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Файл:Грамматика английского языка сборник упражнений. Учебно-практическое пособие
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Appearance
appear, resemble, seem
Composition
consist of, contain, have
Connection
come from, concern, cost, suit
Existence
be, exist
Knowledge
forget, know, realize, understand
Likes and dislikes
like, dislike, hate, love, prefer, enjoy, adore
Needs and wants
need, want, wish
Opinion
believe, doubt, imagine, suppose, think, agree, consider
Possession
belong to, have, own, owe, possess
Senses
feel, hear, notice, see, smell, sound, taste
Stative verbs do not usually have a continuous form:
State
Action (different active meaning)
think
I think (feel) he is rich.
(= I believe)
I‘m thinking about your plan.
(= I‘m considering)
consider
I consider him to be
very rich. (= my view)
I‘m considering taking early retirement.
(= I‘m thinking about it now)
taste
This milk tastes awful.
(= it has a bad flavour)
He‘s tasting the sauce; it might need
some salt. (= he is trying its flavour)
have
He has a car.
(= he owns)
He‘s having dinner now.
(= he‘s eating now)
feel
The cloth feels like
velvet. (= has the texture)
She‘s feeling her way in the dark.
(= she‘s finding her way)
see
I see a lot of people
outside. (= perceive with
my eyes)
I see you are in trouble.
(= I understand)
I‘m seeing my lawyer tonight.
(= I‘m visiting)
Are you seeing a lot of Marry these
days?
You are seeing things – there‘s
nobody at the window. (= imagine)
He needs your help. That coat belongs to me.
We may use present/ past/ future continuous with some stative verbs
when we want to emphasize that a situation is temporary, just for a period
of time around the present:
I’ve been wanting one of those computers for ages.
Some stative verbs have continuous forms but there is a difference
in meaning:
121
smell
The kitchen smells of
burnt meat. (= has the
smell)
Why are you smelling your food?
(= trying the smell of the food)
come
He comes from Spain.
(= he was born
in Spain)
He is coming from Spain.
(= he‘s travelling from Spain)
love
I love holidays.
(= in general)
The children love
having Jean stay with
us. (=they love when
she stays)
I‘m loving this holiday.
(= I‘m enjoying; specific holiday)
The children are loving having Jean
stay with us.
(= Jean is staying with us now and
children are loving it)
look
Your hair looks great. (=
it appears)
She is looking at some old
photographs.
weigh
The baby weighs 5 kilos.
(= it is)
I‘m weighing myself on my new
scales. (= I‘m finding out my weight)
be
Jack is very noisy.
(usually)
Alice is being very kind to me these
days. (= but usually she is not kind
to me at all)
He is being noisy today. (temporary
behaviour)
But we can‘t use in the same way
the following adjectives: old, angry,
sick, beautiful, handsome, tall,
happy, lucky, healthy, hungry,
nervous, thirsty, young.
depend
It depends what you
mean.
I'm depending on you to keep your
promise. (= rely)
hope
I hope to see you this
weekend. (expresses
a wish)
I‘m hoping to see you this weekend.
(quite a common use, hope becomes
more of a deliberate action now
in progress)
fit
This dress fits you
perfectly. (= it is the
right size)
They are fitting new locks.
(= are putting in)
appear
He appears to be
nervous. (= seems)
He is appearing in a new play.
(= is taking part)
122
enjoy
I enjoy going to
parties. (in general)
I am enjoying this party. (specific
preference)
mean
The sign means ―slow
down‖.
You‘re always meaning to call us,
but you never do. (= are intending)
There is a little difference:
ache
He looks awful.
He is looking awful.
feel
I feel tired/ sick.
I‘m feeling exhausted.
hurt
My feet ache.
My feet are aching.
look
My leg hurts.
My leg is hurting.
The to-infinitive is used
*
to express purpose. You should take a few days off to recover.
*
after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise,
refuse etc). He agreed to meet us tonight.
*
after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry etc).
I was sorry to hear about your accident.
*
after I would like/would love/would prefer to express specific
preference. I'd love to visit India.
*
after certain nouns. It's such a pleasure to be with you.
*
after too/enough constructions.
It's too early to leave the party.
He's rich enough to afford a Porsche.
There's enough food to go round.
*
with: it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun).
It was unkind of her to say that.
*
with: so + adjective + as.
Would you be so kind as to pass the sauce?
*
with ―only‖ to express an unsatisfactory result.
He won in the lottery only to lose at the casino.
123
*
after: be + the first/second etc/next/last/best etc.
She was the first to congratulate him.
*
in the expression: for + noun/pronoun+ to -inf.
For John to lend you his car was very unusual.
*
in expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest
etc. To be honest, I didn't know how to react.
Note: If two infinitives are joined by ―and‖ or ―or‖, the ―to‖
of the second infinitive can be omitted.
I'd prefer to go to a disco and dance or talk to my friends.
The -ing form is used
*
as a noun. Smoking is harmful.
*
after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider,
continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive,
go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind,
miss, object to, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report,
resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand etc).
They have postponed moving house till next week.
*
after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general
preference. I like swimming. (in general)
Note: like + to-inf = it's a good idea I like to help people.
*
after: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use
of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in),
in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time.
There's no point in arguing.
What's the use of crying? It was your fault.
*
after: spend/waste (time, money etc).
You waste too much time watching TV.
*
after prepositions.
He became rich by working hard and without borrowing from anyone.
*
after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, object to,
admit (to) etc
I object to being told what to do with my life.
124
*
after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action,
an action in progress or a long action.
I saw him throwing rubbish out of the window. (I saw part of the action.
I didn't wait until he had finished. Perhaps he threw more rubbish.)
But: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without "to" express a complete
action, something that one saw or heard from beginning to end.
I saw him throw rubbish out of the window. (I saw all of the rubbish
being thrown out of the window.)
The infinitive without to is used
*
after most modal verbs (can, could, may etc). He can go if he wants to.
*
after had better/would rather/would sooner. You'd better go to bed.
*
after make/let/see/hear/feel in the active.
She made the baby eat all his soup.
But in the passive: be made/be heard/be seen + to-inf.
The baby was made to eat all his soup.
Note that "let" turns into "was/were allowed to" in the passive.
Her parents let her stay out midnight.
She was allowed to stay out till midnight.
Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form without a change in meaning:
*
begin, continue, intend, start + to-inf or -ing form.
We don't normally have two -ing forms together.
He began speaking/to speak.
*
advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + object + to-inf.
She doesn't allow them to talk in class.
*
advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing form.
She doesn't allow talking in class.
*
be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted, be
required + to-inf.
They aren't allowed to talk in class.
*
need, require, want + to-inf./-ing form/passive inf.
You need to wash the car.
Your car needs washing. Your car needs to be washed.
125
Verbs faking to-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning
1. forget + to-inf (= forget to do sth) He forgot to switch off the TV.
forget + -ing form (= forget a past event)
I'll never forget meeting Jane for the first time.
2. remember + to-inf (= remember to do sth)
I hope you'll remember to tidy your room.
remember + -ing form (= recall a past event)
I don't remember him ever tidying up his room.
3. mean + to-inf (= intend to) She means to start a new life.
mean + -ing form (= involve)
I won't take the job if it means moving to Scotland.
4. go on + to-inf (= finish doing sth and start doing sth else; then; afterwards)
She finished one letter and went on to write another.
go on + -ing form (= continue)
She went on writing till the early hours of the morning.
5. regret + to-inf (= be sorry to)
I regret to inform you that your services are no longer required.
regret + -ing form (= have second thoughts about sth already done)
He regrets misbehaving.
6. would prefer + to-inf (specific preference)
I'd prefer to see you in private.
prefer + -ing form (in general) I prefer working on my own.
prefer + to-inf + rather than + inf without to
He prefers to paint the flat on his own rather than hire a professional.
7. try + to-inf (= do one's best; attempt)
Try to eat less high-cholesterol food.
try + -ing form (= do sth as an experiment)
Try cutting down on fat. You might get thinner.
8. want + to-inf (= wish) I want to stop smoking.
want + -ing form (= sth needs to be done)
This room wants tidying up.
9. stop + to-inf (= pause temporarily)
He stopped at the garage to have the tank filled.
stop + -ing form (= finish; cease)
He stopped behaving foolishly.
126
I'm sorry to tell you your flight has been cancelled.
be sorry for + -ing form (= apologise for)
He was sorry for hurting her feelings.
11. hate + to-inf (= hate what one is about to do)
I hate to cut in, but you must see the manager.
hate + -ing form (= feel sorry for what one is doing)
I hate causing you so much inconvenience.
12. be afraid + to-inf (= be too frightened to do sth; hesitate)
She was afraid to climb the tree.
be afraid of + -ing form (= be afraid that what is referred to by the -ing
form may happen)
When she goes swimming, she's always afraid of being stung by jellyfish.
Complex object (objective with the infinitive)
somebody
want(s),
expect(s),
wish, like,
would like,
hate, believe,
suppose, know,
think,
understand,
consider,
find, allow
Noun,
pronoun object:
you
us
them
him
her
me
the man
Mike
to do smth
let(s)
make(s)
do smth
Verbs of perception:
hear(s)
see(s)
feel(s)
watch(es)
notice(s)
do (doing)
smth
My mother expects us to arrive early.
I will make him do what he must do.
She has never seen Galina Ulanova dance.
I can hear Mary playing the piano next door.
127
Exclamations
Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They
always take an exclamation mark (!). Some exclamations are: Oh dear!, Ah!,
Oh!, Good gracious! etc.
*
What + a(n) + (adjective) + singular countable noun
What a sweet baby!
*
What + (adjective) + uncountable/plural noun
What utter nonsense! What beautiful paintings!
*
How + adjective/adverb How tall he is! How quickly she walks!
*
How + adjective + a(n) + noun How clever a boy! (not common)
*
You + (adjective) + noun You lucky girl!
*
such (a/an) + (adjective) + noun She's such an arrogant person!
*
so + adjective/adverb She's so arrogant!
*
adverb/adverbial particle + subject + verb of movement
Off the competitors went!
*
Here/There + subject + verb Here she is!
(But when the subject is a proper noun, it follows the verb.
We say: Here is Ann!)
*
interrogative — negative question at the beginning of the sentence
Aren't they nice children!
Causative get and have
Causative get and have mean ‗ask, cause or persuade somebody to do
something‘ in the active form, and ‗arrange for somebody else to
do something‘ in the passive.
The active pattern is get + sb + to-infinitive
I’ll get my assistant to bring you the other pair of shoes.
She got her husband to cut the grass. (She persuaded her husband
to cut me grass.)
or
have + sb + bare infinitive:
Shall I have my secretary send you the details?
128
The passive pattern is get/have + object + past participle:
I’m getting/having my house decorated at the moment.
You ought to get/have your blood pressure checked.
Get is more common in British English — have is now more formal
except in some situations described below.
Sometimes causative get/have suggests the need to deal with
a difficulty: I’m afraid you'll have to get/have the whole house rewired.
We use have in the passive when something unpleasant happens.
Get is much less common than have in these situations:
I had my wallet stolen in the crowd. He had his car broken into
last night.
Sometimes when we use have, meaning depends on context:
We’ve had the bricks removed. (= either we arranged for somebody
to take them, or somebody stole them)
We use get, not have, when somebody else has to work on our behalf:
One of these days I’m going to get myself elected onto the committee.
We often use get + past participle meaning ‗become‘:
She got dressed and went downstairs.
My dog got run over by a removal van.
*
Make/have + object + bare infinitive are used to express that someone
causes someone else to do something, but their meaning is slightly different.
He made Liz send a fax. (He insisted that Liz should send a fax.)
He had Liz send a fax. (He asked Liz to send a fax.)
The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think etc are
used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal
constructions.
*
subject (person) + passive verb + to -inf (personal construction)
Doctors expect he will recover soon-
He is expected to recover soon.
*
it + passive verb + that-clause (impersonal construction)
It is expected that he will recover soon.
Clauses
Sentences can consist of main and subordinate clauses.
Subordinate clauses can be:
*
noun clauses: I know that he'll be a little late.
129
*
relative clauses: Show me the pictures which you took.
*
adverbial clauses (clauses of time, place, manner, reason, concession,
purpose, result, comparison, condition)
He left early so as not to miss the bus.
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are introduced by:
a) relative pronouns, i.e. who, whom, whose, which or that
The man who/that stole the money.
That's the girl whose brother is a singer.
I read a book (which/that) was written by Samuel Johnson.
The cat (which/that) you saw lying on the sofa is my favourite one.
That's the coat the sleeves of which/whose sleeves are made of velvet.
b) relative adverbs i.e. when, where or why.
Time: when (= in/on/at which) 1982 was the year (when) I moved
to Wales.
Place: where (= in/at/on/to which) That's the hotel where we spent our
honeymoon.
Reason: why (= for which) That's the reason (why) they were
celebrating.
We do not normally use prepositions before relative pronouns.
The house in which she lives is in the suburbs. (formal — not usual)
The house which she lives in is in the suburbs. (usual)
The house she lives in is in the suburbs. (more usual)
Clauses of Manner
*
Clauses of manner are introduced by: as if/as though (after act, appear,
be, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste),
as, how, (in) the way, (in) the way that, the way in which, (in) the same
way, (in) the same way as. Try to do it as I showed you.
*
In clauses of manner introduced with as if/as though we can use were
instead of was in all persons in formal English.
She acts as if she were/was in charge of the project.
Note how the tense forms are used after as if/as though:
*
as if/as though + any tense form (showing probability/similarity - how
sb/sth seems)
She feels as if she has got a temperature. (She may have a temperature.)
She sounded as if she had a cold. (She may have had a cold.)
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