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21. DIFFERENT APPROACHES
TO THE PROBLEMS OF UPBRINGING
Text 21.
Pre-reading task:
1. How would you rate the way that your parents brought you up?
2. If you are a parent, how do you rate yourself?
3. If you are not a parent, do you think you would make a good one?
I. Read the text paying special attention to new words and expressions.
II. Ask questions on the text so as to bring out the main points.
III. Give a short summary of the text in a written form.
Different approaches to the problems of upbringing
It is not a secret that there are different styles of upbringing: democratic,
liberal, authoritative, authorized and others.
In previous centuries and still in the first half of the twentieth century, parents
felt they had to intimidate their children, scold all the time, make to feel evil, threaten
with loss of love, and maybe some kind of punishment.
Time has passed and the situation has changed. Some children live with
hostility, ridicule, and shame. Others live with tolerance, encouragement, praise,
fairness, acceptance and friendship.
But we’d like to depict some of them. In our opinion there are 3 main
approaches to the problem of upbringing.
Some scientists think that our individual is genetic potential. The fact is that a
newborn child possesses some cognitive abilities and the development of these
abilities doesn’t depend on parents’ upbringing. The scientists consider that clever
parents give birth to clever children and vice versa. Thus, alcoholics and drug
addicted may probably produce children similar to them.
Another approach to the problem of upbringing deals with developing and
bringing up a child as earlier as possible. Parents should give a child proper stimuli to
develop. There are different ways to create the kind of brain growth that leads to
expertise in reading, math, gymnastics and the like.
The idea of this approach is in upbringing a child as the parents themselves
were brought up. They often intimidate their children; threaten with loss of love.
They often punish their baby. Parents forbid the child to have friends, to go out. As a
result, children grow similar to their parents. They feel lonely and remote in this
world. They are often shy and afraid to take a wrong step.
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In a word no doubt that any child’s upbringing should aim at the development
and improvement of his or her cognitive and physical abilities, at such qualities as
kindness, respect for people, love for motherland, honesty, open-heartedness,
sociability and the like.
The child mustn’t feel lonely in this tremendous world.
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22. HOW WE CHOOSE OUR FRIENDS
Text 22.
In certain situations, commitments to family and friends may be difficult
to keep. Do the following quiz. Decide what you would do in each situation,
choosing from options A – C.
Before you do the quiz study carefully the following words:
Active vocabulary
commitment [kә`mıtmәnt] – обязательство;
to persuade [pә`sweıd] – убеждать;
lifestyle – стиль жизни;
choice [t∫oıs] – выбор;
mutual [`mju:tjuәl] – взаимный;
to invite [ın`vaıt] – приглашать;
trust – доверие;
openness [`әupnıs] – откровенность;
affection – привязанность;
activity [æk`tıvitı] – деятельность;
loyalty – преданность;
tendency [`tendәnsı] – тенденция;
justice – справедливость.
Quiz
1. You go shopping with a new friend. After visiting a department store,
your friend proudly shows you a lipstick she has stolen from the cosmetics
department. Would you:
a) try to persuade her to take it back?
b) say nothing?
c) tell her parents?
2. You have a friend whose family seem to have a much more interesting
lifestyle than your own family. They have a spare room in their house where you
could stay and their house is much nearer to the college where you have to go
every day. Would you:
a) move to your friend’s house?
b) stay at home but visit your friend a lot?
c) find another place to live nearer to college?
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3. Both you and your brother/ sister are unemployed and are desperately
looking for a job, of a similar kind. One day, you are at home alone and the
phone rings. It’s an employer inviting your brother/ sister to an interview.
Would you:
a) go instead and say nothing to your brother/ sister?
b) give the message to your brother/ sister?
c) ask the employer if there is a second vacancy?
4. You belong to a sports team and have been chosen to play in a match on
Saturday in another town, so the whole day will be taken up. You have a really
important exam to take on Monday and need the time to revise. Would you:
a) stay at home and revise?
b) play in the match?
c) revise during the journey to and from the match?
1. Read the text below. How do we choose our friends according to the
text?
2. Complete the text by putting words 1 – 7 into the correct form. Consider
the context carefully and think about the part of speech needed to fill each gap.
Check whether the word you need should be singular or plural.
How we choose our friends
The words friend and free come from the same root word, suggesting that one
aspect of friendship is the freedom to be (1) ……… in the company of another person.
Most friendships begin with shared interests or (2)…………., which gradually
develop into mutual trust, openness, affection and (3)………… We like people who
share our attitudes and values. When someone agrees with us or makes the same
(4)……….. we have made, we gain confidence in our own views.
There is also a (5)……… for people to enjoy the companionship of those of the
same (6) …….. status and level of education. Friends may also share an altruistic
goal, such as a concern for (7)…… or the cultivation of the arts.
(1) OUR (5) TEND
(2) ACTIVE (6) ECONOMY
(3) LOYAL (7) JUST
(4) CHOOSE
Discuss these questions.
1. The text suggests that we choose friends who are like us. Can you think of
examples of friends who are very different from each other? Why do you think they
became, and remain, friends?
2. What kind of things might bring a friendship to an end?
65
23. PRESCHOOL ROLE IN ACHIEVEMENT OF PERSONHOOD
Text 23.
According to the opinion of different experts of the world, the period from birth
to school age it is a time for the most frenetic psychological and physical
development of a personhood. It’s time for the first forming of psychological and
physical features which are necessary for a person during all his further life. The
peculiarity of this period is providing the exact common development, which serves
as a foundation for getting further knowledge and skills. It’s important to involve
children to such kind of activities as games, conversation, drawing, construction,
music, etc.
Providing this activity has to be the focus of the kindergartner. Children like all
these kinds of activity, and besides they contain the beginning of human knowledge
(communication, relations, planning activity, etc.)
Quality of preschool upbringing depends on the character of the relationship
between a child and a kindergartner. The result shows us what kind of person a child
had ultimately become.
Active vocabulary
birth [bә:θ] – рождение;
frenetic [frı'netık] – бурный;
psychological [˛saıkә'lodзık(ә)l] – психический;
physical ['fızık(ә)l] – физические;
development [dı'velәpmәnt] – развитие;
skills [skılz] – навыки;
to involve [ın'volv] – вовлекать;
upbringing ['٨ p˛briŋıŋ] – воспитание;
kindergartner ['kındә˛ga:tnә] – 1) воспитатель в детском саду;
2) ребенок, посещающий детский сад.
ASSIGNMENTS
I. Transcribe the new words and practice their reading.
II. Translate into Russian.
The period from birth to school age, to involve children, frenetic psychological
and physical development, the relationship between a child and a kindergartner, the
peculiarity of this period, preschool upbringing.
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III. Translate into English.
Воспитатель в детском саду, специалист, развитие, игры, беседа,
показывать, деятельность, зависеть от, психический, необходимый.
IV. Arrange A and B in pairs of synonyms:
a) peculiarity, frenetic, child, conversation, forming, skill, opinion;
b) deftness, impetuous, view, infant, specificity, moulding, dialog.
V. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
1. The period from birth to school age is a time for the most …………..
psychological and physical development of a personhood.
2. Quality of preschool ……………… depends on the character of the
relationship between a child and a kindergartner.
3. ……………. like such kind of activities as games, conversation, drawing,
construction, music, etc.
4. Providing such kind of activities as games, drawing, construction, music has
to be the focus of the …………….. .
5. It’s important to …………. children to games, drawing, construction, music.
Children, frenetic, involve, upbringing, kindergartner.
VI. Write down the information of the text in a telegraph style (no more
than 3 sentences).
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24. MY SCHOOL LIFE
Text 24.
I. Read the following text and choose the correct alternative in each case.
I started school when I was five and I went to the local (1) nursery / primary
school. I liked it very much; the (2) classes / lessons were small and the teachers were
very friendly. At eleven I changed and went to (4) sixth form college / secondary
school. Things didn’t go so well here. I hated studying (5) subjects / courses like
Biology and Physics and I got terrible (6) points/marks in tests. My parents tried to
(7) teach / learn me the things I didn’t understand, but it was no good. I used to get
very worried about my end-of-year exams and one year, even though I spent a lot of
time (8) revising / reviewing, I knew I wouldn’t (9) pass / succeed. In the end I was
right – and had to (11) retake / remake them all a few months later. That was the
worst year of my school life, but it didn’t stop me having a good (12) course / career
as a teacher.
Active vocabulary
primary school ['praimәri] [sku:l] – начальная школа;
secondary school ['sek(ә)nd(ә)rı] – средняя школа;
subject ['s٨ bdзıkt] – предмет;
to retake [ri:'teık] – пересдавать экзамен;
mark [ma:k] – оценка;
to revise [rı'vaız] – повторять;
to pass [pa:s] – сдавать;
to fail [feıl] – провалить.
II. Translate into English.
Местная начальная школа, быть доброжелательным, получить оценку,
беспокоиться о чем-либо, провалить экзамен, хорошая карьера.
III. Arrange A and B in pairs of synonyms:
A. Hate, to understand, mark, to fail, friendly, class, worry, to teach.
B. Amicable, detest, grate, to pluck, lesson, to educate, comprehend, fret.
IV. Answer the questions.
1. How old was the author when he started school?
2. Did the author like his primary school?
3. Were the classes small or large?
4. Were the teachers very friendly?
5. What happened when the author was eleven?
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6. What subjects did the author hate?
7. What marks did the author get?
8. Why did the author fail all the exams?
V. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the words in the box.
playground truant cheat heat correct term give
absent hard degree break university headmaster
report board
1. Our teacher ……….. our homework in the evening and …………..it out the
next day.
2. My brother tried to …………. in the exam, but he was caught and sent
to the ………. .
3. I like to play football in the ............... with my friends during the
lunch ……………… .
4. She got a very good school ……….. because she work so ……………
this …………… .
5. I’d like to go to ………… when I finish school and do a ………….…
in Economics.
6. The teacher wrote the rules on the ……………. And told us to learn them
by ………… .
7. Were you ………..for a good reason yesterday or were you
playing …………………?
VI. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Очень немногие могли сдать даже самый элементарный экзамен.
2. Она окончила школу и поступила в университет.
3. Это было очень любезно с вашей стороны.
4. Он ненавидит работать.
5. Ему пришлось пересдавать экзамен.
6. Мои способности были не самые ничтожные.
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25. WHAT ARE SCHOOLS FOR
Text 25.
What are schools for?
Read Jane’s opinion about school and say what is her idea about it.
A school of my dream? It’s not a simple question to answer. I’ve thought a lot
about it. Actually, I think that every person has his own idea about school. Some
people believe that schools should be really entertaining. It happens because they
don’t like to study hard. But I disagree with them.
School is for studying. People go to school to learn something new, to improve
their knowledge, to broaden their outlook. And I think that this is what schools are
for. I can’t understand those people who come to school to meet their friends, to
enjoy their free time, to take part in different out-of-class activities, while studying is
on the background. Schools are for learning – not for entertainment, I think.
A real school should have strict laws. I mean that discipline should be watched
for, and in any case of violation of discipline pupils should be punished. What’s
more, pupils should always wear uniforms, because they come to school to study, not
to show off.
And one more thing, teachers and pupils should never be friends. There should
always be a distance between them; otherwise it won’t be a real school. You may
think that I am too serious, but I really mean it. Don’t you think that I am right?
Active vocabulary
entertaining [˛entә'teınıŋ] – развлекательный;
to improve [ım'pru:v] – совершенствовать;
to broaden their outlook ['bro:dn] ['autluk] – расширять кругозор;
out-of-class activities [æk`tıvitız] – внеклассная деятельность;
discipline ['dısıplın] – дисциплина;
violation of discipline [˛vaıә'leı∫(ә)n] – нарушение дисциплины;
uniform ['ju:nıfo:m] – форма;
to show off [∫әu] – показывать;
serious ['sıәrıәs] – серьезный.
ASSIGNMENTS
I. Translate into Russian.
A simple question, to have an idea about smth., violation of discipline, to be
punished, to wear uniform, a real school.
70
II. Translate into English.
Школа моей мечты, заниматься усердно, не соглашаться, ходить в школу,
узнать что-то новое, улучшить знания, расширять кругозор, находиться на
заднем плане, строгие законы.
III. Arrange A and B in pairs of synonyms:
A. Entertaining, knowledge, improve, serious, hard, strict.
B. Amusing, exacting, make better, learning, difficult, earnest.
IV. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
1. Some people believe that schools should be really………….
2. People go to school to improve their knowledge, to broaden their ………..
3. Schools are for ………– not for entertainment.
4. A real school should have …….. laws.
5. Pupils should always wear……...
6. There should always be a …….. between teachers and pupils.
Distance, learning, strict, outlook, uniforms, entertaining.
V. Answer the questions.
1. Why do people go to school?
2. A real school has strict laws, doesn’t it?
3. Do pupils have to wear uniforms?
4. Should pupils be punished in any case of violation of discipline?
5. Should pupils and teachers be friends?
VI. Think about the school you have been to in the past an discuss the
following questions.
1. How did you feel about it? Did you enjoy it?
2. What would you have changed about your school in order to improve it?
3. Were they single-sex or mixed? Do you think it is better to have single-sex
or mixed schools?
4. Did you have any special friends?
5. Did you play any sport / musical instruments at school?
6. Did you have any teachers or subjects that you especially liked / disliked?
7. How often did you have to take exams? How did you feel about exam? Did
you enjoy them / hate them / get nervous about them/?
VII. Find and read the sentences that reveal the main idea of the text.
VIII. Give your opinion of a perfect school.
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