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Chapter 31
Endocrine Surgery Resources
TheodorosMichelakos, MatthewBlanco, andRoyPhitayakorn
Introduction
In addition to this textbook, there are many other resources for senior medical students preparing for their Endocrine Surgery Clerkship. The large number of
resources can be overwhelming, and students may nd it challenging to select
appropriate study materials. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to provide an organized list of vetted print, online, audio, and video resources that can supplement
students’ studying. The resources have been organized by activities in which the
students are typically asked to participate during their clerkship or subinternship
including: the clinic, the Emergency Department (ED), peri-operative care on the
wards, and assisting in the operating room. Sources for further reading are also
provided.
Preparing fortheClinic, ED, andPeri-operative Care
Review Books
These books are important to get a more complete understanding of how all the various surgery topics t together in the care for our patients. Consider reading relevant
endocrine chapters (thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal) before the start of individual
rotations within the clerkship or subinternship. All options are easy to carry and
reference during the day.
T. Michelakos · M. Blanco · R. Phitayakorn (*)
Department of Surgery, The Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
e-mail: TMICHELAKOS@mgh.harvard.edu; MMBLANCO@mgh.harvard.edu;
RPHITAYAKORN@mgh.harvard.edu
Switzerland AG 2024
R. M. Gartland, J. A. Lee (eds.), Endocrine Surgery Clerkship, Contemporary
Surgical Clerkships, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62091-1_31
277© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
278
• Surgical Recall [1].
• Dr. Pestana’s Surgery Notes, audiobook also available [2].
• Surgery: A Case-Based Clinical Review (de Virgilio) [3].
T. Michelakos et al.
Surgery Textbooks
These books are quite in-depth and important to get a better understanding of the
details around each topic. All options are advanced textbooks with resident-level
topics. Cameron’s Current Surgical Therapy is the most succinct.
• Mulholland & Greeneld’s Surgery: Scientic Principles and Practice [4].
• Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical
Practice [5].
• Current Surgical Therapy (Cameron) [6].
Online Resources
These resources are based on the neuroscience of learning literature and emphasize
spaced repetition and forced recall techniques to reinforce learning. It is important
to note that these resources do not allow students to see the big picture and are more
useful for memorizing facts rather than understanding concepts. Some of these
resources may be associated with monthly or annual subscription fees.
• Amboss Learning Cards [7].
– Succinct reference for the review of surgical topics.
– Helpful to structure an organized study approach if you prefer to work through
the content in an orderly way.
– Easy to integrate with question-based studying for NBME Subject Exam.
• ACS/ASE modules [8].
– Provide a complete review of surgical concepts for clinical-level medical
students.
– Consider completing the multiple-choice questions after each module to con-
solidate learning.
• UpToDate [9].
– Provides evidence-based peer-reviewed regularly updated information on a
vast number of subjects.
– Can be used to review conditions and treatments in depth, while the “sum-
mary and recommendations” section of each topic can be used for quick review.
– Contains clinically relevant gures, as well as descriptions of surgical
procedures.
31 Endocrine Surgery Resources
279
• Online MedEd [10].
– A comprehensive medical education learning platform.
– Contains notes, whiteboard lessons, and practice questions.
Audio Resources andPodcasts
These resources are based on the belief that information received through audio
input may be retained for longer intervals in some learners. This type of learning
seems to be best utilized when the learner is otherwise unable to consult visual
resources simultaneously such as when driving or walking.
• Behind the Knife [11]
– Offers a structured review of key topics.
– Example episode recommendations for medical students in their endocrine
surgical clerkship or subinternship:
BTK ABSITE 2023—Thyroid (Episode 550).
BTK ABSITE 2023—Parathyroid (Episode 551).
BTK ABSITE 2023—Adrenal (Episode 560).
Adrenal incidentaloma and Adrenalectomy with Dr. Travis McKenzie
(Episode 313).
BTK Clinical Challenges in Endocrine Surgery: Adrenalectomy Guidelines
Review (Episode 605).
• The Intern at Work [12]
– Canadian internal medicine podcast.
– Focused on medical management.
– Episode recommendations:
Body on Fire—Approach to Hyperthyroidism.
Pheochromocytomas and the Adrenaline Rush—Approach to
Pheochromocytoma.
• Rx Bricks [13]
– Helps students build their medical knowledge foundation “brick by brick” in
an engaging and conversational format.
– Episode recommendations:
Hyperthyroidism.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes.
• AACE Podcasts [14]
– Produced by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.
280
– Features expert clinicians discussing the latest advancements and best prac-
tices with a focus on practical applications and patient care.
– Episode Recommendations.
Episode 6: Thyroid Podcast.
Episode 23: Adrenal Incidentaloma.
T. Michelakos et al.
Video Resources
These resources are based on the cognitive theories around multimedia learning and
emphasize simultaneous audio and visual learning in a non-distracting, segmented
approach. Some of these resources may be associated with monthly or annual subscription fees depending on your institution.
• Osmosis from Elsevier [15]
– Online platform offering high-quality animated videos on core medical
subjects.
– Highly customizable with an adaptive learning algorithm.
• MedTube [16]
– The largest social eLearning platform providing access to a vast library of
educational videos, webinars, and live streams.
• VuMedi [17]
– Video education platform with content from a variety of trustworthy institu-
tions and practitioners.
• Dr. Najeeb Lectures [18]
– Popular lectures containing hand-drawn illustration and describing “clear
concepts”.
Online Tools andHigh-Yield Guidelines
These resources emphasize the latest management suggestions from national and
international consensus committees. Each guideline is very comprehensive and best
utilized when preparing for a presentation or skimmed to see where the controversies still remain in the management of endocrine diseases.
• Thyroid International Recommendations Online [19].
• American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Tools and Guidelines: Practice
Guidelines & Tools [20].
• National Comprehensive Cancer Network [21].
31 Endocrine Surgery Resources
• The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology [22].
• 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients
with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Prepared by the
American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer [23].
• The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Denitive
Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease in Adults [24].
• The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for Denitive
Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism [25].
• The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Denitive
Surgical Management of Secondary and Tertiary Renal Hyperparathyroidism [26].
• American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for Adrenalectomy:
executive summary [27].
281
Preparing fortheOperating Room
When preparing for the operating room, students should focus on knowing the relevant anatomy as well as the broad steps of an operation. Peer-reviewed video articles have recently emerged as useful resources.
Print Resources
• Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy [28]
– Widely used reference book for the study of anatomy.
– Helpful to use for basic anatomy review.
• Zollinger’s Atlas of Surgical Operations [29]
– Comprehensive surgical atlas that provides illustrations and descriptions of
each step of the procedure.
– Consider reading broad steps of upcoming procedures.
– Section X: Endocrine, Chaps. 15–19.
Video Resources
• The Journal of Medical Insight [30]
– Web-based resource that includes full-length, incision-to-closure surgical
videos with live narration from the operating room. Articles are peer-reviewed
and include a full-text component.
– Examples of relevant video articles:
282
T. Michelakos et al.
Right hemithyroidectomy [31].
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy [32].
• CSurgeries [33]
– A comprehensive library of published, peer-reviewed, surgical video
procedures.
Further Reading
Endocrine Surgery Textbooks
• Textbook of Endocrine Surgery [34].
• Atlas of Endocrine Surgical Techniques [35].
• Endocrine Surgery: Principles and Practice [36].
• Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands [37].
• Goodman’s Basic Medical Endocrinology [38].
• Williams Textbook of Endocrinology [39].
• Head & Neck Endocrine Surgery A Comprehensive Textbook, Surgical, and
Video Atlas by Goldenberg [40].
Endocrine Surgery Handbooks
• The Handbook of Endocrine Surgery [41].
• Manual of Endocrine Surgery [42].
• Endocrine Surgery: Handbooks in General Surgery [43].
• Endocrine Surgery Comprehensive Board Exam Guide [44].
• Tips and Tricks in Endocrine Surgery 2014th Edition [45].
References
1. Blackbourne LH, editor. Surgical Recall. 9th ed. Atlanta: Wolters Kluwer; 2022.
2. Pestana C.Dr. Pestana’s surgery notes: top 180 vignettes for the surgical wards. 3rd ed. Fort
Lauderdale: Kaplan; 2017.
3. De Virgilio C, Grigorian A, Frank PN, editors. Surgery: a case based clinical review. Cham:
Springer; 2015.
4. Greeneld LJ, Mulholland MW.In: Dimick JB, Upchurch GR, Alam HB, Pawlik TM, Hawn
MT, Sosa JA, editors. Mulholland and Greeneld’s surgery: scientic principles & practice.
7th ed. Atlanta: Wolters Kluwer; 2022.
5. Sabiston DC, Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, editors. Sabiston
textbook of surgery: the biological basis of modern surgical Practic. 20th ed. Amsterdam:
Elsevier; 2017.
31 Endocrine Surgery Resources
6. Cameron JL.Current surgical therapy. 13th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2019.
7. AMBOSS: medical knowledge platform for doctors and students. https://www.amboss.com/
us/students. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
8. ACS/ASE Medical Student Core Curriculum. ACS. 2023. https://www.facs.org/for- medical-
professionals/education/programs/acs- ase- medical- student- core- curriculum/. Accessed 28
Feb 2023.
9. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
10. OnlineMedEd Home. https://www.onlinemeded.com. Accessed 28 Feb 2023
11. Behind The Knife: The Premier Surgery Podcast|Surgical Education. Behind the Knife: The
Surgery Podcast. https://behindtheknife.org/. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
12. The Intern at Work. The Intern at Work. Published February 27, 2023. https://www.theinternat-
work.com. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
13. USMLE High-yield topics|the Rx bricks podcast. USMLE-Rx. https://usmle- rx.com/rx-
bricks- podcast/. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
14. Podcasts|American Association of Clinical Endocrinology. https://pro.aace.com/podcast.
Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
15. Osmosis Library. Osmosis. http://www.osmosis.org. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
16. Medical Videos • Surgery Videos • Medical eLearning • MEDtube.net. MEDtube.net. https://
medtube.net/. Accessed 28 Feb 2023
17. VuMedi. https://www.vumedi.com/. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
18. Dr. Najeeb Lectures» World’s Most Popular Medical Lectures. https://www.drnajeeblectures.
com/. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
19. Thyroid International Recommendations Online ‣ TIRO. https://tiro.expert/. Accessed 28
Feb 2023.
20. American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, Practice Guidelines & Tools. Accessed February
28, 2023. https://www.endocrinesurgery.org/practice- guidelines%2D%2D- tools
21. National Comprehensive Cancer Network—Home. NCCN. https://www.nccn.org. Accessed
28 Feb 2023.
22. Cibas ES, Ali SZ.The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid.
2017;27(11):1341–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0500.
23. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the
American Thyroid Association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1–133. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0020.
24. Patel KN, Yip L, Lubitz CC, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons
Guidelines for the denitive surgical Management of Thyroid Disease in adults. Ann Surg.
2020;271(3):e21–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003580.
25. Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, etal. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons
Guidelines for denitive Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg.
2016;151(10):959–68. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2310.
26. Dream S, Kuo LE, Kuo JH, etal. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines
for the denitive surgical Management of Secondary and Tertiary Renal Hyperparathyroidism.
Ann Surg. 2022;276(3):e141–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000005522.
27. Yip L, Duh QY, Wachtel H, etal. American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines
for adrenalectomy: executive summary. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(10):870–7. https://doi.
org/10.1001/jamasurg.2022.3544.
28. Netter FH.Atlas of human anatomy. 7th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2019.
29. Ellison EC, Zollinger RM, Zollinger RM, Pawlik TM, Vaccaro PS.Zollinger’s atlas of surgical
operations. 11th ed. NewYork: McGraw-Hill Education; 2022.
30. Journal of Medical Insight|Peer-Reviewed Surgical Videos For Video-Based Surgical
Education. https://jomi.com/. Accessed 28 Feb 2023.
31. Phitayakorn R, Pandian T. Right hemithyroidectomy. J Med Insight. 2015; https://doi.
org/10.24296/jomi/21.
283
284
32. Hodin R.Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. J Med Insight. 2017;2023:1. https://doi.org/10.24296/
jomi/182.
33. csurgeries. Home. CSurgeries. https://csurgeries.com/. Accessed 28 Feb 2023
34. Clark OH, Duh QY, Gosnell JE, Kebebew E, Shen WT, editors. Textbook of endocrine surgery.
3rd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2016.
35. Duh QY, Clark OH, Kebebew E.Atlas of endocrine surgical techniques, vol. 92. Amsterdam:
Saunders/Elsevier; 2010. p.718.
36. Hubbard JGH, Inabnet WB, Yau LC, Van Heerden JA.Endocrine surgery: principles and practice/monograph. Cham: Springer; 2011.
37. Randolph GW.Surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier,
Inc; 2020.
38. Holt EH, Lupsa B, Lee GS, Bassyouni H, Peery HE, Goodman HM.Goodman’s basic medical
endocrinology. 5th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2021.
39. Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldne AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ.Williams textbook of endocrinology. 14th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc; 2019.
40. Goldenberg D, editor. Head & neck endocrine surgery: a comprehensive textbook, surgical,
and video atlas. NewYork: Thieme; 2021.
41. Sippel RS, Chen H, editors. The handbook of endocrine surgery. Singapore: World
Scientic; 2012.
42. Edis AJ, Grant CS, Egdahl RH.Manual of endocrine surgery. 2nd ed. Cham: Springer; 1984.
43. Bland KI.Endocrine surgery. Cham: Springer; 2011.
44. Shifrin AL, Raffaelli M, Randolph GW, Gimm O.Endocrine surgery comprehensive board
exam guide. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG; 2022.
45. Watkinson JC, Scott-Coombes DM.Tips and tricks in endocrine surgery. Cham: Springer; 2014.
T. Michelakos et al.
Index
A
Addison’s disease, 5
Adjuvant chemotherapy, 138
Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC), 178
Adrenal corticosteroid synthesis pathway, 160
Adrenal glands
adrenal cortex, 156–157
adrenal medulla, 157
anatomic relationships, 155–156
biochemistry, 159–163
embryology, 157–158
innervation, 158–159
lymphatics, 158
pathology slide, 157
vascular supply and drainage, 158
Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs)
algorithm for, 170
diagnostic approach, 165
differential diagnosis, 166–167
history, 167–168
laboratory tests, 168
management, 169
physical, 167–168
signs and symptoms of, 167
Adrenal metastases
FNA evaluation, 201
history, 201
imaging, 201
physical examination, 201
treatment, 202
Adrenalectomy, 5, 178–180
Adrenocortical adenoma, 166
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), 166, 213
FNA evaluation, 199
history and physical examination, 198
imaging studies, 199
laboratory ndings, 198–199
pathogenesis, 197–198
staging, 200
treatment, 200
Adrenocortical steroids, 161
Aldosterone-producing cell clusters
(APCC), 182
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), 45
diagnosis, 62
epidemiology, 61
history, 62
imaging, 62–63
physical exam, 62
staging, 62
treatment for, 63
Audio resources and podcasts, 279–280
B
Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, 258
Benign nodules, 40
Bethesda classication, 41
Bethesda system, 30
Bilateral adrenalectomy, 178
Bilateral adrenocortical tumors, 166
Bilateral neck exploration, 146
Bilateral pheochromocytomas, 191
Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, 73
Brown-Séquard’s experiments, 155
C
Calcium-sensitive receptors (CaSR), 107
Carcinoid syndrome, 226, 246, 248
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024
R. M. Gartland, J. A. Lee (eds.), Endocrine Surgery Clerkship, Contemporary
Surgical Clerkships, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62091-1
285© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
286
Index
Cardiovascular system, 18
Catecholamines, 189
Central neck dissection (CND), 78, 265
anatomy, 79–81
complex situations, 83–84
complications, 84–85
equipment for, 81
indications for, 78–79
levels of neck, 80
management, 84–85
technique, 82–83
Cervical incision, 70
Cholecystectomy, 244
Chvostek’s sign, 3
Chyle leaks, 89
Conn’s syndrome, 5
Cortisol-producing adenoma, 166
Cowden syndrome (CS), 258
Cushing syndrome, 5, 173, 177–180
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP), 17
Cytopathology, 26–29
D
Delphian lymph node, 70
Densely adherent disease, 89
Differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC)
classication of, 45
epidemiology and screening, 46
imaging, 46–47
long-term management, 51
staging and prognosis, 47–49
treatment, 49–51
Diiodotyrosine (DIT), 16
Distal pancreatectomy, 233
Dysphagia, 75
E
Endocrine surgery
adrenal, 4–5
best prepare for cases, 5–6
parathyroid, 3–4
thyroid, 1–3
Endocrine surgery clerkship, 277
Endocrine surgery textbooks, 282
Epinephrine (Epi), 155
Epinephrine synthesis, 163
Erb’s sign, 3
Ethanol ablation, 94
External beam radiation therapy
(EBRT), 64, 67
F
Familial adenomatous polyposis
(FAP), 25, 258
Familial endocrine syndromes
MEN1, 255
MEN2A and MEN2B, 256–258
PTEN Hamartoma tumor syndrome, 258
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
(FHH), 114
Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer
(FNMTC), 259
Fine needle aspiration (FNA), 26–29, 39
evaluation, 199
Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), 45
4-dimensional computed tomography
(4DCT), 115
G
Gardner syndrome, 258
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors, 226
Gastrin production, 243
Gastrinomas, 223, 234–235
Gastroenteropancreatic NETs, 221
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors
(GI-NET), 225–227
carcinoid syndrome, 246–249
colon and appendix, 249–250
heart disease, 246–249
rectum, 250
SI-NETs, 244, 245
Glomerular ltration rate (GFR), 119
Glucagonomas, 223, 236–237
Glucocorticoid excess, 173
Glucocorticoids, 155
Goiters
anatomy, 35–36
differential diagnosis of, 37
etiology, 36–37
expectant management, 41
FNA biopsy, 40
imaging, 39
laboratory tests, 39
non-surgical management, 42
pathogenesis, 37
physical examination, 38
sonographic features of, 40
surgical management, 41–42
Graves’ disease, 19, 21, 31, 36, 37, 41
H
Hashimoto’s (autoimmune) thyroiditis, 36