;
– ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 30–100 °ɋ/ɱ.
Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
1. Ƚɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ (ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ) ɨɬɠɢɝ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ.
ȼ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ – ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ,
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, Ɍ
= 0,8 Ɍɩɥ.
ɇ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ: IJ = 8–20 ɱɚɫɨɜ.
2.
Ɋɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: Ɍ
= 0,4 Ɍɩɥ.
ɇ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
3.
Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɥɢɬɶɹ,
ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ).
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ: Ɍ
= 160–700 °ɋ.
ɇ
23
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ (ɯɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɧɬɵ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɱɟɪɜɹɤɢ) ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 570–600 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2–3 ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ – ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 160–180 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2–2,5 ɱɚɫɨɜ.
Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɩɟɥɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
əɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, ɩɨɤɨɜɤɢ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬ. Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ- ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɹ ɡɟɪɧɨ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɠɢɝ:
1. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ, ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ 30–50 °ɋ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱥ
:
3
Ɍ
= Ⱥ3 + (30…50) °ɋ.
ɧ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ, ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
2. ɇɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ, ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ 30–50 °ɋ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱥ
:
1
Ɍ
= Ⱥ1 + (30…50) °ɋ.
ɧ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ
ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ). ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɪɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɨɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ. ɇɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ
ɨɬɠɢɝ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɫɬɚɥɶ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ), ɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ.
3. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
Ⱥ1 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 680 °ɋ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɧɨɜɚ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 750–760 °ɋ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ.
4. ɂɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ 50–100 °ɋ ɧɢɠɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱥ
ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ, ɡɚɬɟɦ
1
24
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.3). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.3. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ
5. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɧɚ 30–50 °ɋ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥ
ɢɥɢ Ⱥ
3
ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɡ-
ɫɬ
ɞɭɯɟ.
Ɍ
= Ⱥ3 + (30…50) °ɋ
ɧ
ɢɥɢ
Ɍ
= Ⱥɫɬ + (30…50) °ɋ.
ɧ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɚ
(ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɪɛɢɬ), ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ.
ȼ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɝɪɭɛɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɳɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɧɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ
1. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ;
2. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ;
3. Ɉɬɩɭɫɤ;
4. Ɉɬɩɭɫɤɧɚɹ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ.
25
Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ 1 ɦɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ: ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ – 1,5–2 ɦɢɧ;
ɜ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ – 1 ɦɢɧ; ɜ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɜɚɧɧɟ – 0,5 ɦɢɧ; ɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɨɣ ɜɚɧɧɟ – 0,1–
0,15 ɦɢɧ.
ɉɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ:
– ɩɨɥɧɚɹ, ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ
ɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱥ
:
3
Ɍ
= Ⱥ3 + (30…50) °ɋ.
ɧ
30–50 °ɋ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
ɧɚɝɪɟɜ A
!
ɉ + Ɏ A Ɇ.
o o
3
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
ɧɚɝɪɟɜ A
!
ɉ + Ɏ A+ɎɆ+ Ɏ.
o o
1
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
– ɧɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ 30–50 °ɋ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱥ
:
1
Ɍ
= Ⱥ1 + (30…50) °ɋ.
ɧ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
ɧɚɝɪɟɜ A
!
ɉ + ɐ A+ɐII Ɇ + ɐ .
o o
II II
1
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɝɪɭɛɨɢɝɨɥɶɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ.
Ɂɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ –
ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ ɢɦɟɥ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ,
ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
26
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɸ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɥɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ I ɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
– ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ;
– ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ɇɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ. ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ: ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ Ⱥ
– Mɇ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
1
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ M
– MɄ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɇ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɭ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ, ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ.
ȼɨɞɚ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ: ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ 8–12%-ɵɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ NaCl ɢ NaOH. Ɉɧɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɩɚɪɨɜɭɸ ɪɭɛɚɲɤɭ, ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ (ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ). Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ
ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
27
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
Ɂɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
– ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ.
Ɂɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɋɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,20 % ɧɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
– ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɨɨɫɬɨ-ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ.
Ɂɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ
ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɫɥɨɹ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɢ ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬɚ.
ɑɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ.
ɍɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɭɸ, ɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɚ-
ɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ.
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɭ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
ɋ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚ-
ɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ ɢ ɛɨɪ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ – ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ).
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɦɚɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɤ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.4).
Ɋɢɫ. 2.4. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ
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1. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟ (V1).
ɇɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ ɞɨ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɨɥ-
ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ:
– ɜɨɞɭ – ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ;
– ɦɚɫɥɨ – ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ
ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.
2. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɚɹ
(V2).
ɇɚɝɪɟɬɨɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟ
(ɜɨɞɚ) ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ~ 300 °C ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ
(ɦɚɫɥɨ).
ɉɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ: ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ.
3. ɋɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ (V
).
3
ɇɚɝɪɟɬɨɟ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ
ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ 30–50 °ɋ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ Ɇ
ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟ-
ɇ
ɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
4. ɂɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ (V4).
Ɉɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɵɲɟ Ɇ
, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟ-
ɇ
ɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ
ɜ ɛɟɣɧɢɬ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɛɟɣɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
5. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ.
ɇɚɝɪɟɬɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɬɩɭɫɤ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɟ
(ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: ɦɨɥɨɬɤɢ, ɡɭɛɢɥɚ).
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Ɉɬɩɭɫɤ
Ɉɬɩɭɫɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ.
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ:
1. ɇɢɡɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ
ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ Ɍɧ = 150–300 °ɋ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ – ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ.
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ; ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ; ɩɨɫɥɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ.
2. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ Ɍ
= 300–450 °ɋ.
ɧ
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ – ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ
40–45HRC c ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɭɠɢɧ, ɪɟɫɫɨɪ.
3. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ Ɍ
= 450–650 °ɋ.
ɧ
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɭɞɚɪɧɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ (ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ) – ɫɨɪɛɢɬ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ɉɬɩɭɫɤɧɚɹ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɭɞɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ
ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶɸ (ɪɢɫ. 2.5).
Ɋɢɫ. 2.5. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ
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