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Mechanisms of Vascular Disease
A Textbook for Vascular Specialists
Robert Fitridge
Editor
Third Edition
123
Robert Fitridge
Editor
Mechanisms of Vascular Disease
A Textbook forVascular Specialists
3 rd Edition
Editor
Robert Fitridge Discipline of Surgery The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA Australia
ISBN 978-3-030-43682-7 ISBN 978-3-030-43683-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43683-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2007, 2011, 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
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1 Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ran Wei, Paul M. Kerr, Stephen L. Gust, Raymond Tam, and Frances Plane
2 Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Sanuja Fernando, Christina A. Bursill, Stephen J. Nicholls, and Peter J. Psaltis
3 Mechanisms of the Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque
and Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Khizar Rana, Stephen J. Nicholls, and Johan W. Verjans
4 Current and Emerging Therapies for Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Adam J. Nelson and Stephen J. Nicholls
5 Pathophysiology of Angiogenesis and Its Role
in Vascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Nathan K. P. Wong, Emma L. Solly, Christina A. Bursill, Joanne T. M. Tan, and Martin K. C. Ng
6 Vascular Biology of Smooth Muscle Cells and Restenosis . . . . . . . . . 117
Victoria Nankivell, Khalia Primer, Achini Vidanapathirana, Peter Psaltis, and Christina Bursill
7 Vascular Haemodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Shirley Jansen, Michael Lawrence-Brown, Siamak Mishani, Christopher Lagat, Brian Evans, Kurt Liffman, and Ilija D. Šutalo
8 Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Arterial System:
Implications for Vascular Disease and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Siamak Mishani, Shirley Jansen, Michael Lawrence-Brown, Christopher Lagat, and Brian Evans
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Contents
9 Physiological Haemostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Simon McRae
10 Hypercoagulable States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Simon J. McRae
11 Platelets in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Disease
and Their Role as a Therapeutic Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
James McFadyen and Karlheinz Peter
12 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathology and Progress Towards
a Medical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Joseph V. Moxon, Smriti M. Krishna, Tejas P. Singh, and Jonathan Golledge
13 Pathophysiology and Principles of Management of Hereditary
Aneurysmal Aortopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Mèlanie H. A. M. Perik, Aline Verstraeten, and Bart L. Loeys
14 Pathophysiology, Classification and Principles of Management
of Acute Aortic Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Mark Hamilton
15 Biomarkers in Vascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Ashraf Cadersa and Ian M. Nordon
16 Pathophysiology and Principles of Management of Vasculitis
and Fibromuscular Dysplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Maureen Rischmueller, Sarah Downie-Doyle, and Robert Fitridge
17 Sepsis and Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Benjamin Reddi
18 Pathophysiology of Reperfusion Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Prue Cowled and Robert Fitridge
19 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome and Open Abdomen
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Martin Björck
20 Pathophysiology and Management of Limb Compartment
Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
David Lindström and Carl-Magnus Wahlgren
21 Pathophysiology of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Stephan A. Schug
22 Post Amputation Pain Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Stephan A. Schug
Contents
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23 Treatment of Neuropathic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Stephan A. Schug
24 Pathophysiology of Varicose Veins, Chronic Venous Insufficiency
and Venous Ulceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Manj S. Gohel
25 Pathophysiology of Wound Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Stuart J. Mills, Ben R. Hofma, and Allison J. Cowin
26 Pathophysiology and Principles of Management
of the Diabetic Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Guilherme Pena, David G. Armstrong, Joseph L. Mills, and Robert Fitridge
27 Lymphoedema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Matt Waltham and Kristiana Gordon
28 Graft Materials: Present and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Mital Desai and George Hamilton
29 Vascular Graft Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Mauro Vicaretti
30 Radiation Physics and Biological Effects of Radiation
in Vascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Joseph Dawson and Stephan Haulon
31 Radiation Stewardship: Radiation Exposure, Protection
and Safety in Contemporary Endovascular Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Joseph Dawson and Stephan Haulon
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Abbreviations
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18
F-FDG Fluorodeoxyglucose
18
F-FDG PET-CT 18F-uorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/
18
F-NaF Sodium uoride 3 D-IF 3D-image fusion 5 -HT 5-Hydroxytryptamine (also known as serotonin) α-SMA Alpha-smooth muscle actin AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm AAS Acute aortic syndrome AASV Anterior accessory saphenous veins AAV ANCA-associated vasculitides ABC Automatic brightness control ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 ABCG1 ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 ABI Ankle-brachial index AC Abdominal compliance ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACS Acute coronary syndrome ACS Abdominal compartment syndrome ACT Acceptance and commitment therapy Acta2 Smooth muscle α-actin ACTA2 Actin alpha 2 gene ADA2 Adenosine deaminase-2 ADAMTS13 Disintegrin and metalloprotease with a thrombospondin
ADAMTS3 Disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin
ADP Adenosine diphosphate AGE Advanced glycated end-products AK Above-knee AKI Acute kidney injury
computed tomography
type 1 motif, member 13
motifs-3 protease
ix
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Abbreviations
ALARA As low as reasonably achievable ALCS Acute limb compartment syndrome AMP Adenosine monophosphate AMPA α-Amino-3 hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole receptors ANA Antinuclear antibodies ANCA Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody Ang Angiopoietin AngII Angiotensin II Anti-GBM Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease AP Antero-posterior AP-1 Activating protein-1 APC Activated protein C APLAS Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome apoA-I Apolipoprotein A-I apoB Apolipoprotein B ApoE Apolipoprotein E APP Abdominal perfusion pressure ARCL1 Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1 ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome ASCVD Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease AT Antithrombin ATP Adenosine triphosphate ATS Arterial tortuosity syndrome AVG Arteriovenous grafts AZA Azathioprine BAPN 3-Aminopropionitrile BAV Bicuspid aortic valve BC Boundary conditions BC Bacterial cellulose BCL-2
B-cell lymphoma-2 BCRL Breast cancer-related lymphoedema BD Behcet’s disease BEIR VII Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII Committee BEVAR Branched endovascular aneurysm repair BGN Biglycan gene BK Below-knee
2+
BKCa Large-conductance Ca
-activated K+ channel BMI Body mass index BMP Bone morphogenetic protein BNC Bacterial nanocellulose BTK Bruton tyrosine kinase BVS Bioresorbable vascular scaffold C-ANCA Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody CAA Coronary artery aneurysms CAC Coronary artery calcication
Abbreviations
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CAD Coronary artery disease CAD Computer-aided design CAK Cumulative air kerma CAM Calmodulin cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CBCT Cone-beam CT CBD Cannabidiol CCA Clonal chromosomal abnormalities CCK Cholecystokinin CCL5 C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 CCTA Coronary computed topographic angiography CD36 Cluster of differentiation-36 Cdc42 Cell division cycle 42 CDs Clusters of differentiation CE-MRA Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography CEA Carotid endarterectomy CEAP Clinical, etiological, anatomical, pathophysiological CEMRI Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging CETP Cholesteryl ester transfer protein CFD Computational uid dynamics cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate CGRP Calcitonin gene-related peptide CHCC Chapel Hill Consensus Conference CKD Chronic kidney disease CLI Critical limb ischaemia CMR Cardiac magnetic resonance CNC Cardiac neural crest CNCP Chronic noncancer pain cNOS Constitutive nitric oxide synthase CNS
Central nervous system CO Carbon monoxide COX Cyclo-oxygenase COX-1 Cyclooxygenase-1 COX-2 Cyclo-oxygenase-2 CPIs Checkpoint inhibitors CRC Colorectal cancer CRM Crew resource management (CRM) CRP C-Reactive protein CRPS Complex regional pain syndromes CRRETAWAC Cysteineargininearginineglutamic acidthreonine
alaninetryptophancysteine peptide
CSE Cystathionine γ-lase CT Computerised tomography CTA Coronary tomography angiography CTLA4 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
xi