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Файл:Russian Society and Russian Civil Identity (Case of the Youth). Tutorial
.pdf
The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Kazan National Research Technological University
A. Tuzikov, R. Zinurova
RUSSIAN SOCIETY
AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
CASE OF THE YOUTH
Тutorial
Kazan
KNRTU Press
2018
UDK 316.3(075)
BBK 60.55я7
Т81
Т81
Tuzikov A.
Russian Society and Russian Civil Identity (Case of the Youth) : Тutorial /
A. Tuzikov, R. Zinurova; The Ministry of Education and Science of the
Russian Federation, Kazan National Research Technological University. –
Kazan : KNRTU Press, 2018. – 100 p.
ISBN 978-5-7882-2611-8
ISBN 978-5-7882-2611-8
©
Tuzikov A., Zinurova R., 2018
©
Kazan National Research Technological
University, 2018
UDK 316.3(075)
BBK 60.55я7
Published by the decision of the Editorial Review Board
of the Kazan National Research Technological University
Reviewers:
F. T. Nezhmetdinova,
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Professor
N. H. Sharipova,
Doctor of Sciences, Professor
This Tutorial is aimed to help students majored in sociology, cross cultural
management, marketing and for all who are interested in problems of contemporary
Russian society and youth. Also this workbook is useful for MA students of such
programs as Quality Management in Education, Management in Education, Public
Administration and Sociology.
The tutorial is prepared in the Institute of Innovation Management.
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
2
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ............................................................................................... 4
ISTRUCTIONS AND TASKS .................................................................... 6
Part 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE “IDENTITY
CONFIGURATION” CONCEPT IN SOCIAL SCIENCES ....................... 8
Part 2. METHODOLOGY OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSIAN
IDENTITY AND ITS CONFIGURATIONS UNDER THE INFLUENCE
OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS ......... 74
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
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FOREWORD
Contemporary Russian Society and its Youth face with the serious
problem of self-identification. The questions like “Who we are?”, “Who are
Us and who are Them?” are of very important. Therefore without detailed
analyses and research work it is impossible to work out effective projects of
development.
The phenomenon of personal social identity has been studied by
researchers representing various research areas for a long time, which has
helped accumulate an essential fund of knowledge on these topics. At the
same time, cultural and historical changes that had resulted in scientific
paradigm shifts underlay the necessity of considering the problematic area
of the social identity of individuals within changing contexts, such as
cultural and historical, social and psychological, social and economical,
social and political, and social and cultural environments, as well as its
multifactor nature and its actualization versions as affected by contextual
dynamics.
The interdisciplinary nature of the research is defined by the
phenomenon of modern identity itself and by its contextual actualizations.
The discourse of multiple identifications and the ‘adaptability’ of their
designing becomes an increasingly greater influence. Our authoring team
has prepared the present monograph on the problems in characterizing the
multiple youth identity configurations at the current stage of Russia’s and
global development. The multiplicity of identifications may come into
focus in a simultaneous combination of national (civil) and ethnic (ethnocultural) identities, such as those of Italian Americans. With the
development of technology, communication networks, and virtual space,
new roles, values, and landmarks arise, which results in appearing new
identities. Consumer and cyber identity coming from the proliferation of
Internet-based network technologies becomes more important. The problem
of multiply formatted identities is conceptualized as both a conflict and a
‘package of identities’. In our interpretation, identifications represent a
phenomenon, that is, something that appears within the context of social
interaction and has a configuration fan. This understanding provided the
basis for choosing the empirical research methods, including questionnaire
methods, such as questionnaires and focus groups, and non-questionnaire
methods, such as content or discourse analyses. This allowed us to identify
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
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the specific versions of identity configurations in matrix form, with respect
to the coordinates of political, social, consumer and cyber identities.
This book is done within the project supported by RFFR grant
№ 18-011-00981 “Social mapping of ethnic, confessional and migration
risks in contemporary city agglomeration”.
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
5
ISTRUCTIONS AND TASKS
You should attentively read the text and have to answer
the questions. Be careful that there is no simple answer only on one page of
the texts!
Task 1. Using text try to catch the main essential features of such
concept as “identity”. How do you think “identity” is a thing or a
phenomenon? Explain your answer.
Task 2. What is the difference between understanding identity in
psychology and sociology?
Task 3. Is there some interrelations between concepts of Identity
and Ideology? Explain your answer using texts below.
Task 4. How could you explain the plural character of identity in
contemporary societies?
Task 5. What approach mentioned below is more functional to
study identity through sociological perspective?
Task 6. What are main features and problems of youth identity?
Task 7. Struggle of identities or Set of identities? What is the most
relevant approach to study identity?
Task 8. According to some sociologists we live in consumer
society. There is famous expression like: “Tell me who are your friends and
I will tell you who you are”. Try to reformulate this proverb using logic of
consumerism. Give examples.
Task 9. “Plural” or “floating” identity? What does it mean? Give
the ‘list” of identities.
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
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Task 10. Try to apply the Matrix of identities to you personally.
Who are you and your friends in accordance with it?
Task 11. What means the concept of “configuration” if we discuss
the identity of Russian youth?
Task 12. What does it mean to be “netizen”? What features of cyber
dimension of identity could you specify? (Use the given approaches).
Task 13. Specify the economic factors of identity’s configuration.
Task 14. Specify the cultural factors of identity’s configuration.
Task 15. What types of Russians did the Public Opinion Foundation
reveal in its study? Do these types depend on psychological factors or on
consumer behavior? Try to give your own arguments to the old debates:
“To have or to be”. What is modern interpretation of this debate?
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
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Part 1
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE “IDENTITY
CONFIGURATION” CONCEPT IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
During the past decade, many Russian and foreign researchers have
increasingly addressed the problem of the complex composition and the
multi-level nature of the identity structure, as well as its functional and
destructive nature amid multiple quasi-identities,
the predominance of pseudo-values, and meta-instability in all areas. Can
the “Self-Identity” be formed uninfluenced by the specific, local sociohistorical and sociocultural environment? Is the collective identifification so
important for a person at the Positivist stage of his or her mental
development, as it is at the Metaphysical or Theological stages? What
actualizes the opposition of ingroups and outgroups and the “us-vs.-them”
dichotomy as an opposition of dominance and marginality? What is the
behavior criterion for the modern infantilized society in the age of culture
virtualization?
There is no mainstream definition of identity in the world science.
The possibility of using a unified interdisciplinary definition thereof within
the academic community is not very high, since every researcher, whether a
sociologist, psychologist, economist, political scientist, anthropologist, or
philosopher, offers his or her own interpretation. Identification, originally
from Medieval Latin identifico – ‘I identify’, later from Latin identificus –
‘identical’ or ‘the same’, means acknowledging the identity, identifying the
objects, recognition, or recognizing the matches 1. The problem of
searching for a well-established explanation of identification is worsened by
the chronic crisis of the ideology of postmodern society and by permanent
referencing to new ideological determinants and identification cues at the
personal, social, civil, and ethnic levels in the context of antagonism
between the dominating principles of universalism and globalism, on the
one hand, and those of multiculturalism, paticularism, and estrangement, on
1
Prokhorov, A.M. (1998) Bolshoy entsiklopedichesky slovar [Great Encyclopaedic
Dictionary]. In: Prokhorov, A.M. (editor-in-chief). 2nd edition, revised and
amended. Moscow: Scientific Publisher “Great Russian Encyclopedia”. P. 434.
(In Russian).
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
8
the other hand. This inconsistency limits the possibility of social solidarity.
The postmodern society straddles the declared cultural relativism, as well as
the drive for national and cultural distinctness and unique self-awareness
based on cultural and historical tradition, the national system of values, and
the actual cultural pluralism, assimilation of the cultural substrates of
various civilizations, peoples, and epochs, confounding the cultural
development levels, and the dominance of cultural filters and ethnocentric
judgements. These are the properties felt here: Consistency and unity
characterize personal identity, while the sense of belonging is integral to
social identity. When attempting to unify different identity configurations, it
seems apparent that it plays out simultaneously and in parallel in both the
exclusion, i.e. something what distinguishes a human, such as individuality,
authenticity, and the person’s intention to stand out from the crowd, and the
inclusion, i.e. something that allows a person to identify him or herself with
others, such as similarity, sameness, and the intention to be a part of a social
group. E. Erikson, the founder of the theory of identity, also interpreted it as
the internal sensation of and, at the same time, the objectively observed
property of self-relation linked to the confidence in the integrity of the
world view shared with others.
The basis of identification as an art was laid by A. Bertillon (1879),
a French lawyer, inventor, medicolegist, forensic specialist, and the
originator of ‘bertillonage’, who became famous for having introduced the
classical system of police sideview-frontview photographs (‘mugshots’) and
the ‘anthropometric method’ for describing characteristics identifying
criminals by 14 indicators ensuring the most accurate recognition of a
person. When the first system of identifying a person by external features
was developed and the anthropological identity paradigm started to be
formed in science in the 19th century, then it became possible to
differentiate social, psychological, and neurophysiological approaches to
identity in the 20th century.
The term of ‘identity’ has especially deeply seated in neuro
humanities and social studies. Approaches to understanding the identity
within humanities and social studies are differentiated into philosophic and
anthropologic ones, while the latter ones include, in their turn,
psychological, sociological, and cultural interpretations. Where, in
anthropological approaches, the identityis represented as a property of
personal becoming and developing, then, in philosophical thought, it is
considered as an ontological form, a basis for human existence, or a
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
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neurophysiological process. The conception of neurophysiological identity
was developed within the framework of reductive materialism and
physicalism in the philosophy of mind in the middle of the 20th century and
included the type-identity theory (Place U., Feigl H., and Smart J.; 1950)
and the token-identity theory assuming not the typical identification marks,
but the associative flow of subjective experience.
The socio-humanistic understanding of identity starts with the
psychoanalytical structural-dynamic analysis of forming the gender identity
and detecting the defense mechanisms to protect the identity stability
(Freud, S.; 1894), the archetypes of collective unconscious as the
psychospiritual heritage of humanity, the base of the hidden codes of
memories common to all humanity, that cannot be reproduced within
individual experience (Jung C.; 1936), and the theory of psychosocial
development stages (Erikson E.; 1967). Later, the psychosocial knowledge
in this area was increased by cognitive psychologists within the social
identity theory (Tajfel H.; 1986), theory of social categorization (Turner J.;
1987), the theory of systematizing internal identities and self-schemas
(Markus H.; 1977), and the theory of self-discrepancy into actual, ideal, and
ought (Higgins, E.T.; 1989).
In contrast to the psychoanalytic approach, behaviorists, such as M.
Sherif or D. Campbell, who conducted manipulating group experiments
provoking competitive, conflict, or collaborative social relations, proposed
to pay more attention to intergroup behavior and clarified about the sociogroup component of identity, dominating the personal component thereof.
M. Sherif made a breakthough of his time:
He discovered that the process of personal identification can be
managed, basically, using intergroup conflicts, real-life situations, and
external factors. D. Campbell developed that idea in his situative theory of
‘guarding the group borders’, in which he had empirically proved the
intensification of identifying processes due to the threat of a ‘stranger’
penetrating the self-identification group. Note that it was exactly the
Skinner's classical Stimulus-Response scheme used as the basis for the
experiments performed by situational behaviorists. Here we can observe the
similarity to J. Marcia’s identity status model, in which the identity may be
in the states of search, crisis, moratorium, achievement, foreclosure, or
diffusion. Many contemporary researchers characterize this transition from
the psychoanalytic understanding of identity to the social-behavioristic one
as the transfer of ‘identity’ from the field of quasi-reality into the real-life
RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
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