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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5536_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Drugs Related Health Issues
Citation: http://www.wikihow.com/Understand-Why-People-Use-Drugs
■ Some people are more biologically disposed toward drug addiction, based
on how the drug affects their bodies. No two people will experience a
drug in the exact same way, and some will respond more strongly to the
blocking or activating of neurotransmitter receptors. This process can trigger
a stronger need for more of the drug.
■ Many of the same psychological profiles impulsiveness, lack of confidence,
depressive tendencies, etc. that can make people more likely to use drugs
can also make them more likely to become addicted. People with difficulties
in analyzing costs versus benefits are also more prone to addiction, as
they cannot as effectively weigh the pros and cons.
■ The social / environmental factors that support trying drugs, such as peer
pressure, lack of opportunity, or lack of adequate support networks, also
increase the likelihood of addiction.
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Study the Neurobiology of Addiction
All drugs (and addictive substances in general) affect the signals sent from and
received by the brain; the unique property of each drug varies the impact. Addiction
is, in a sense, a process of “fooling” the brain and, over time, “teaching” it to need
ever more of the substance. This is a major reason why stopping drug abuse is not
simply a matter of motivation.
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Citation: http://www.wikihow.com/Understand-Why-People-Use-Drugs
■ Marijuana and heroin, for example, have structures similar to neurotransmitters,
the “chemical messengers” that carry signals between the brain and the
rest of the body. As such, they can trick both receptors in the brain and
nerve centers in the body, creating responses to conditions that do not
actually exist.
■ Meanwhile, drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine trigger a release
of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine, which overstimulate regions of
the brain responsible for movement, emotion, motivation, and feelings of
pleasure. The sense of euphoria that comes from this overstimulation of the
brain’s “reward system” can become a self-reinforcing pattern, where the
brain needs ever more of the stimulation to recreate the euphoric response.
Illustrated Handbook of Drugs & Alcohol Related Health Issues
View Addiction as a Chronic Brain Disease
Some people reject the notion of drug addiction as a disease, because they feel it
absolves any guilt on the part of the person with the condition. However, a whole
host of diseases are impacted at least in part by our choices, and drug abuse is
no different. And, like many other diseases, it can be managed.
Drugs Related Health Issues
321
Citation: http://www.wikihow.com/Understand-Why-People-Use-Drugs
■ Drug addiction can be categorized as a chronic brain disease because
it turns something that was once voluntary into something essentially
involuntary. Addiction begins with a choice, but that choice is, for all
intents and purposes, removed from the equation. That’s why wanting to
stop is not enough on its own to break the grip of addiction.
■ Diseases like diabetes or asthma, to name but a couple of examples can
often be effectively managed with the right combination of treatments,
support, and desire. The same is true with drug addiction. Help is available
to those who need it and want it.
Consider the Spiritual Aspect of Drug Addiction
Drugs and alcohol mimic the essential need for a relationship with the Creator
through a ”pseudospiritual” sense of connection and transcendence, and a false
sense of “good” that in actuality leads to greater dissatisfaction, emptiness, despair
and eventually death. Intimacy with G-d is the way to fill the existential loneliness
felt by the addict, then followed with healthy relationships with the self and others.
Although taking care of the body is important, the solution for addiction is primarily
on the spiritual and altruistic plane. Self-centeredness is what fuels most problems
and without a profound character change or spiritual awakening, the addict will
continue to use drugs and alcohol in spite of all consequences, sincere desires to
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stop, or obvious necessity. They will often suffer a delusional belief or “insanity”
that they can handle it “this time.”
Illustrated Handbook of Drugs & Alcohol Related Health Issues
Citation: http://www.wikihow.com/Understand-Why-People-Use-Drugs
■ One major problem the addict faces is he is overwhelmed with the
thought that there is nothing to live for without the drugs, and he often
cannot yet conceive of a life of happiness. So there is no way to fully
replace and satisfy the sense of loss when the substances are removed
without some meaningful form of pleasure that exceeds the quality of the
pleasure experienced while under the influence. Spiritual pleasure through
the transformation of character provides this unique “connection” sought
which can correct the pursuit of all unhealthy pleasures.
Effects of Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drugs are chemicals. Different drugs, because of their chemical structures, can
affect the body in different ways. In fact, some drugs can even change a person’s
body and brain in ways that last long after the person has stopped taking drugs,
maybe even permanently.
Depending on the drug, it can enter the human body in a number of ways, including
injection, inhalation, and ingestion. The method of how it enters the body impacts
on how the drug affects the person. For example: injection takes the drug directly
into the blood stream, providing more immediate effects; while ingestion requires
the drug to pass through the digestive system, delaying the effects.
Most abused drugs directly or indirectly target the brain’s reward system by flooding
the circuit with dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter present in regions of
the brain that regulate movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of
Drugs Related Health Issues
pleasure. When drugs enter the brain, they can actually change how the brain
performs its jobs. These changes are what lead to compulsive drug use, the hallmark
of addiction.
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Citation: http://cdn.publishyourarticles.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/teen-drug-abuse-
1024x1024.jpg
Injuries
More deaths, illnesses and disabilities stem from substance abuse than from any
other preventable health condition. Today, one in four deaths is attributable to illicit
drug use. People who live with substance dependence have a higher risk of all
bad outcomes including unintentional injuries, accidents, risk of domestic violence,
medical problems, and death.
Health Problems
The impact of drug abuse and dependence can be far-reaching, affecting almost
every organ in the human body. Drug use can:
■ Weaken the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections.
■ Cause cardiovascular conditions ranging from abnormal heart rate to heart
attacks. Injected drugs can also lead to collapsed veins and infections of
the blood vessels and heart valves.
■ Cause nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
■ Cause the liver to have to work harder, possibly causing significant damage
or liver failure.
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■ Cause seizures, stroke and widespread brain damage that can impact all
aspects of daily life by causing problems with memory, attention and
decision-making, including sustained mental confusion and permanent
brain damage.
■ Produce global body changes such as breast development in men, dramatic
fluctuations in appetite and increases in body temperature, which may
impact a variety of health conditions.
Illustrated Handbook of Drugs & Alcohol Related Health Issues
Citation: https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2016/14-
newtechnolog.jpg
Effects on the Brain
Although initial drug use may be voluntary, drugs have been shown to alter brain
chemistry, which interferes with an individual’s ability to make decisions and can lead
to compulsive craving, seeking and use. This then becomes a substance dependency.
■ All drugs of abuse - nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and others - effect the
brain’s “reward” circuit, which is part of the limbic system.
■ Drugs hijack this “reward” system, causing unusually large amounts of
dopamine to flood the system.
■ This flood of dopamine is what causes the “high” or euphoria associated
with drug abuse.
Drugs Related Health Issues
Behavioral Problems
■ Paranoia
■ Aggressiveness
■ Hallucinations
■ Addiction
■ Impaired Judgment
■ Impulsiveness
■ Loss of Self-Control
325
Citation: http://f.edgesuite.net/data/www.narconon.org/files/www.narconon.org_drug-abuse_
cocaine_cocaine-mental-effects.jpg
Birth Defects
Nearly 4 percent of pregnant women in the United States use illicit drugs such as
marijuana, cocaine, Ecstasy and other amphetamines, and heroin1. These and other
illicit drugs may pose various risks for pregnant women and their babies. Some
of these drugs can cause a baby to be born too small or too soon, or to have
withdrawal symptoms, birth defects or learning and behavioral problems. Additionally,
illicit drugs may be prepared with impurities that may be harmful to a pregnancy
Finally, pregnant women who use illicit drugs may engage in other unhealthy
behaviors that place their pregnancy at risk, such as having extremely poor nutrition
or developing sexually transmitted infections.
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Illustrated Handbook of Drugs & Alcohol Related Health Issues
Citation: https://www.drugwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/drugwatch-antidepressants.jpg
Drugs Related Health Issues
327
WHAT DOES A DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE COUNSELOR DO?
A drug and alcohol abuse counselor typically works with substance abuse patients
and their families in an effort to prevent drug and alcohol abuse and to create a
healthy home environment free of temptation and enabling behaviors. By employing
a variety of treatment techniques, a drug and alcohol abuse counselor can identify
and help prevent the family dysfunction that may be contributing to the substance
abuse and curb any of the abuser’s resulting behaviors. Counselors can further
assist clients by referring them to additional services like a food pantry, vocational
training center or doctor that may provide support for the fight against addiction.
A drug and alcohol abuse counselor may work with his or her patient in group or
private sessions, depending on the substance abuser’s specific needs and concerns.
In a typical session, the counselor will help the client develop more productive
communication skills and learn to express his or her emotions constructively.
Additionally, the client and counselor will create coping strategies necessary for
enduring sobriety. The client’s family and friends may also be asked to participate in
sessions so that they are better able to provide a stable and supportive environment
for recovery.
Citation: http://www.nicdtf.ie/PROJECTS/upload/NW_Main.jpg
In some cases, drug and alcohol abuse counselors work with youth and parents
to prevent substance abuse rather than with a person who is already in recovery.
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Such counselors are typically employed by a public or private school, university
or local social welfare agency. Their role in this context is primarily to educate
children, adolescents and parents about the behaviors that encourage substance
abuse and how to prevent them.
In order to be licensed as a drug and alcohol abuse counselor, most regions
require that the candidate complete a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in
social work with a specialization in substance abuse counseling. Some drug and
alcohol abuse counselors are former substance abusers too. There are employment
opportunities for drug and alcohol abuse counselors in half-way houses, homeless
shelters, hospitals, prisons, and drug and alcohol treatment centers. The counselor
may be a member of a support team that could include a psychologist, attorney,
welfare agent or social worker.
Illustrated Handbook of Drugs & Alcohol Related Health Issues
Citation: http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/56e0b5a9910584cc008b560c/there-is-a-
big-problem-with-the-governments-plan-to-stop-the-drug-overdose-epidemic.jpg
A career as a drug and alcohol abuse counselor can be demanding emotionally and
require endless compassion and patience. The need for constant crisis intervention,
high relapse rates and even death among clients all contribute to the increasingly
common incidence of burnout among drug and alcohol abuse counselors. As a
result, some drug and alcohol abuse counselors will eventually move into other
social work fields.
What does a Drug Addiction Counselor do?
A drug addiction counselor is a professional who helps people manage and treat
addiction to drugs or alcohol. Most have studied extensively, passed exams and
met licensing requirements in order to work in this difficult field. A drug addiction