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Файл:Английский язык для специальности «Агрономия». Учебное пособие для СПО
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could, may – might) и аналитических форм (будущего времени,
продолженного вида, перфектных форм и форм страдательного
залога). В случае необходимости вместо отсутствующих форм
используются эквиваленты модальных глаголов.
1. Use the modal verbs must (должен), can (могу, умею),
may (можно, разрешено), should (следует /совет/), ought to
(следует /упрек/) to complete the sentences. There may be more
than one possible answer.
1. It’s too far to walk from here to the station.. You ... take a
taxi. 2. Sarah got the job because she ... speak five languages. 3.
The windows are dirty. I ... clean them. 4. You ... use a dictionary. 5.
I like this hotel room. You ... see the lake from the window. 6. It’s a
good film. You ... see it. 7. He ... take my book. 8. We ... go to the
bank today. We have no money. 9. When you are driving, you…wear
a seat belt. 10. We…see the lake from our window. 11. If you have
time, you ... visit the museum. It’s very interesting. 12. I ... come and
see you tomorrow. 13. She ... use this "computer program. 14. Your
salary is very low. You ... look for another job. 15. Mary is a very
interesting person. You ... meet her. 16. Take an umbrella with you
when you go out. It ... rain later. 17. Sandra ... drive but she hasn’t
got a car. 18. Tomorrow the game is very important for us. We ...
win. 19. Students ... bring textbooks into the examination room. 20.
It’s late and you’re very tired. You ... go to bed.
2. Translate the sentences paying attention to modal verbs
and their equivalents.
1. Man can use plants for food. 2. We must know how a plant
grows. 3. The farmers can grow a new corn variety on their farm. 4.
All parts of a plant must be developed well. 5. They had to resow this
crop because of bad weather. 6. The farmers are to increase wheat
yield. 7. Some plants are so small that they can be distinguished only
under microscope. 8. There are very large trees growing in California
that may be 350 feet high with a diameter of 20 feet at the base. 9.
Plants may be used for many different purposes. 10. Farm crops may
be classified according to their use.
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3. Translate the sentences into Russian. Name the sentences
with the verbs «to be» and «to have» as modals.
1. Farmers will have to cultivate this soil when it is dry.
2. The farm is to increase yield of corn. 3. They had to grow some
new grain crops this year. 4. The plants have very many uses.
5. These crops are very important for men. 6. Crop plants are to
be classified on the basis of their use. 7. The farmer will have to
plant corn later this year.
Text
Active Vocabulary
1) ability – способность
2) automatic control – автоматический контроль
3) сonsequently – следовательно
4) cooler – охладитель
5) demand – спрос, потребность
6) design – дизайн, проект
7) effectiveness – эффективность
8) electric power – электроэнергия
9) equipment – оборудование
10) engineering – инженерия, разработка
11) freezing – замораживание
12) opportunity – возможность
13) processing equipment – технологическое оборудование
14. reasonable – обоснованный, приемлемый
15) seasonable – соответствующий времени года
16) source – источник
17) to handle – обращаться, управлять, регулировать
18) to reduce – уменьшать, сокращать
19) variations – разновидности, изменения
1. Guess the meaning of the following international words
and word combination:
industry, biological factor, engineer, principle, adaptable, effec-
tiveness, mechanically, operation, period, design, variations, mecha-
nization, automatic compact construction, milk, modern, reconstruc-
tion, intensification, classification, organize, stimulation, original.
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2. Match the words on the right (A) with their definition on
the left (B).
A B
1) engineer a) outfit, tools, apparatus
2) industry b) the application of engineering
knowledge to agriculture
3) selection c) a person who works in a branch щ
of engineering
4) biology d) branch of trade or manufacture
5) agricultural engineering e) the system when only best фи
animals, plants or trees are taken фч
and used for future production
6) nutrients f) science of physical life of plants
and animals and animals
7) equipment g) substances serving as or provid- фы
ing nourishment
3. Find the word on the right which should logically follow
the word on the left:
agricultural machines
biological energy
field effectiveness
electric equipment
to reduce the yield of crops
processing factor
milking knowledge
engineering operations
to increase engineering
4. What are these words derived from? Notice the different
suffixes, indicating different parts of speech.
Engineering, application, difference, biological, adaptable, effec-
tiveness, processing, equipment, mechanically, seasonable, freezing,
resting, mechani zation, designing, operating, controlling, adapting,
production, reasonable, automatic, construction, ability, cooler, heat-
er, various.
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5. Juxtapose a word on the left to the appropriate antonym
on the right:
efficient harmful
often out-of-date
below seldom
modern dry
moist inefficient
to reduce to heat
useful above
to cool to increase
to produce to take
to give to consume
6. Look through the text to answer the following question:
What is agricultural engineering?
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
1. Agricultural engineering means the application of engineering
knowledge to agriculture. The agricultural engineer must understand
that there are basic differences between agriculture and other indus-
tries. The biological factor is an important one in engineering appli-
cation, and the engineer must know well the basic principles and
practices of agriculture.
2. Changes in agricultural practices often need to make a ma-
chine adaptable or to increase its effectiveness. Processing equipment
may also need changes to harvest crops mechanically, for the quality
of yield of a crop may sometimes be reduced by the use of an im-
proper machine.
3. Most field operations are seasonable in nature often with only
a short period of time in which to do the job. Therefore field machin-
ery in many cases has a low annual duty (i. e. very few hours of op-
eration per year).
4. The field of farm machinery design gives greater opportunity
to an engineer than any other field of engineering. Farm machines
must work where the temperature may be above 100 F or where it is
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below freezing. They must be able to work in rain and in snow as
well. Instead of resting on the floor of a factory, they must operate
over any kind of land. They must also be designed to handle wide
variations in crop and soil conditions.
5. Not only agricultural engineers in the field of mechanization are
in demand on the farm today. Electricians, i. e. agricultural engineers
capable of designing, operating, controlling and adapting any form of
electric energy to farm needs are wanted by modem agriculture.
6. As is known, electric power has become the main source of
energy in agricultural production and its sphere of application is ever
increasing.
7. For example, it is a most reasonable source of mechanical
power for some kinds of equipment such as electric motors which are
very suited for farm jobs because of their automatic control, long life,
compact construction, ability to run in cold or hot weather, etc.
8. All kinds of equipment for handling milk, such as milking
machines, milk coolers, water heaters and others are also operated by
electricity.
9. The great effects of various types of radiation on seeds,
plants, insects, and animals have been studied and are well known
today. Those are but a few examples of electric power application on
the farm which a modern agricultural engineer must work with.
7. Look back at the text again and identify in which para-
graph you can find the answers to the following questions:
1. How is the equipment for handling milk operated?
2. Why are electric motors suitable for farm jobs?
3. Why are electricians wanted in modern agriculture?
4. Can radiation affect crops or animals?
5. What is meant by agricultural engineering?
6. What is there specific about field operations?
7. What factor can sometimes reduce the quality and yield of a
crop?
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Part II
FERTILIZERS IN AGRICULTURE
Active Vocabulary
1) arable – пахотный
2) calcium – кальций
3) magnesium – магний
4) carbon dioxide – углекислый газ
5) chlorophyll – хлорофилл
6) constituent – составляющий, составная часть
7) decomposing – разложение
8) degradation – деградация
9) eliminate – устранять
10) emit – излучать, выделять
11) enzyme – фермент
12) exhaust – истощать, исчерпывать
13) imbalance – дисбаланс
14) impact – воздействие, влияние
15) insect – насекомое
16) liquid – жидкость
17) nitrogen – азот
18) nucleic acids – нуклеиновые кислоты
19) pesticide – пестицид
20) pests – вредители
21) phosphorus – фосфор
22) plough – пашня, вспаханное поле
23) potassium – калий
24) residue – остаток
25) root – корень
26) solid – твердый
27) solution – раствор
28) storage – хранение
29) sulphur – сера
30) topsoil – верхний слой почвы
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Unit 1
Grammar Revision: Infinitive (Part I)
Text: Food and Fertilizers
Инфинитив (Infinitive)
Инфинитив (the Infinitive) – это неличная форма глагола, ко-
торая называет действие. Инфинитив является основной (или I)
формой глагола и представляет глагол в словаре. Признаком ин-
финитива является частица to: to help – помогать, to read – чи-
тать. Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to в следующих
случаях:
You had better go now. – Лучше уйди / иди сейчас.
I must see you at once. – Мне надо сейчас же встретиться с
тобой.
Таблица 4 – Формы инфинитива
Forms
Active
Passive
Indefinite
to write
to be written
Continuous
to be writing
–
Perfect
to have written
to have been written
Perfect Continuous
to have been
writing
–
Инфинитив в форме действительного залога обозначает
действие, произведённое лицом, выраженным в предложении
подлежащим, а в страдательном залоге – действие, направлен-
ное на это лицо.
I like to help. – Я люблю помогать.
I like to be helped. – Я люблю, когда мне помогают.
Инфинитив в Indefinite Active обозначает действие, не уточ-
няя характер его протекания. Инфинитив в Continuous
Active подчеркивает длительность действия.
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She likes to write letters. – Она могла писать письмо.
She must be still writing. – Она, должно быть, все еще пи-
шет.
Неперфектный инфинитив выражает действие, одновремен-
ное с действием глагола-сказуемого (или следующее за ним).
Перфектный инфинитив выражает действие, предшествую-
щее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым.
I am glad to study at the University. – Я рад, что учусь в уни-
верситете.
I am glad to have studied at the University. – Я рад, что учился
в университете.
1. Read and translate the following sentences paying atten-
tion to the different forms of Infinitive and their meaning.
1. I’d like to go home early today. 2. It’s nice to be sitting here.
3. I’m glad to have left school. 4. He doesn’t like to be interrupted
while he’s working. 5. I remember to have been asked this question.
6. I’d like to have been sitting there when she walked in. 7. She
asked me not to forget to post the letter. 8. I was sorry not to have
phoned you. 9. We must make careful plans. 10. I would rather go by
myself.
2. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to differ-
ence in the translation of attributes, expressed by Participle con-
structions and the Infinitive.
1. The soil to be used as a seedbed should be warm, moist mel-
low. 2. The soil cultivated when it is too wet will not provide condi-
tions for normal plant growth. 3. Seed planted deep enough will have
a sufficient supply of moisture and nutrients. 4. Developing a new
variety to be cultivated in a given area one should know its soil and
climatic requirements. 5. We were given the seed to be used for sow-
ing. 6. The seedbed prepared in spring is to provide the proper envi-
ronment for seed germination. 7. Fertilizers to be applied must be of
highest quality. 8. The yield of root crops produced last year was ra-
ther low. 9. The yields to be obtained on our farm greatly depend on
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soil conditions. 10. The increase in corn yield to be produced greatly
depends on the amount and quality of fertilizers added to the soil.
Text
1. What kind of the text would you expect from the title
“Food and Fertilizers” and the following key phrases which come
from the text:
plant nutrients, major nutrients, micronutrients, deficiencies of
nutrients, plant gross suffer, exhausted soil, to replenish nutrients,
fertilization, fertilizer application, manure.
2. Cross out words and phrases which are not connected
with the problem of using fertilizers in agriculture:
fertilizers, organic, mineral, combine harvester, manure, increas-
ing yields, nutrients, steering wheel.
3. Find the most common word or word-combination among
the following:
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, plant nutrients, calcium, mag-
nesium, sulphur.
4. Before you read the text decide which of the following
statements you agree or disagree with:
a) Plants tend to exhaust the soil.
b) The best way to increase soil fertility is applying fertilizers.
c) It is preferable to add mineral fertilizers into the soil.
d) Fertilization is the only way to improve soil fertility.
e) Use of fertilizers has only positive effect.
5. Scan the text quickly and find what the main components
of a rich soil are and how plants are supplied with them.
For this the following strategies are possible:
– look through subtitles
– look for key words
– look for word meaning through context
– categorize information
– classify information
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FOOD AND FERTILIZERS
We all, 5000 millions of us, depend on plants for our food, and
plants depend on mineral nutrients for their growth and development.
13 elements derived from the soil are indispensable for all
plant growth. They are called plant nutrient. An additional 4 or 5 el-
ements are beneficial for proper development of some plants.
Fertilizers are plant nutrients.
Plant nutrients
Plant form their complex organic matter from water and nu-
trients from the soil, carbon dioxide from the air and energy from
sunlight.
Plants use six of the nutrients in relatively large amounts: ni-
trogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium.
These are called “major nutrients”. They are constituents of many
plant components such as proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll,
and are essential for processes, such as energy transfer, maintenance
of internal pressure and enzyme function.
The other nutrients are required in small or trace quantities
and are referred to as “micronutrients” or “trace elements”. They
have a variety of essential functions in plant metabolism.
The metals are constituents of enzymes.
Micronutrients are Chlorine (Cl), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn),
Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Boron (B), Molybdenum (Mo).
When deficiencies or gross imbalances of nutrients occur,
plant gross and development suffer.
For optimum plant growth, nutrients must be available for
plants: in solution in the soil water, in appropriate and balanced
amounts, at the right time.
Plants are supplied with nutrients mainly from: release of nutri-
ents from soil reserves. decomposing plant residues (roots, straw,
etc.), organic manures, mineral fertilizers, biological nitrogen fixa-
tion, aerial deposition.
Nutrients removed from the soil must be replenished, otherwise
the soil becomes exhausted and crops will suffer and eventually fail.
Soil contains reserves of nutrients, e.g., the topsoil content of ni-
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