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Nutrition, Metabolism and Kidney Support
ACritical Care Approach
AntonellaCotoia SilviaDeRosa FiorenzaFerrari VincenzoPota MicheleUmbrello
Editors
123
Nutrition, Metabolism and Kidney Support
Antonella Cotoia•Silvia De Rosa
Fiorenza Ferrari•Vincenzo Pota Michele Umbrello
Editors
Nutrition, Metabolism and Kidney Support
A Critical Care Approach
Editors
Antonella Cotoia Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University Hospital of Foggia Foggia, Italy
Silvia De Rosa Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Centre for Medical Sciences CISMed, University of Trento Trento, Italy
Fiorenza Ferrari Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency Foundation IRCCS CaGranda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Vincenzo Pota
of
Dept.
Women, Child, General and Specialised Surgery University of Campania Luigi Vanvitell NAPOLI, Italy
Milan, Italy
Michele U Department o
mbrello
f Intensive Care and Anaesthesia ASST Ovest Milanese, Ospedale Civile di Legnano Milan, Italy
ISBN 978-3-031-66540-0
ISBN 978-3-031-66541-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66541-7
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
If disposing of this product, please recycle the paper.

Contents

Part I Metabolism During Critical Illness
1 Acute Skeletal Muscle Wasting During Critical Illness .. .. .. .. .. 3
Etrusca Brogi, Michele Umbrello, Sergio Lassola,
ancesco Forfori
and Fr
2 Endocrine Aspects of Acute and Prolonged Critical Illness .. .. .. . 17
Maria Giuseppina Annetta
3 Disorders of Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid Base Balance .. .. .. .. . 27
Zaccaria Ricci, Luigi Diaferia, Giulio Iacopetti, and Filippo Pelagatti
4 Critical Illness Polyneuropathy and Myopathy ... ... ... .... ... 43
Nicola Nasuelli, Isabella Caterina Campini, Laura Godi, and Davi
de Colombo
5 Gut Microbiome in the Critically Ill ...................... .. 51
Antonella Cotoia, Tecla Giuseppina Zimotti, and Denise Battaglini
6 Nutrition Risk Screening Tools . .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. . 61
Giorgio Fullin
7 Dynamic Metabolic Changes Measured by Indirect Calorimetry . . 7
Marialaura Scarcella, Emidio Scarpellini, Riccardo Monti,
Ludovico Abenavoli
and
8 The Energy Intake: How Much, and at What Time? .. ......... . 83
Caroline Lauwers, Michael P. Casaer, and Jan Gunst
9 Protein Requirements: Refocusing on an Essential Nutrient ..... . 95
Emmanuel Pardo and Jean-Charles Preiser
10 Monitoring of Muscle Mass in Critically Ill Patients . ... .. ... ... 105
Michele Umbrello, Paolo Formenti, Etrusca Brogi, and
Francesco Forfori
1
v
vi Contents
11 Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Critically Ill Patients ... 119
Cristian Deana, Sara Samoni, and Rinaldo Bellomo
Part II Nutrition Support, Pharmaconutrition and Special
Considerations
12 Enteral and Parenteral Feeding: How to Choose the Route ....... 131
Andrea Pezzana, Michela Zanardi, Luca De Carli, and Davide Colombo
13 Enteral Nutrition Overview and Formula Selection
Considerations .............. .............. ............ 137
Cinzia di Venosa
14 Complications Associated with Enteral Feeding ............... 149
Miriam Theilla, Orit Raphaeli, Eyal Robinson, and Pierre Singer
15 Parenteral Solutions Overview .. ... .... .... ... .... ... .... . 161
D. Berlana and E. Leiva Badosa
16 Complications Associated with Parenteral Nutrition . ... .. ... .. . 171
Luca DAlessandro and Francesco Barbani
17 Pharmaconutrition in Critical Care ........... ............ .. 181
Antonella Cotoia, Paola Sara Mariotti, Andreas Edel, and Stefan J. Schaller
18 Physical and Functional Recovery of Critically Ill Patients ...... . 193
Roberto Martinez-Alejos, Joan-Daniel Martì, Paolo Pelosi, and Denise Battaglini
19 Ethical Considerations in Critical Care Nutrition . ... ... ... ... . 207
Giorgio Fullin, Eugenia Magnanimi, Michela Zardin, and Andrej Michalsen
Part III Nutrition Requirements in Special Conditions
20 Nutrition in ARDS, COVID-19, and ECMO ... ... ... ... .. ... . 215
Lorenza Moretto, Michela Bombino, Luca Gianotti, and Emanuele Rezoagli
21 Nutrition in Trauma and Burns ................... ........ 229
Carmine Iacovazzo, Silvia Paganini, and Michela Rauseo
22 Nutrition in Sepsis, AKI, and CRRT .. ..... ..... ...... ..... . 247
Vedran Premuzic and Armin Atic
23 Nutrition in Acute Liver Failure and Severe Acute Pancreatitis . . . 259
Katia Donadell
o, Beatrice Milan, Giulia DAgostini, and Enrico Polati
Contents vii
24 Nutrition in Major Surgery, Intestinal Failure, and Open
Abdomen ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ..... ...... ..... .. 279
Lucia Cattin, Francesco Cundari, Silvia De Rosa, and Fr
ancesco Corradi
25 Nutrition in Neurocritical Care ... ......................... 293
Sandra Magnoni, Marina Munari, Adriano Bernini, and Chiara Robba
Part IV Acute Kidney Injury
26 Global Epidemiology and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury .... . 30
7
Vincenzo Pota and Max Bell
27 De
nition, Staging Criteria of Acute Kidney Injury, and
Controversies . ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 319
Marisa Palmieri and Marco Fiorentino
28 Biomarkers for Acute Kidney Injury .. .... ..... .... .... .... . 329
Thilo von Groote, Lisa Loomann, Christian Strauß, and Al
exander Zarbock
29 Prediction and Machine Learning Models for Early Prediction
of AKI ......................... ...................... 341
Massimiliano Greco, Ilesa Bose, and Giovanni Angelotti
30 Ultrasound in Acute Kidney Injury .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 349
Gregorio Romero-González, Nicholas S. M. Bianchi Bosisio, Sara Sa
moni, and Fioren za Ferrari
31 Management of AKI: Fluids .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 361
Gianluca Castellani, Marta Calatroni, and Antonio Messina
32 Management of AKI: Vasopressors ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. 375
Paolo Persona and Tommaso Pettenuzzo
33 AKI Management: Diuretics ... .... ..... .... ..... ..... .... 389
Céline Monard and Antoine Schneider
34 Acute Kidney Disease ..... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... . 399
G. Azzopardi and J. Prowle
35 Renal Functional Reserve and Renal Recovery After Acute Kidney
Injury ........... ........... ............ ........... .. 411
Gabriele Guglielmetti and Sara Samoni
Part V Renal Replacement Therapy
36 Nomenclature for Renal Replacement Therapy ...... .......... 421
Gianluca Villa and Dario DeglInnocen
ti
viii Contents
37 Vascular Access for Renal Replacement Therapy ............ .. 429
Fabrizio Valente, Anna Lorenzin, and Giuliano Brunori
38 Anticoagulation Strategies in Continuous Renal Replacement
Therapy .... .... ..... .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . 441
Antonio Fioccola and Gianluca Villa
39 Dose Prescription in Renal Replacement Therapy ....... ....... 453
William R. Clark, Danielle Soranno, Anna Lorenzin, and Claudio Ronco
40 Indications and Timing of Renal Replacement Therapy ... ... .. . 461
Sean M. Bagshaw and Ron Wald
41 Nutrition in ICU Patients with Acute Kidney Injury .. .. .. .. .. .. 481
Michael Hiesmayr and Arabella Fischer
42 Overview, Technical Aspects, and Safety of RRT Modalities in
Critical Care . .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . 493
Federico Nalesso, Martina Cacciapuoti, Marco Bogo, and Marco DAscoli
43 Drug
Dosing Considerations in Continuous Renal Replacement
Therapy .... .... ..... .... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . 521
Fiorenza Ferrari, Gaetano Florio, Vincenzo Pota, and Silvia De Rosa
44 Weaning and Discontinuation of Renal Replacement Therapy ... . 53
5
Ilaria Godi and Thomas Rimmelé
45 Com
plications and Troubleshooting During Continuous Renal
Replacement Therapy ........... ...................... .. 547
Silvia De Ros a, Sara Miori, Andrea Sanna, Patrick Marchelli, and Rinaldo
Bellomo
Part VI Extracorporeal Organ Support in Critical Illness
46 Extracorporeal Blood Purication for Immunomodulatory or
Hybrid Support in Sepsis .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. . 567
Silvia De Ros a, Gianluca Villa, Fiorenza Ferrari, Rocco Pace, and Ricard
Ferrer
47 Extracorporeal Blood Purication for Acute Poisoning .. .. ... ... 585
Francesca Bagagli, Marco Fiorentino, and Fiorenza Ferrari
48 Renal Replacement Therapy Combined with Articial or
Bioarti
cial Liver Support System .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 595
Federico Nalesso, Elisabetta Bettin, Marco Bogo, Martina
Cacciapuoti, and Andrea Barbagallo
Contents ix
49 Low-Flow Extracorporeal CO2 Removal Managed with a Renal
Replacement Platform ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 611
Davide Colombo, Michele Battista, Gaetano Florio, Alberto Zanella, Stefano Cusinato, and Francesco Alessandri
50 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy During Extracorporeal
Membrane Oxygenation ... ....... ....... ....... ........ . 625
Silvia De Ros a, Kevin Roedl, Eleonora Balzani, Giacomo Bellani, and Marlies Ostermann
Index . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Part I
Metabolism During Critical Illness