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Файл:Английский в научных и инженерных целях. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
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11. What was revolutionary in first Peugeot bicycle and automobile design?
TASK 13. Discussion:
What other companies do you know that started from a certain product
in the past and now are flourishing producing the same other merchandise?
What is the secret of a successful company?
Self-studies for SESSION 2:
1. Study active vocabulary list for the Session 2, see Appendix 1.
2. Find additional information on one of the companies presented in this
session. Prepare a short presentation with your fellow student:
briefly tell about company’s history – a start with an idea,
inform of the company’s R&D activities in the present times.
3. Prepare a report in about 5 slides of Power Point presentation. You may
choose any company, a university or department where you work or you
are collaborating with. Official websites of companies might be of help
to provide data and information.
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SESSION 3. INTRODUCING PROJECT
AND COMMENTING ITS CONTENT
TASK 1. Read the text about one of the Krupp company projects.
InCar
ThyssenKrupp’s InCar project sets the standard for the car of the near
future. It contains 35 new solutions for the body, powertrain and chassis that
improve functionality, reduce weight and costs, and help the climate. The
“cleanest” innovations can combine to cut greenhouse gas emissions by
around 5,500 kilograms per car. The InCar lifecycle assessment includes not
only the emissions from 250,000 kilometers of driving but also the greenhouse gases released during production of the parts, starting with extraction
of the raw materials.
InCar saves 5,500 kilograms of greenhouse gases over the lifecycle of
each car.
The ThyssenKrupp Group has combined all its automotive expertise in
the InCar research project, which offers innovations for the body, powertrain
and chassis. The innovations have been extensively validated, so OEMs can
integrate them swiftly into production.
Source: http://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/konzern/produkte_und_projekte.html
TASK 2. Vocabulary. Phrases introducing opinion.
A. Study the phrases, render their meaning in other words, translate into
Russian.
set the standard
contain new solutions
cut greenhouse gas emissions
release of gas
extraction of raw material
combine expertise in research pro-
ject
lifecycle assessment
offer innovation
be extensively validated
swiftly integrate into production
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B. Review the phrases introducing the opinion, constructing the discussion.
if I may say
allow me to make some com-
ments
considering the information / da-
ta I need to say that …
Are there any other points of
view?
Before making conclusion I
would like to read the lines from
the text …
judging from the facts
let us summarize
by the way of conclusion I`d like
to say / quote / mention / remark
If there are no more versions let
us wind up the discussion
Shall we highlight next discus-
sion points?
TASK 3. Discuss:
1. What is R&D project?
2. Is such a project supposed to have a socially beneficial effect? What is
social effect of InCar project?
3. Why do big companies find it necessary to run R&D projects?
4. What other inventions by InCar do you know?
5. What are the products of projects run by companies: knowledge, know-
how, technology, etc.?
6. Do you have experience in participating in any of such type of a project?
What was your role as a member of a team?
TASK 4. Listen to other students describing types of a project, fill in the table
in Appendix 2. Teach other students the italicized words before describing a
project type.
Student A:
Construction Projects
The project produces an artifact. The value generated by the project is embedded in the artifact. The artifact may be a complex system with human and
mechanical components.
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Examples:
Warship
Jubilee line extension
Method guidebook
Millennium dome
Customer call centre
IT system
Student B:
Research Projects
The project produces knowledge. The knowledge may be formally represented as models, patterns or patents. Or the knowledge may be embedded in a
working process or artifact.
Examples:
Business modelling
Military intelligence/codebreaking.
The analysis, testing, QA or evaluation portions of a larger project.
Developing a model of the UK economy
Developing a new species of wheat
Developing novel approaches to project management
Student C:
Reengineering Projects
The project produces a desired change in some system or process.
Examples:
Renumbering the UK telephone system
Designing and installing an Intranet
Taking sterling into the Euro
Implementing PRINCE project management practices into a large or-
ganization
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Student D:
Procurement Projects
The project produces a business relationship contractually based with a selected supplier for a defined product or service based on a fixed specification
and/or a defined specification process.
Examples:
Outsourcing a specific construction or research project
Outsourcing a complete business function (such as IT).
Imposing new rules and measures on a regulated industry.
Student E:
Business Implementation Projects
The project produces an operationally effective process. The value generated
by the project is embedded in the process.
Examples:
Developing a new business process to repackage and exploit existing as-
sets.
Installing e-commerce
Student F:
Some projects are difficult to classify under this scheme.
National symbolic programmes:
Putting a man on the moon by the end of the decade.
Mitterand’s Grandes Projects.
New Labour
Large medical programmes:
Creating an artificial heart.
Mass inoculation programmes.
Other hybrid or interdisciplinary projects
Pilot projects
Moving offices
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In most cases, this difficulty arises from an ambiguity about the primary
purpose of the project. Are we doing this pilot for its own sake, or merely as
an experiment? Are we doing this drug trial to benefit current patients, or to
create knowledge that will benefit future patients? What’s the real political
agenda? Of course, we must be able to handle hybrid projects – but we may
need to surface the underlying ambiguity.
TASK 5. Based on the knowledge from Task 4 and the table in Appendix 2:
Comment on the character of projects scientists perform at research in-
stitutions, laboratories at university.
Give examples of project you’ve come across in your work and studies
at university. Name the project’s products.
Say what the difference is between contract based and curiosity driven
research.
VIDEO TASK
TASK 6. Watch the video “MIT: T-Rays project”.
Pay attention to official style of reporting and publicistic style explain-
ing research project content to non professionals.
Answer the questions; keep the style of reporting scientific news.
Self-studies for SESSION 3:
1. Study active vocabulary list for the Session 3, see Appendix 1.
2. Talk about research and development project.
Choose one of the real life projects and describe it to your fellow stu-
dents.
Use the words from the list “How to describe a project” in Session 3 be-
low.
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In some lines information is missing. Prepare some words on possible
facts to make project description complete.
Use available websites with projects descriptions:
http://www.science.gov/
http://www.osti.gov/rdprojects/about.jsp
How to describe a project:
be/represent a challenging problem funding mechanism of a project is …
entitle/name a project POC (point of contact) of a project
is given as …
be hosted at a research institu-
the idea embodied is …
tion/organization
the objective of the work is … planned results are envisioned as …
project start date is stated as … be assumed that …
project completion date is assigned as … the expected profit will be …
performance location city measurable results are …
performance institution research evidence gained will
show/prove …
have as its principal researchers … cost-effective
be a priority issue time-consuming
tackle a problem profitable
be used to characterize a directed project
federally-sponsored project
3. In class: while you listen to your fellow student describing the project
prepare questions as if you are one of the researchers who would like to
join the project and need some clarification on its details.
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TOPIC 2
R&D PERFORMANCE AND MEASUREMENT
SESSION 4. READING APPROXIMATIONS. PRESENTING DATA
IN SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
TASK 1. In reports it is good style to use approximation in the findings, conclusions and recommendations. Read the approximations given in Table 2.
Describe numbers or statistics by using a fraction that is similar to the exact
number. Use the necessary wording under the table.
Table 2
Approximations
65 %
28 %
21 % about a fifth 9 fewer than ten
49 %
74 %
33.3333 % a third of 6 several
92 %
98.5 % almost all 1,256,890,534 over 1.2 billion
about
1,043
two-thirds of
just over
115
a quarter of
just under
2
a half of
almost
4
three-quarters of
most of 749,982
over a thousand
over a hundred
a small number
a few
about
three-quarters
of a million
Language of approximations:
equal to a number … an amount exceeds to …
is approximately equal to a number … is almost the same as …
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is 5 million sharp is above a number
is greater than a number
is just above a number (You mean it
is not enough)
is smaller than a number is just … (show negativity)
is above … (neutral)
TASK 2. Read and compare the engineering salary from Table 3 below. Use
the vocabulary phrases from the task above.
Average R&D Engineer Salaries
The average salary for R&D engineer jobs in Greenwood, SC is
$60,000. Average R&D engineer salaries can vary greatly due to company,
location, industry, experience and benefits.
This salary was calculated using the average salary for all jobs with the
term “R&D engineer” anywhere in the job listing. Describe figures given in
the table, use phrases below.
Table 3
Average Salary of Jobs with Related Titles
In USD as of Apr 9, 2011
General engineer $ 63,000
Construction managers and engineers $ 76,000
Mechanical engineer $ 54,000
Manufacturing engineer $ 46,000
Process engineer $ 50,000
Electronics engineer $ 61,000
Product development engineer $ 52,000
Lead software engineer $ 73,000
Junior R&D engineer $ 67,000
Project manager $ 64,000
Electrical engineer $ 54,000
Source: http://www.simplyhired.com/a/salary/search/
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Commenting on data (1):
It needs to be said that …
One should mention
One way of looking at it is …
It is necessary to point out that …
To highlight the issue/problem
The common viewpoint is …
Upon reflecting / watching / listening I’d like to state / mention / point out that …
Summing up one may say …
To conclude one should mention …
TASK 3. Read the text about National Science Foundation (NSF) support of
Research Centers. Read and comment their numbers.
National Science Foundation Centers
NSF supports a variety of centers programs that contribute to the
Foundation’s mission and vision. Centers exploit opportunities in science,
engineering, and technology in which the complexity of the research problem
or the resources needed to solve the problem require the advantages of scope,
scale, duration, equipment, facilities, and students. Centers are the principal
means by which NSF fosters interdisciplinary research.
Table 4
NSF Centers Funding (Dollars in Millions)
Change over FY 2008
Centers
for Analysis
and Synthesis
Program
1995 2 $6.67 $13.41 $18.41 $5.00 37.5 %
Number
Initiation
of Centers
in FY 2008
Actual
FY 2007
Estimate
FY 2008
FY 2009
FY 2008
Request
Amount
Estimate
Percent
Centers for
Chemical
Innovation
1998 8 3.00 7.50 20.00 12.50 166.7 %
1
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