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Файл:Коррозия и антикоррозионная защита. Учебно-методическое пособие
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ɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. Ʌɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ, ɢ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɢɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɦɟɠɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɵɯ
ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɢɨɛɢɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ,
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɵɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɂɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɩɥɺɧɤɭ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɭɸ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ⱦɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɥɨɪ-ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɫɪɨɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ
ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ.
ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɢɯ
ɫɩɥɚɜɵ) ɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ.
ɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ. ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɚ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ
. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ, ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɰɢɧɤɚ, ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ȼɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ – ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɯɪɨɦɨɦ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɦ, ɰɢɧɤɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɠɚɪɨ- ɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. Ʉ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɡɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɟ
ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɫ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɩɥɚɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ
ɫɥɨɟɜ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɢɡ-
11
ɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ). Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɫɥɨɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɤɚɞɦɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɤɢɫɧɵɯ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɯ, ɯɪɨɦɚɬɧɵɯ, ɮɬɨɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɇɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ. Ʉ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɷɦɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɺɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ
ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. ɇɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɚɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɦɚɡɤɚɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ,
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ. ɉɭɬɺɦ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɬɨɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ
ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ – ɥɚɤɨɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɵɟ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ, ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜɵɟ. Ʌɚɤɨɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɢɯ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ, ɩɨɥɢɢɡɨɛɭɬɢɥɟɧɚ, ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ,
ɧɚɣɥɨɧɚ, ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɨ-, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨ- ɢ ɳɺɥɨɱɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ
ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɧɧ (ɜɢɧɢɩɥɚɫɬ, ɮɚɨɥɢɬ ɢ ɞɪ.).
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɡɚɥɢɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɭɧɞɵ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɞɪ. ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ (ɝɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ).
ɉɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ
ɛɢɬɭɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɦɚɥɹɦɢ; ɨɬ
ɛɥɭɠɞɚ-
ɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ – ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ
ɡɚɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɚɪɝɨɧɟ, ɚɡɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɪ.).
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ȼ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ (ɳɟɥɢ, ɡɚɡɨɪɵ, ɡɚɫɬɨɣɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ), ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɯ
ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɞɪ.
2.1. ȼɢɞɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ:
– ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ;
– ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ;
– ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɭɸ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ.
2.1.1. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ: ɨɬɠɢɝ
1-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɨɬɠɢɝ 2-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ.
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢ-
ɞɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɹɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ – ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1).
Ɋɢɫ. 2.1. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ:
ɨɬɠɢɝɚ (1, 1ɚ), ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ (2, 2ɚ), ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ (3), ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (4)
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ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ:
I – ɨɬɠɢɝ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1 (1,1ɚ):
– ɨɬɠɢɝ 1-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ. ȿɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ,
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ. ɏɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
– ɨɬɠɢɝ 2-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɨɬɠɢɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɟɟ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɟɪɧɨ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞ-
ɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ 2-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬ-
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1 (4)).
II – ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1 (2,2ɚ):
– ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɢɫɩɵ-
ɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨ
ɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ (ɫɨɪɛɢɬ, ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬ, ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ). ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
– ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
III – ɨɬɩɭɫɤ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1 (3)): Ɉɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
Ⱥ
. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚ-
ɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
IV – ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ: ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɤ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ
ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
.
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
– ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚ-
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɢ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ (ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ).
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
– ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
14
-
ȼɢɞɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
Ɉɬɠɢɝ 1-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ (ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ) ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɬɶɟ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɢɞɭɬ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ 1-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ 1-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ.
Ƚɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ
ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ,
ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨ
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ ɨɯɪɭɩɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ.
Ɋɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɬ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɧɚɤɥɺɩɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ – ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɧɚɤɥɺɩɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ, ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɪɚɡɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɟɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ
ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɟɡɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɬɠɢɝ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɥɢɬɶɟ, ɫɜɚɪɤɟ, ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ
ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɫɥɨɹɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
Ɉɬɠɢɝ 2-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ 2-ɝɨ
ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ
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15
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɡ) ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ,
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɹɬ ɡɚ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɡɟɪɧɨ ɮɚɡɵ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ 2-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɉɬɠɢɝ 2-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ,
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɡɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ). ɗɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ
, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɭɪɚɥɸɦɢɧ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ
ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ; ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɠɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ). Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ; ɭ ɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɟɜɨɣ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ, ɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ, ɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ
ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɤ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɸ.
Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ
ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɞɬɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ» ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɛɟɡɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧ
ɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ. ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɫ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɟ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ
ɰɟɥɶ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ
ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɝɨ-
ɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɭ. ɋɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɨɛɭ-
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16
ɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ
a-ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɟɤ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɯɪɭɩɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ
ɷɬɨɝɨ – ɦɚɥɚɹ
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɟ. Ȼɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ.
Ɉɬɩɭɫɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ – ɜɢɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ,
ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɨɬɩɭɫɤ» ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤ ɫɬɚɥɹɦ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɱɚɳɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ – ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ (100–150 °ɋ), ɜɬɨɪɨɟ (250–300 °ɋ) ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟ (325–
400 °ɋ) ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ
, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ –
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ Ɉ. ɩɪɢ 100–150 °ɋ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ; ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 0,25–0,3 % ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɞɨ 200–300 °ɋ ɢɡ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɛɢɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ (ɞɨ 0,2 % ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ) ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ. Ʌɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ Cr, Mo, W, V, ɋɨ, Si ɫɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦ. ȼ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ Mo, W, V, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 450–550 °ɋ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɬɨ
ɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɤɚɪɛɢɞɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɥɺɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ,
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɟ – ɫɬɨɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɤ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɵɯ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ; ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ
ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ; ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ; ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚ-
-
17
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ – ɛɟɣɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɟ; ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ (ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ).
ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ,
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ; ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɯɥɚɞɧɨɥɨɦɤɨɫɬɢ (Ɍ
). ɉɪɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɨ 300 °ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟ-
ɤɪ
ɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
300–400 °ɋ ɢ 500–600 °ɋ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ Ɍ
– ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɨɬ-
ɤɪ
ɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɢ 600–650 °ɋ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ Mo, W ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɭɸ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ. ɇɢɡɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ (120–250 °ɋ)
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɭɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɢ 300–400 °ɋ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɭɠɢɧ ɢ ɪɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ (450–650 °ɋ) – ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɟ-
ɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
Ɉɬɩɭɫɤɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɢ). ȼ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ,
ɢ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɬɚ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɢ, –
ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ
ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ (ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ⱥɬɨɦɵ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɟ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹɯ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɢɡ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɩɭɫɤ ɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ
ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɸ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɧɬɟɪɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɨɬɩɭɫɤ» ɢ «ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ» ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ.
ɋɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
– ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ
18
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ) ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ȼ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ (ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ) ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɪ. ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɚɡ, ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɩɪɢ
ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ
ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (ɢɥɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ)
ɪɚɫɬɟɬ.
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɋɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ, ɢɥɢ «ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ», – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Al, Mg, Cu, Ni. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɪɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɪ. ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ
ɫɢɥɭ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɺɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɱɺɬɤɢɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɧɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɪɹɞɟ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ (ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɭɧɢɮɟ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɞɬɢ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ
ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɬ
. ɟ. ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɨɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɨɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɨɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬ. ɧ. ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ
ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Al, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (ɮɟɪɪɢɬ),
ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɨɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɸ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ» ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
, ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɜɵɲɟ 100 °ɋ); ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ
ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ». ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɧ-
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ɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ 2 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɚ:
– ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɞɺɬ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɨ-
ɞɵɲɟɣ – ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɮɚɡɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;
– ɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɣ (ɢɥɢ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɣ
), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ – ɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ, ɢ ɨɛɟɞɧɺɧɧɨɝɨ (ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ) ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹ – ɧɟɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɺɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ʉɨɥɨɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɟ
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɢ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɣɫɹ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɨɜɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɫ ɡɟɪɧɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ (ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬ
. ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ
ɤ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɯɪɭɩɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ
ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɬ. ɧ. «ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɸ».
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ (ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ) ɜɨɡɥɟ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ («ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ») ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ
, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɵɯ
ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ). ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɤ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɛɟɡ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ
ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ.
ɋɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɮɚɡ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɢ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɪɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɜɟɪɞɟɸɳɢɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ. ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨ-
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