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Fullerene Based Materials for Drug Delivery 345
plasma pH. High drug loading, enhanced erythrocyte compatibility, better efficacy
for SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (in vitro), and suitable pharmacokinetic pattern
recommended the conjugate to have significant merit for delivery of brain drug.
Samanta and Das [93] employed DFT, based on M06-2X/6-31G(d) calculation, to
assess the potential of some fullerene loaded chemotherapeutic drugs (temozolomide,
carmustine, procarbazine, and lomustine) to cross the BBB. The chemical features
of all the four studied drugs were found to be perturbed minimally by the C
moiety
60
and thus recommended as potent carrier for brain anticancer drug delivery to the
target cells.
4.8 Ocular Drug Delivery
Ema et al. [150] demonstrated sensitizing including irritation effects of highly purified C
(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). Fullerenes concentrations when administered at the maximum allowable level, no abnormalities in the
iris, corneal opacity, or chemosis was detected. However, conjunctival redness and
blood vessel hyperemia observed at 1 h, vanished after 24 h of fullerene administration. Fullerenes did not show any irritation or sensitization on the skin. The study,
however, lacks toxicological studies of fullerene and its derivatives.
on eyes or skin of rabbits following the Guidelines 404 and 405 of OECD
60
5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
Research in nanotechnology particularly, with the pioneer nanoparticle fullerene,
has enabled use of fullerenes and its functionalized derivatives for pharmaceutical
applications including delivery of drug and biological substances including DNA,
and several small molecules through the membrane of cell. However, the most of
the studies are in the preliminary stage and there are lots of challenges to solve
for efficacy of derivatized fullerene nanomaterials. Development of functionalized
fullerene derivatives for targeted drug delivery requires a thorough and continued
effort. The clinical impact of fullerene derivatives in drug delivery can be addressed
from preclinical pharmacology as well as in vivo studies considering toxicity and
pharmacokinetic aspects.
346 M. Sarkar and D. Santra
6 Concluding Remarks
Investigation on the water solubility and bioavailability of fullerene and functionalized fullerene are the key consideration for biomedical applications. Fullerene
although is relatively nontoxic toxicity profile seems to change
s with its derivatizations. The characteristic smaller size, enhanced reactivity, high electronegativity, increased scope of ions encapsulation, etc. demonstrates newer dimensions
in building drug delivery agents along with novel drug action. Fullerenes, in comparison to other different types of nanomaterials possess several advantages as a key
component for drug delivery and in biomedicine. Fullerenes, even when derivatized,
the sizes being regulated at nano level remain suitable for in vivo applications. Moreover, any aggregation of fullerene derivatives in aqueous media occurs in reversible
and fluxional manner assisting dynamic molecular interchanges. The high versatility of fullerenes due to the characteristic and specific surface functionalization,
cage structure, and endohedral variability uplift fullerene derivatives as flexible but
well-defined chemical scaffold. Still, with expanding modification of cage structures, endohedral variability, exceptions to its structural rules as well as physical
attributes (polarity, polarizability, electronegativity, etc.) fullerenes has enormous
scope to contribute in biomedicine and targeted delivery of drug.
6.1 Abbreviations
ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ASK1 Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
Baa Bucky amino acid
BBB Blood brain barriers
CG MD Coarse-grained molecular dynamics
CPO Chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis
CPP Cell penetrating peptides
CNS Central nervous system
cRGD Cyclic Arginylglycylaspartic acid
DBU 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene
DFT Density functional therapy
DLPC Dilauroylphosphatidycholine
DLS Dynamic light scattering
DMA Dimethyl maleic acid
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DOS Density of states
DPPH 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical
dsDNA Double stranded DNA
DTC
2+
60
N,N-dimethyl-2-(4-N,N,N-trimethylamino
phenyl)fulleropyrrolidinium iodide
Fullerene Based Materials for Drug Delivery 347
DOXO Doxorubicin
ESR Electron spin resonance
EMF Endohedral metallofullerene
EYFP Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
GC Glycol chitosan
Gd Gadolinium
GD-EMFs Gd-Endohedral metallofullerenes
GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
HEK 293 T Derivative of the parent HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney)
293 cell line
HO• Hydroxyl radical
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
HU Hydroxyurea
IBP Ibuprofen
JAK2 V617F Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutation (V617F)
JNK C-Jun N-terminal kinase
LLC Lewis lung carcinoma
LNA Locked nucleic acid
LPS Lipopolysaccharides
MAPKs Mitogen-activated protein kinases
MMF Monomethyl fumarate
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI-CA Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents
NMRD Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion
NSC Neural stem cell
NSCLC Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
NU Nitrosourea
1
O
2
•
O
2
Singlet oxygen
Superoxide radical
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
PCFD-Fl Polyanionic fullerene derivative with fluorescein
PDT Photodynamic therapy
PEG Poly(ethylene glycol)
QSAR Quantitative structure–activity relationship
RNA Ribonucleic acid
ROS Reactive oxygen species
siRNA Small interfering RNA
TBAH Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide
THF Tetrahydrofuran
TLC Thin layer chromatography
TNT Trimetallic nitride template
TP Thiotepa
TPFE Tetra(piperazino)fullerene epoxide
TPN@F and TPS@F Thiotepa north head fullerene and Thiotepa south head
fullerene
348 M. Sarkar and D. Santra
UVA Ultraviolet A
UVB Ultraviolet B
VSV Vesicular stomatitis virus
XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Acknowledgements The authors sincerely acknowledge University of Kalyani, West Bengal,
India, for providing infrastructural facilities. The financial assistance received under DST-FIST
is duly acknowledged.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in publishing this
article.
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