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Graphene Reinforced Chitosan Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery
Ranganathan Priya, Seung Yun Nam, Wan-Seob Cho,
and Muthuchamy Maruthupandy
Abstract Chitosan (CTS) and graphene (GR) combinations are attracting the
interest of drug delivery sectors due to the combined effects of CTS, having exceptional biotic capabilities, and GR, which has excellent physical, chemical, rigid, and
spectral properties. CTS and GR composites can be used to create hydrogels, aerogels, scaffolds, films, and nanofibers. The efficiency of CTS/GR composite material
in different shapes may be increased even more by including various multifunctional
polymeric materials, nano-sized-particles, or proliferation factors due to the ease with
which these nanocomposites can be functionalized. Through this context in mind,
this chapter describes the most recent discoveries in CTS/GR composites in various
forms and compositions in drug delivery applications such as mouth, nostril, eye,
oral, lung, sublingual, skin, and anal drug delivery. Future directions for improvement
and obstacles for healthcare are also presented.
Keywords Chitosan
· Graphene · Nanocomposites · Spectral properties · Drug
delivery
R. Priya · S. Yun Nam (B)
Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionic Engineering, Pukyong National University, B usan 48513,
Republic of Korea
e-mail: mmarthupandy@yahoo.in
S. Yun Nam
Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University,
Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
W.-S . Cho (
Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University,
37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
e-mail: wcho@dau.ac.kr
M. Maruthupandy
e-mail: synam@pknu.ac.kr
) · M. Maruthupandy (B)
B
443
444 R. Priya et al.
Abbreviations
CPT Camptothecin
CS-DA-LAG Dihydrocaffeic acid and L-arginine-cografted chitosan
CTS Chitosan
DOX Doxorubicin
FA Folic acid
GM Glycidyl methacrylate
GO Graphene oxide
GR Graphene
PEG Polyethylene glycol
PEGS-PBA-BA Polyethylene glycol-co-poly (glycerol sebacic acid) difunction-
alized with phenylboronic acid and benzaldehyde
PHAs Polyhydroxyalkanoates
PLA Polylactic acid
PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidone
QCSG Glycidyl methacrylate functionalized quaternized chitosan
rGO Reduced graphene oxide
rGO@PDA Polydopamine-coated rGO
1 Introduction
The invention of determined, maintained, controlled drug delivery mechanisms with
minimum systemic adverse effects becomes an important subject throughout the
healthcare or legitimate industry t o attaining great pharmaceutical agent efficacy for
tumor treatment for the recent years [1, 2]. Current therapeutic and diagnostic technologies are highly effective in this context, yet their use have several adverse effects,
including chemotherapy drug that have no area targeted and are eliminated through
the human system with no generating the desired impact due to their decreased
molecular weight (Fig. 1)[3–5]. Therefore, in order to overcome these obstacles
and enhance drug water s olubility, regulated release-drug delivery mechanisms were
invented or built for the therapeutic medicine delivery at a particular biological site of
the human body [6, 7]. These systems ought to be mechanically stable, biocompatible, inert, without leachable contaminants, easy to deliver to patients, and easy
to remove [8]. Organic and manmade polymers with biodegradable characteristics have been frequently employed in medication delivery. The majority of the
aforementioned requirements for the formation or construction of an effective drug
delivery systems are met by them. Examples of commonly used polymers for drug
delivery systems include polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP),
polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), poly (L-glutamic acid), guar
gum, chitin, chitosan, cellulose, gelatin, and others [9]. Chitosan, an organic polymer,
is recognized to be one among the most promising solutions for clinical use due to