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Drugs Related Health Issues
Women are affected by alcohol to a greater degree than men. They become more
impaired than men when drinking the same amount of alcohol due to their higher
percentage of body fat--alcohol is water soluble, so there is a greater concentration
of alcohol in a woman’s bloodstream after drinking. Because women tend to be
smaller than men, alcohol is less diluted upon reaching the brain than in larger
individuals. Women also become intoxicated more easily 1-3 days before their
menstrual periods. Finally, women absorb more alcohol into their bloodstreams
because they lack the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in their stomach, which in
men breaks down some alcohol before it is absorbed.
Alcohol is addictive and regular use can lead to dependence and addiction/alcoholism,
even in college-age students. People with a family history of substance abuse are 4
– 10times more likely than the general population to develop substance abuse and
addiction in their lifetime, and tend to do so at an earlier age. People who begin
drinking before age 15 are 5 times more likely to develop substance abuse issues in
their lifetime, as well. Some warning signs of dependence are: more frequent use;
needing more and more to get the same effect (tolerance); spending time thinking
about and planning for alcohol use; spending more money than you have on it;
missing class or failing to finish assignments because of alcohol use; continuing
to drink despite repeated negative consequences; making new friends who drink a
lot and neglecting old friends who do not; finding it is hard to be happy without
regular alcohol use, etc. Warning signs of addiction include all of the above and
physical withdrawal symptoms after a drinking episode such as anxiety, tremors,
sleep disturbances, hallucinations and seizures.
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Alcohol energy drinks and fortified malt beverages are of particular concern because
of the higher alcohol content when compared to beer (9% to 12% vs. 5%). In
November 2010, the FDA and FTC took action saying that caffeine is not a safe
additive in alcoholic beverages. New products have been marketed such as alcopops,
supersized malt beverage cans, and alcohol energy drinks containing guarana and
ginseng. Mixing alcohol with energy drinks such as Red Bull are just as dangerous.
Studies show that people who consume these beverages have a higher BAC and
a higher rate of injury and other negative consequences than people who drink
alcoholic beverages without stimulants. The bottom line is that these drinks are
not safe and often lead to higher rates and levels of intoxication. The sweet taste
covers the taste of alcohol, giving the false impression one can drink more without
the intoxicating effects. Be careful, or better yet, avoid them.
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Illustrated Handbook of Drugs & Alcohol Related Health Issues
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Use of illegal drugs and misuse of prescription drugs can have social, academic,
psychological, physical, financial and legal consequences. Combining drugs and/
or using them with alcohol can be extremely dangerous.
HISTORY OF DRUG ADDICTION AND DRUG ABUSE
Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years. Wine was
used at least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and
medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C. in China. But not until
the 19th cent. A.D. were the active substances in drugs extracted. There followed a
time when some of these newly discovered substances morphine, laudanum, cocaine
were completely unregulated and prescribed freely by physicians for a wide variety
of ailments. They were available in patent medicines and sold by traveling tinkers,
in drugstores, or through the mail. During the American Civil War, morphine was
used freely, and wounded veterans returned home with their kits of morphine and
hypodermic needles. Opium dens flourished. By the early 1900s there were an
estimated 250,000 addicts in the United States.
The problems of addiction were recognized gradually. Legal measures against drug
abuse in the United States were first established in 1875, when opium dens were
outlawed in San Francisco. The first national drug law was the Pure Food and
Drug Act of 1906, which required accurate labeling of patent medicines containing
opium and certain other drugs. In 1914 the Harrison Narcotic Act forbade sale of
Drugs Related Health Issues
substantial doses of opiates or cocaine except by licensed doctors and pharmacies.
Later, heroin was totally banned. Subsequent Supreme Court decisions made it
illegal for doctors to prescribe any narcotic to addicts; many doctors who prescribed
maintenance doses as part of an addiction treatment plan were jailed, and soon all
attempts at treatment were abandoned. Use of narcotics and cocaine diminished
by the 1920s. The spirit of temperance led to the prohibition of alcohol by the
Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1919, but Prohibition was repealed
in 1933.
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In the 1930s most states required antidrug education in the schools, but fears that
knowledge would lead to experimentation caused it to be abandoned in most
places. Soon after the repeal of Prohibition, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics
(now the Drug Enforcement Administration) began a campaign to portray marijuana
as a powerful, addicting substance that would lead users into narcotics addiction.
In the 1950s, use of marijuana increased again, along with that of amphetamines
and tranquilizers. The social upheaval of the 1960s brought with it a dramatic
increase in drug use and some increased social acceptance; by the early 1970s
some states and localities had decriminalized marijuana and lowered drinking ages.
The 1980s brought a decline in the use of most drugs, but cocaine and crack use
soared. The military became involved in border patrols for the first time, and troops
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invaded Panama and brought its de facto leader, Manuel Noriega, to trial for drug
trafficking. Throughout the years, the public’s perception of the dangers of specific
substances changed. The surgeon general’s warning label on tobacco packaging
gradually made people aware of the addictive nature of nicotine. By 1995, the
Food and Drug Administration was considering its regulation. The recognition of
fetal alcohol syndrome brought warning labels to alcohol products. The addictive
nature of prescription drugs such as diazepam (Valium) became known, and caffeine
came under scrutiny as well.
Drug laws have tried to keep up with the changing perceptions and real dangers
of substance abuse. By 1970 over 55 federal drug laws and countless state laws
specified a variety of punitive measures, including life imprisonment and even the
death penalty. To clarify the situation, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention
and Control Act of 1970 repealed, replaced, or updated all previous federal laws
concerned with narcotics and all other dangerous drugs. While possession was made
illegal, the severest penalties were reserved for illicit distribution and manufacture of
drugs. The act dealt with prevention and treatment of drug abuse as well as control
of drug traffic. The Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988 increased funding for
treatment and rehabilitation; the 1988 act created the Office of National Drug
Control Policy. Its director, often referred to as the drug “czar,” is responsible for
coordinating national drug control policy.
Illustrated Handbook of Drugs & Alcohol Related Health Issues
Drugs Related Health Issues
313
WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION?
Addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by
compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It is considered a
brain disease because drugs change the brain—they change its structure and how
it works. These brain changes can be long-lasting, and can lead to the harmful
behaviors seen in people who abuse drugs.
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Addiction is a lot like other diseases, such as heart disease. Both disrupt the normal,
healthy functioning of the underlying organ, have serious harmful consequences,
and are preventable and treatable, but if left untreated, can last a lifetime.
How to Understand Why People Use Drugs
In the simplest terms, people use drugs to feel different (and better), and abuse drugs
because they need that feeling ever more strongly. Of course, the deeper reasons
why people try legal or illegal drugs and become addicted to them are as individual
as each user. Usually a mix of environmental factors, personality traits, internal
biology, and external pressures feed into drug use. Understanding why people use
drugs is the first step towards avoiding addiction and addressing it once it exists.
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Illustrated Handbook of Drugs & Alcohol Related Health Issues
Understanding Why People Try Drugs
Recognize That People Want a Change
People try new things when they want something about their lives to be different.
When people turn toward drugs or other addictive substances — which can include
alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine, among other things — they focus on the presumed
benefits of the changes they may provide, and not the potential harms.
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■ Some people try drugs because they are seeking to soothe or avoid physical
or psychological pain. Others want to experience a sense of “escape” from
their lives, for reasons ranging from trauma to boredom. They may use
drugs in order to feel unique or “special,” or in order to feel “normal.”
■ A UK study conducted at the turn of the new millennium indicated that
the top five reasons for drug use included relieving depression and to feel
intoxicated. In such cases, people are clearly focusing on the short-term
benefits of temporarily changing their perceptions.
Consider External Pressures
Young people often have their first sip of alcohol, drag of a cigarette, or sexual
experience based on the notion that “everyone else is doing it.” This same type of
peer pressure is often a major reason why they try using drugs as well.
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■ People are more likely to try drugs when they are in settings where it is
considered commonplace or normal to do so. After all, however independent
they may be, everyone on some level wants to “fit in.”
■ The UK drug use study mentioned elsewhere also lists “keep awake at
night while socializing” and “enhance an activity” among the top five
reasons for drug use. Especially among young people, the pressure to be
the “life of the party” may factor strongly in the choice to try using drugs.
■ People who lack strong support networks such as family, friends, organized
activities, etc. that discourage drug use tend to be more likely to try drugs.
Examine Environmental Factors
It cannot be denied that people of all backgrounds and socioeconomic levels try
and abuse drugs. For instance, some 50% of young people in the UK age 16-24
have tried illegal drugs. That said, factors like poverty, unsettled home environments,
and lack of access to educational or employment opportunities or social services
can increase the likelihood of drug use by removing apparent alternatives.
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Citation: http://www.wikihow.com/Understand-Why-People-Use-Drugs
■ The more reasons someone has to want to escape and the fewer alternatives
that are within reach, the more likely he or she is to try legal or illegal
drugs. Stressful environments clearly influence drug use, as nearly 97%
of respondents in the UK study listed a desire to “relax” as their main
reason for using.
■ However, an environment that produces a sense of boredom can also feed
a desire to experiment or rebel by trying drugs. Plenty of young, well-todo people try drugs for such reasons, for instance.
Look Into Personality Traits
Each and every one of us is wired differently, and some of us are more predisposed
to trying drugs and/or becoming addicted to them. This does not mean we have
no say in the matter, though nobody must use drugs. It is simply easier for some
people to get started than others.
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■ People who are more impulsive or prone to take risks are more likely to
try drugs (or go hang-gliding, for that matter). Those of a more cautious
or pensive nature are less likely, but of course not immune.
■ People with low self-esteem, high stress, or signs of depression are also
more susceptible to drug use.
Understanding Why People Abuse Drugs
Do not Judge Too Harshly
Odds are, you are addicted to something texting, chocolate, internet gambling,
whatever it may be. How easy would it be for you to stop? Drug addiction is not
simply a case of a lack of willpower or low moral fiber. A whole range of chemical
and psychological processes take place that can make getting hooked much easier
than getting free.
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■ No, you do not have to give someone a “free pass” for being addicted to
drugs. At some point, they made a choice and could have done otherwise.
However, the better you understand the nature of addiction and the difficulty
in breaking the cycle, the better prepared you will be to prevent and/or
help deal with drug abuse.
■ Becoming addicted is a process, and so is ending addiction.
Learn about Biopsychosocial Forces
The “biopsychosocial model” has been around for nearly forty years, and, as the
long name indicates, deals with the range of biological, psychological, and social
factors that combine to influence health and illness. The model also applies to drug
abuse, as any one of these three factors can fuel addiction, while the combination
of them can be especially difficult to overcome.