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Файл:Иностранный язык (английский). Учебное пособие по направлению подготовки 13.04.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника, магистерская программа Электроэн
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stages, from the exploitation of coal deposits to the exploitation of oil and natural gas
fields. It has been only half a century since nuclear power began being used as an
energy source.
In the past century, it became evident that the consumption of non-renewable
sources of energy had caused more environmental damage than any other human
activity. Electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil has led to
high concentrations of harmful gases in the atmosphere. This has in turn led to
problems such as ozone depletion and global warming. Vehicular pollution is also a
grave problem.
There has been an enormous increase in the demand for energy since the middle
of the last century as a result of industrial development and population growth. World
population grew 3,2 times between 1850 and 1970, per capita use of industrial energy
increased about twenty-fold, and total world use of industrial and traditional energy
forms combined increased more than twelvefold.
Due to the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels, alternative sources of
energy have become important and relevant in today's world. These sources, such as
the sun and wind, can never he exhausted and are therefore called renewable. Also
known as the non-conventional sources of energy, they cause less emission and are
available locally. Their use can significantly reduce chemical, radioactive, and
thermal pollution. They are viable sources of clean and limitless energy. Most of the
renewable sources of energy are fairly non-polluting and considered clean. However,
biomass is a major polluter indoors.
Renewable energy sources include the sun, wind, water, agricultural residue,
fuel wood, and animal dung. Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources. Energy
generated from the sun is known as solar energy. Hydel is the energy derived from
water. Biomass – firewood, animal dung, and biodegradable waste from cities and
crop residues – is a source of energy when it is burnt. Geothermal energy is derived
from hot dry rocks, magma, hot water springs, natural geysers, etc. Ocean thermal is
energy derived from waves and also from tidal waves.
Through the method of co-generation, a cleaner and less polluting form of
energy is being generated. Fuel cells are also being used as cleaner energy source.
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Total commercial energy consumption has been growing tremendously since the
fossil fuel
fuel wood
global warming
biomass
renewable source
ozone depletion
natural gas
coal deposit
consumption
dung cake
power
ископаемое топливо
топливная древесина
глобальное потепление
биомасса
возобновляемый источник
разрушение озонового слоя
природный газ
месторождение угля
потребление
навоз
мощность
last decade. Per capita commercial energy consumption in low-income countries have
more than doubled. About 15 % of the world's population living in the wealthy industrialized nations consume over half the energy used in the world. The number of
motor vehicles in use worldwide has more than doubled since 1970.
In some respects, the global energy system has evolved in a cleaner direction in
the last 25 years. The share of world primary energy derived from natural gas the
cleanest fossil fuel - has increased by more than 25 %. So has the use and generation
of renewable energy sources.
Still the overall efficiency of energy production remains extremely low: on
average, more than 90 % of energy consumed is lost or wasted in the process of
conversion from raw materials such as coal to the final energy service such as the
light to read a book. The main problem isn't that we use energy, but how we produce
and consume energy resources. What we really need are energy sources that will last
forever and can be used without polluting the environment. Conserving energy has
become the need of the day be it in the transport, household, or industrial sectors.
Active vocabulary. Try to memorize the following words and phrases.
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exploitation
oil, crude oil
hydropower
capacity
solar energy
biodegradable waste
conversion
emission
residue
fuel cell
co-generation
arrigation
vehicular
ability
эксплуатация
нефть
гидроэлектроэнергия
мощность
солнечная энергия
биоразлагаемые отходы
преобразование
эмиссия, выброс
остаток
топливный элемент
когенерация
ирригация
автомобильный
способность
to define
to occur
to remain
to heat
to harness
to generate
to derive from
to transform
to exhaust
to reduce
to increase
to combine
to power
определить
происходить
остаться
нагревать
использовать
генерировать
вывести из
преобразовывать
исчерпать
уменьшать
увеличить
объединить
обеспечивать энергией
relevant
conventional
geothermal
уместный
обычный
геотермальный
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tidal
nuclear
harmful
available
приливный
ядерный
вредный
доступный
per capita
significantly
extremely
на душу населения
существенно
чрезвычайно, очень, крайне
11. Read the following international words and mind the stressed syllables.
electricity transformation geothermal
electrical biomass radioactive
nuclear chemical thermal
transform hydropower concentration
industrialization potential vibration
expertise kinetic compression
mechanical gravitational technology
12. Match the English and Russian equivalents.
a) biodegradable 1) ископаемое топливо
b) vehicular pollution 2) потреблять энергию
c) transverse waves 3) автотранспортные выбросы
d) fossil fuel 4) способствовать распространению
e) to cause emission 5) поперечные волны
f) ozone depletion 6) совместная выработка
g) co-generation 7) поддающийся разложению
h) to consume energy 8) истощение озонового слоя
i) civil engineering 9) в джоулях
j) in joules 10) гражданское строительство
k) to measure energy 11) британская тепловая единица
l) British thermal unit 12) измерять энергию
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4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
The use of wind energy influenced the speed of moving.
Hydropower is a major source of energy in some countries.
Nuclear power has been used as an energy source for a century.
Vehicular pollution is considered to be a serious problem.
The discovery of fire by man was the first step to use energy.
The very first energy sources were renewable.
Industrial development and population growth results in increasing demand for
energy.
The sun, wind, water are non-renewable sources.
Hydropower is energy derived from waves.
The use and generation of renewable energy sources have increased by more than 25 %
5. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
1) Work means … .
2) The consumption of non-renewable sources of energy causes … .
3) Energy is defined as …. .
4) Such sources as the sun and wind, can never be exhausted and therefore called …
5) Renewable energy sources include … .
6) 15 % of the world’s population in developed countries consume … .
6. Answer the following questions and give examples.
1) When did the use of energy in the form of fossil fuels begin growing? Why?
2) Why have alternative sources of energy become important and relevant in today's
world?
3) What are non-conventional energy sources?
4) Why do we need energy?
5) When did people begin to use wind energy? Give the reason.
6) Where is geothermal energy derived from?
7) What method was used to generate a cleaner and less polluting form of energy?
8) What sources do we call non-renewable? Why?
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7. What parts of the text can you define? Do they correspond to the paragraphs?
Name each part.
1. ______________________ 4._______________________
2._______________________ 5._______________________
3._______________________ 6.______________________
8. Write a summary of Text В.
The following text is in the jumbled order. Look at the plan of the text, read the
paragraphs and number them in the correct order according to the plan.
Plan:
1) What does an engineer do?
2) Some examples of jobs that engineers do.
3) Environmental engineer.
4) Renewable energy engineer.
5) Sounds interesting, so how do I get into it?
9. Translate the text
Text D. Forms of energy
Energy is found in different forms including light, heat, chemical, and motion.
There are many forms of energy, but they can all be put into two categories: potential
and kinetic.
Kinetic energy is motion – of waves, molecules, substances, and objects. Forms
of kinetic energy include:
Radiant Energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves.
Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Light is
one type of radiant energy. Sunshine is radiant energy, which provides the fuel and
warmth that make life on the Earth possible.
Thermal Energy, or heat, is the vibration and movement of the atoms and
molecules within substances. As an object is heated up, its atoms and molecules
move and collide faster. Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the Earth.
66
Motion Energy is energy stored in the movement of objects. The faster they
move, the more energy is stored. It takes energy to get an object moving and energy
is released when an object slows down. Wind is an example of motion energy. A
dramatic example of motion is a car crash, when the car comes to a total stop and releases all its motion energy at once in an uncontrolled instant.
Sound is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal
(compression/rarefaction) waves. Sound is produced when a force causes an object
or substance to vibrate – the energy is transferred through the substance in a wave.
Typically, the energy in sound is far less than other forms of energy.
Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position – gravitational
energy. There are several forms of potential energy:
Chemical Energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of stored chemical energy.
Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when we burn wood in a fireplace or
burn gasoline in a car's engine.
Mechanical Energy is energy stored in objects by tension. Compressed springs
and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy.
Nuclear Energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy that
holds the nucleus together. Very large amounts of energy can be released when the
nuclei are combined or split apart. Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium
atoms in a process called fission. The sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in a
process called fusion.
Gravitational Energy is energy stored in an object's height. The higher and
heavier the object, the more gravitational energy is stored. When you ride a bicycle
down a steep hill and pick up speed, the gravitational energy is being converted to
motion energy. Hydropower is another example of gravitational energy, where the
dam ‘’piles’’ up water from a river into a reservoir.
Electrical Energy is what is stored in a battery, and can be used to power a cell
phone or start a car. Electrical energy is delivered by tiny charged particles called
electrons, typically moving through a wire. Lightning is an example of electrical
energy in nature, so powerful that it is not confined to a wire.
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Active vocabulary.
to compress
to store
to convert
to include
to collide
to transfer
to split
to release
to charge
Сжимать
хранить
преобразовывать
включить
сталкиваться
передавать
разделить
освободить
зарядить
stretched
transverse
dramatic
tiny
longitudinal
radiant
растянутый
поперечный
резкий, драматический
крошечный
продольный
лучистый
Try to memorize the following words and phrases.
10. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
1. Sunshine provides ...
2. Geothermal energy is ...
3. The faster objects move, the more energy is ...
4. Energy is found in different forms including ...
5. All forms of energy can be put into two categories: ... and...
6. Kinetic energy is ...
7. ... are forms of kinetic energy.
8. The energy in sound is far less than ...
9. Potential energy is stored energy and ...
10) Forms оf potential energy include ...
11) Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when we ...
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12) Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms in a process called ....
13. But the sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in a process called ...
14. The ... the object, the more gravitational energy is stored.
15. Electrical energy is delivered by ... called electrons.
11. Answer the following questions and give examples.
1) What are the main categories of energy?
2) What is potential energy?
3) What is kinetic energy?
4) When is chemical energy converted to thermal energy?
5) Mission and fusion are synonyms, aren't they? Why? Why not?
6) What physical process happens when you ride a bicycle?
7) What is named ‘’an electron’’?
8) What makes life on the Earth possible?
9) As an object is heated up, its atoms and molecules move and
collide slower, don't they? Why? Why not?
10) What is the least form of energy?
12. Read and translate the text:
Current Electricity
If two equally and oppositely charged bodies are connected by a metallic
conductor such as a wire, the charges neutralize each other. This neutralization is
accomplished by means of a flow of electrons through the conductor from the
negatively charged body to the positively charged one. (In some branches of
electrical engineering, electric current has been conventionally assumed to flow in the
opposite direction, that is, from positive to negative.) In any continuous system of
conductors, electrons will flow from the point of lowest potential to the point of
highest potential. A system of this kind is called an electric current. The current
flowing in a circuit is described as direct current (DC) if it flows continuously in one
direction, and as alternating current (AC) if it flows alternately in either direction.
69
Three interdependent quantities determine the flow of direct currents. The first is
the potential difference in the circuit, which is sometimes called the electromotive
force (emf) or voltage. The second is the rate of current flow. This quantity is usually
given in terms of the ampere, which corresponds to a flow of about 6 250 000 000
000 000 000 electrons per sec past any point of the circuit. The third quantity is the
resistance of the circuit. Under ordinary conditions all substances, conductors as well
as nonconductors, offer some opposition to the flow of an electric current, and this
resistance necessarily limits the current. The unit used for expressing the quantity of
resistance is the ohm (V), which is defined as the amount of resistance that will limit
the flow of current to 1 amp, in a circuit with a potential difference of 1 V. This
relationship is known as Ohm's law and is named after the German physicist George
Simon Ohm, who discovered the law in 1827. Ohm's law may be stated in the form of
the algebraic equation E = I x R, in which E is the electromotive force in volts, I is
the current in amperes, and R is the resistance in ohms. From this equation any of the
three quantities for a given circuit can be calculated if the other two quantities are
known. Another formulation of Ohm's law is I = E/R.
When an electric current flows through a wire, two important effects can be
observed: the temperature of the wire is raised, and a magnet or a compass needle
placed near the wire will be deflected, tending to point in a direction perpendicular to
the wire. As the current flows, the electrons making up the current collide with the
atoms of the conductor and give up energy, which appears in the form of heat. The
amount of energy expended in an electric circuit is expressed in terms of the joule.
Words and expressions
equal равный
charged bodies заряженные частицы
metallic conductor металлический проводник
neutralize нейтрализовать
flow of electrons поток электронов
conductor проводник
negatively charged негативно заряженный
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