Добавил:

Sekretar kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.

Вуз:

Ростовский Государственный Медицинский Университет

Предмет:

Медицина общая

Файл:

Книга_3722_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

.pdf

Скачиваний:

Добавлен:

31.08.2026

Размер:

30 Мб

Скачать

☆

<<< < Предыдущая 1 2 3 45 / 325 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 > Следующая >>>

Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/

Fig. 3.1 Color and spectral arterial duplex showing patent common femoral artery with multiphasic waveform

M. Costantino et al.

benet of pre-planning multiple conventional and alternative access points for intervention such as femoral, pedal, popliteal, or radial approaches that might be necessary.

CTA does have some limitations. The use of ionizing radiation is one downside when compared to arterial duplex. Iodinated contrast bolus is also required which may be contraindicated in patients with existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) or severe contrast allergy. Other limitations are beam hardening resulting in overestimation of disease with calcied lesions, and poor resolution of the tibial vessels in patients with advanced medial calcinosis.

Figures 3.3 and 3.4 demonstrate maximal intensity projection (MIP) images reconstructed following raw data acquisition. A left proximal

Fig. 3.2 Color and spectral arterial duplex showing patent dorsalis pedis artery runoff, which could serve as an alternative access site for intervention

3.1.4.2 CT Angiography

CT Angiography (CTA) with multidetector scanning provides a rapid non-invasive assessment of the peripheral arterial vasculature. With more modern equipment, the image quality, acquisition time, and thinner sections with multiplanar reconstruction result in very high sensitivity and specicity for PAD of 95% and 96%, respectively [16, 17].

This examination can be extremely useful when inow / iliac disease is suspected by clinical examination such as with decreased femoral pulses, and when a patient has had extensive surgical revascularizations. It also has the added

Fig. 3.3 Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) demonstrates patent iliofemoral segment with proximal left SFA occlusion and scattered calcication

3 Determining theAppropriate Workup

Fig. 3.4 Below the knee MIP demonstrates anterior tibial artery stenosis and occlusion with reconstitution distally

Limitations of MRA include time, cost, and contrast agent potential risk. Due to prolonged image acquisition times over CTA, MRA may suffer from venous contamination, especially in the tibial vessels. Time-resolved imaging can help overcome this by capturing multiple phases of enhancement in the distal vessels. Nephrogenic systemic brosis (NSF), a rare dermopathy involving the joints, skin, eyes, and internal organs, has been associated with linear gadolinium-based contrast agents. Newer, agents have not been associated with this complication. For this reason, the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) released a joint statement that since the risk of nephrogenic systemic brosis is so low with current agents, the potential harms of delaying or withholding MRI in a patient with acute kidney injury or estimated glomerular ltration rate less than 30mL/min per 1.73m2 is likely to outweigh the risk in most clinical situations [19]. One additional limitation is that some patients may not be able to tolerate the MRI experience and require sedation/anesthesia, as well as may have contraindications such as non- MRI compatible metallic implants and cardiac devices.

SFA occlusion with calcication is seen in Fig. 3.3. Figure 3.4 demonstrates a below-theknee MIP showing anterior tibial occlusive disease with reconstitution distally.

3.1.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) may be performed with and/or without IV gadolinium contrast injection. Non-contrast MRA utilizes time-of-ight imaging whereby owing blood into a radiofrequency pre-saturated eld can be detected by the coil. With this technique, resolution of collateral or retrograde ow may be difcult. For this reason, MRA is typically combined with gadolinium contrast infusion. Contrast MRA when performed in experienced centers has been shown to have a sensitivity of 95% and specicity of up to 97% in detecting signicant stenoses [18].

3.1.5 Supercial andDeep Venous Imaging

Evaluating for venous stasis, insufciency, or obstruction is of equal importance to evaluating the arterial circulation in patients with wounds. Many patients with calf or ankle wounds that have arterial insufciency also have underlying venous insufciency or stasis. This can lead to wounds with an “arterial appearance” but in a “venous distribution,” and thus a mixed etiology. Correction of the underlying arterial insufciency is typically undertaken rst both to improve perfusion and allow for compression should this be necessary. There is a subset of patients that will require treating both the arterial and the venous circulations to achieve full healing.

Evaluation of the venous appearing wound begins with a thorough history and vascular examination. Patients should be examined with the legs in dependent position to see clinical

Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/

M. Costantino et al.

signs of venous insufciency such as bulging varicosities, peripheral venous pooling, and color change, as well as edema and calf/leg asymmetry.

3.1.5.1 Venous Insuciency Ultrasound Testing

The workhorse of imaging evaluation for venous wounds is the venous insufciency ultrasound. This is performed by having the patient in a standing position or dependent position on tilting table if unable to tolerate standing. Evaluation of the truncal supercial veins is then undertaken to look for “reux” or blood owing in the opposite direction following a squeeze or augmentation challenge distal to the segment. Imaging the distribution of malfunctioning segments as well as the understanding of supercial venous anatomy is crucial when planning for treatment. Figure 3.5 demonstrates insufciency involving the thigh segment greater saphenous vein following augmentation.

3.1.6 When Should IConsider CT or MR Venography?

veins beneath the diaphragm is necessary. For the patient with a chronic presentation (postthrombotic syndrome, chronic DVT, venous stasis ulceration, etc.), anatomic imaging can assist in multiple areas. Specically, CTV is excellent at evaluating IVC lters for possible retrieval, conrming patency of the IVC, excluding non-thrombotic and chronic/ thrombotic May-Thurner syndrome, gonadal vein reux, and ruling out additional nonvascular sources of pelvic pain or lower extremity swelling (Figs.3.6 and 3.7).

CTV is typically accomplished utilizing a larger bolus of contrast and an imaging delay. Although CTV is cheaper, quicker, and widely available, ionizing radiation and contrast-induced nephropathy are a concern.

Non-invasive imaging of the central lower extremity veins may be obtained by performing CT Venography (CTV) or Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV). This can be useful in multiple scenarios where evaluating the central

Fig. 3.5 Venous insufciency US showing mid-thigh segment greater saphenous vein reux following augmentation spike

Fig. 3.6 CT Venogram demonstrates IVC occlusion at the level of an embedded IVC lter with atretic / chronically occluded bilateral common iliac veins

Fig. 3.7 CT Venogram demonstrates IVC occlusion at the level of an embedded IVC lter with atretic/chronically occluded bilateral common iliac veins

3 Determining theAppropriate Workup

Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is an alternative imaging modality for detecting central venous disease. The main advantage over CT is the lack of ionizing radiation, which is desirable in younger patients and when serial investigations are required. Despite its excellent accuracy, MRV is underused in both acute and chronic situations, due to a combination of cost, protocol availability, and time.

In the authors’ practice, we routinely perform CTV for those patients with adequate renal function and current or prior history of multiple leftsided DVT, active unilateral swelling with CEAP 4 or greater disease including those with active venous ulceration, and those with asymmetric left lower extremity varicosities or labial/scrotal supercial varicosities. For those patients with acute presentations of femoropopliteal DVT where the proximal extent of the thrombus is not well visualized by ultrasound, CTV is performed.

3.1.6.1 Putting it All Together

In the authors’ practice, we typically follow an algorithmic approach to working up the patient presenting with lower extremity wounds or evidence of ischemic rest pain. All wound evaluations begin with ABI testing, thorough vascular examination and history, and examination of the wound (if present). Based on the initial visit additional testing may or may not be warranted.

Patients with abnormal ABI, abnormal vascular examination, or clinical evidence of arterial component to the wound are considered for advanced imaging and arteriography as indicated. Those with evidence of inow/iliac or femoropopliteal occlusive disease are primarily considered for preprocedural CTA runoff. Those patients with suspected tibioperoneal occlusive disease by examination are considered for arterial duplex ultrasound. If the patient is diabetic and wound Wagner stage 3 or greater, then TcPO2 or SPP testing may be adjunctively considered to evaluate candidacy for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT).

Patients who present with sequelae of venous disease are stratied according to the severity of their disease and clinical appearance. Those with

active venous ulceration and bilateral venous stasis changes are typically referred for venous insufciency testing / venous reux US testing. Those with unilateral disease or a history of multiple prior unilateral (typically left) deep venous thrombosis (DVT) are referred for central venous imaging (usually CTV) as well as supercial venous US testing.

3.2 Interpreting theABI, TBI, andToe Pressures: Know thePitfalls

RyanLutz and UlkuC.Turba

3.2.1 Ankle-Brachial Index

• Determined by taking the higher pressure of

the two arteries at the ankle (anterior tibial or posterior tibial) divided by the brachial artery systolic pressure (Table3.1) [20].

– It is important to look at each tibial ABI

result as only the higher value is usually reported. This additional info has value depending on your wound-related angiosome, which may be in the non- reported territory.

• Quick and cost-effective examination to

screen patients for PAD → if abnormal you can move on to non-invasive physiologic vascular studies such as segmental arterial pressures, pulse volume recordings, and Doppler waveforms.

• Level of disease is usually found just ABOVE

the level of abnormality and can be determined by waveform changes (Table3.2).

Table 3.1 Interpretation of ankle-brachial index class and waveform

Class ABI Waveform Normal 0.95–1.0 Triphasic Mild 0.80–0.94 Biphasic or Triphasic Moderate 0.50–0.79 Biphasic Severe 0.30–0.49 Biphasic Critical < 0.30 Monophasic

Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/

M. Costantino et al.

Table 3.2 Various levels of disease that can be determined by waveform analysis

Level of disease Aortoiliac Iliofemoral SFA Popliteal Infra-popliteal Pedal

Table 3.3 Interpretation of toe brachial index class

Class TBI Normal > 0.70 Mild 0.60–0.69 Moderate 0.40–0.59 Severe < 0.39 Critical < 0.30

• It is critical to remember that in patients with Small Arterial Disease (SAD) pattern in the foot, which is a microvascular pattern seen in Diabetes and Renal Failure, patients can have normal ABIs but inadequate perfusion for wound healing or rest pain.

– This can be distinguished with Toe

Pressure/TBI/SPP and conrmed with direct angiograms.

• ABI additional considerations:

– >0.15 change in ABI is considered

signicant.

– >20mmHg pressure gradient between seg-

ments considered signicant.

– Post-exercise ABI decrease by 0.15 is con-

sidered signicant.

3.2.2 Toe Brachial Index

• Often used when the ABI is abnormally high (>1.4) due to calcications [21].

– Seen most often in diabetic and renal

failure patients with medial artery calcifications (MAC), thus reducing reliability.

• Determined by taking the highest toe pressure divided by the brachial artery systolic pressure (Table3.3).

• A normal Toe Pressure may be misleading in patients with severe hypertension.

– May need to consider TcPO2 or SPP.

3.2.3 Toe Pressures/TcPO2

• Used as an adjunct of lower limb vascular function and often as a predictor of wound healing.

• Toe pressures <30mmHg predictive of nonhealing diabetic foot ulcers [21].

• Note that Toe Pressures and TcPO2 are different diagnostic tests, and commonly referred to incorrectly.

• These tests can be time consuming, highly technologist dependent, and the electrode cannot be placed on digits or on the wound itself.

• Both tests can have additional variability based on environment temperature and patient factors such as recent caffeine intake, exercise, and alcohol consumption.

3.2.4 Pitfalls When

InterpretingABIs

• Lower extremity calcications.

– Classically seen in diabetics, ESRD, etc. – Results in elevated ABI (>1.4) or pseudo-

normalized ABI [22].

– Solution: Utilize TBI and toe pressures.

• Severe aortic valve regurgitation.

– Results in elevated ABI due to compara-

tively low brachial artery systolic pressure.

– Always check echo and EKG if

available.

• Upper limb arterial stenosis.

– Classically seen in ESRD patients. – Results in elevated ABI due to compara-

tively low brachial artery systolic pressure.

• Narrow/loose cuff width for the ankle.

– Ensure proper equipment is being used.

3 Determining theAppropriate Workup

3.3 Interpreting theCT andMRI: Know theLimitations

FarisGalambo and DavidM.Tabriz

3.3.1 CT andMRI: Arterial Imaging

3.3.1.1 CT Arteriography (CTA)

Suggested Protocol:

• Patient positioning: Supine, feet rst.

• Both extremities together and aligned to scan-

ner isocenter.

• Avoid excessive dorsi/plantar exion.

• Intravenous (IV) access for contrast

administration.

• Contrast: 80–120 cc contrast with bolus

tracking.

• Second acquisition from the knees to the toes

after rst scan is obtained.

– Infra-popliteal arteries may not be ade-

quately opacied on rst acquisition.

• Small FOV reconstruction of each limb can be

helpful.

– Greater spatial resolution [23].

Additional Considerations:

• Dual-energy CT.

• Can be used to reconstruct virtual non- contrast

images.

• Can be used to reduce contrast volume needed

for diagnosis.

• Can use plaque removal functions to aid in

heavy arterial disease.

Limitations:

• Requires ionizing radiation.

• Requires iodinated contrast.

– The presence of dense atheromatous calci-

cation compromises diagnostic accuracy and may exaggerate plaque and overestimate stenotic disease (especially problematic below the knee due to small caliber of vessels).

3.3.1.2 Contrast-Enhanced MR Arteriography (CE-MRA)

Suggested Protocol:

• Use of dedicated peripheral/surface coils, or a

3-station coil is preferred.

• Patient positioning: Supine, feet rst. – Patient comfort is key to minimizing

motion artifacts (i.e., if patient has rest pain, consider pre-procedure analgesia).

– Breath holds are highly recommended. If

breath holds are not possible, reduced scan time is recommended at the expense of resolution.

• Intravenous (IV) access for contrast

administration.

– Contrast: 15–10 mL, rate 5 mL/s, bolus

tracking at the juxta-renal aorta.

• Sequences. – T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo

(FSGRE).

– Pre-contrast acquisition (for subtraction

imaging) or Dixon fat suppression sequence.

– High-resolution equilibrium-phase angiog-

raphy (allows a second chance for arterial interrogation in case of poor timing).

– Time-resolved (TR) is superior to the stan-

dard technique CE-MRA [23].

Limitations:

• Requires gadolinium-containing contrast

agents.

• Decreased visualization of calcications com-

pared to CTA.

• Susceptible to artifacts from metallic stents/

devices.

3.3.1.3 Non-Contrast MR Arteriography

(NC-MRA)

Many PVD patients have concomitant kidney disease, which may prevent contrast use.

Suggested Protocol:

• Use of dedicated peripheral/surface coils, or a

3-station coil is preferred.

• Patient positioning: Supine, feet rst. – Patient comfort is key to minimizing

motion artifacts (i.e., if patient has rest pain, consider pre-procedure analgesia).

– Breath holds are highly recommended. If

breath holds are not possible, reduced scan time is recommended at the expense of resolution.

Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/

M. Costantino et al.

• Sequences. – Time-of-ight (TOF)—More widely avail-

able but with limited image quality in the peripheral vessels (below the knee).

– Quiescent interval single-shot or slice

selective (QISS).

• Performs better in the peripheral vessels.

– (3D) Turbo spin-echo (TSE) with STIR

with cardiac triggering during systole.

– Multiple other NC-MRA techniques are

emerging but are not yet widely available [24].

Limitations:

• More sensitive to artifacts than CE-MRA.

• Decreased visualization of calcications com-

pared to CTA.

• Susceptible to artifacts from metallic implants

and cardiac devices.

3.3.2 CT andMRI: Venous Imaging

3.3.2.1 CT Venography (CTV)

Suggested Protocol:

• Patient positioning: Supine, feet rst.

• Both extremities together and aligned to scan-

ner isocenter.

• Avoid excessive dorsi/plantar exion.

• Intravenous (IV) access for contrast

administration.

– Contrast: 80–120 cc contrast, can have a

saline chaser if desired.

• Scan timing: 180second delay.

• Scan foot to diaphragm [23].

Limitations:

• Requires ionizing radiation.

• Requires iodinated contrast.

• Beam hardening artifacts from hardware or

adjacent arterial calcications can mimic lling defects [25].

3.3.2.2 Contrast-Enhanced MR

Venography (MRV)

Suggested Protocol:

• Use of dedicated peripheral/surface coils, or a

3-station coil is preferred if available.

• Patient positioning: Supine, feet rst. – Patient comfort is key to minimizing

motion artifacts (i.e., if patient has rest pain, consider pre-procedure analgesia).

– Breath holds are highly recommended. If

breath holds are not possible, reduced scan time is recommended at the expense of resolution.

• Intravenous (IV) access for contrast

administration.

– Contrast: 15–10 mL, rate 5 mL/s, bolus

tracking at the juxta-renal aorta.

• Sequences. – TOF Angiography: TO identify and isolate

the arterial tree.

– Pre-contrast T1-weighted acquisition (for

substruction imaging) or Dixon fat suppression sequence.

– 3D T1-weighted Gradient Echo sequences

with contrast, starting at 5 minutes postcontrast administration.

– T2 fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences

[23].

Limitations:

• Susceptible to artifacts from metallic stents/

devices.

• CT is superior if there is a concern for IVC

lter complication.

• Gadolinium contrast-related risks.

3.3.2.3 Non-Contrast MR Venography

(ncMRV)

Suggested Protocol:

• Use of dedicated peripheral/surface coils, or a

3-station coil is preferred if available.

• Patient positioning: Supine, feet rst. – Patient comfort is key to minimizing

motion artifact.

– Breath holds are also highly recom-

mended. If that is not possible, reduced scan time is recommended at the expense of resolution.

• Key sequence. – Non-contrast 3D turbo spin-echo (TSE)

with STIR and cardiac triggering during systole.

3 Determining theAppropriate Workup

Limitations:

• Susceptible to artifacts from metallic stents/ devices.

• CT is superior if there is a concern for IVC lter complication.

• More sensitive to artifacts than CE-MRV [23].

3.4 Pedal Duplex Imaging

andAdvanced Intraoperative Ultrasound

JillSommerset, DesaromTeso, and MaryCostantino

Given the rise of diabetes mellitus (DM) and endstage renal disease (ESRD) in chronic limbthreatening ischemia patients (CLTI), our current physiologic tests may not completely answer the question regarding lower extremity disease and more specically pedal perfusion. Medial wall calcinosis precludes an accurate ankle pressure and in the setting of digital wounds or previous

great toe amputation, TBI may not be obtainable (Fig. 3.8). As discussed previously, TCP02 and skin profusion testing (SPP) are alternative options to provide microvascular testing, however, these tests may also prove to be challenging due to edema and tissue loss. A simple waveform analysis at the ankles can still be obtained. However, in patients with dense calcic plaque, there is a loss in compliancy in the artery wall, resulting in abnormal waveform analysis [26].

Moreover, patients with foot ulcers require more in-depth evaluation of pedal ow. Pedal arch disease in diabetics and renal failure patients can be signicant. Therefore, it is paramount that ow to the wound bed should be quantied and used in the decision-making process for these complex patients.

Up until 2016, standard arterial duplex imaging stopped at the level of the ankle. In 2017, the discovery of direct ultrasound interrogation of the pedal arch was developed and published, describing the techniques and criteria for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia [27].

Fig. 3.8 Various types of wounds where standard physiologic testing may not provide adequate information

Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/

Pedal duplex imaging provides valuable information that includes understanding the pedal anatomy, obtaining reliable objective Pedal Acceleration Time (PAT), and comprehensive evaluation of pedal ow hemodynamics. This combination of valuable information provides an understanding of potential direct or indirect ow patterns to the wound bed.

M. Costantino et al.

metatarsal

Dorsal

artery

3.4.1 Pedal Anatomy (Figs.3.9 and3.10)

Using a standard 8–12 MHz linear probe, the pedal anatomy can be evaluated. A high frequency of 12–18 mHz may be helpful when imaging smaller caliber, Dorsal Metatarsal Arteries to the digits. The technique for imaging the anterior pedal circulation is the cuneiform window, which is a soft tissue space where the bifurcation of the Arcuate Artery and rst Dorsal Metatarsal Artery can be visualized. The Arcuate Artery will have a “waterfall” image, with the rst Dorsal Metatarsal Artery visualized more supercially (Fig.3.11).

The posterior circulation can initially be evaluated with the probe in transverse on the midfoot. With probe compressions, the Lateral Plantar Veins can be easily compressed and used as a landmark to locate the Lateral Plantar Artery (LPA) (Fig.3.12). Once identied, the probe can be turned in a long axis, color applied with a low scale (below 12cm/s), and the LPA visualized. With a slight angle of the probe to the medal foot the Medial Plantar Artery (MPA) can be identied as it lies more supercial with no metatarsal bony landmark. The MPA is typically smaller in caliber and can be challenging to image in patients with no disease. However, if the LPA is occluded or atretic, the MPA will be the dominant pedal artery and should be imaged in CLT patients.

In regard to non-healing foot wounds, care should be taken to place the ultrasound probe at the edge of the wound bed to obtain anatomical

Arcuate artery

Dorsalis pedis

artery

Lateral Tarsal A.

Anterior Lateral

Malleolar A.

Lateral

Calcaneal A.

Anterior tibial A.

Peroneal A.

Fig. 3.9 Pedal diagram highlighting the typical anterior and posterior pedal anatomy

Medial

Tarsal A

Medial Calcaneal A.

Posterior tibial A.

pathways to the wound bed. To further assist in decision-making, tracing the artery near the wound, to the pedal arch as well as the supplying tibial artery can result in improved targeted interventions.

3 Determining theAppropriate Workup

metatarsal

Plantar

ar tery

Deep plantar

artery

Lateral plantar

artery

Medial plantar

artery

Posterior tibial artery

3.4.2 Pedal Acceleration Time (PAT)

Applying Acceleration Time to the pedal arteries provides an understanding of foot perfusion based on previously published work [28]. For reliability and accuracy, the PAT must be measured properly. Proper technique includes lowering the baseline, increasing the sweep speed to appreciate 3–4 cardiac cycles, and decreasing the Doppler scale so the waveform takes up threefourth of the spectrum. Then, precisely measure the onset of systole to the peak of systole, to obtain a PAT.

PAT criteria consist of four published classications. Class 1 is normal to Class 4 being consistent with tissue loss and rest pain. PAT not only correlates with reliable ABI but also correlates with clinical symptoms. This can be helpful in patients with claudication in need of an exercise program to build collaterals, as PAT reects the proximal collateral ow.

Fig. 3.10 Pedal diagram highlighting the typical anterior and posterior pedal anatomy

Fig. 3.11 Duplex imaging in the cuneiform window visualizing the Arcuate Artery and rst Dorsal Metatarsal Artery

3.4.3 Pedal Flow Hemodynamics

Flow direction in the pedal arch depends on anatomy, proximal disease, and if the pedal arch is intact. Figure3.13 illustrates antegrade and retrograde ow in the Arcuate Artery. Knowledge of pedal ow direction may be helpful if the only way to revascularize is through an indirect route.

1. If the Arcuate Artery is retrograde, this indi-

rectly suggests the pedal arch is intact, and ow in the posterior circulation is supplying the anterior circulation.

2. If the Lateral or Deep Plantar Artery is retro-

grade, this indirectly suggests the pedal arch is intact, and ow from the anterior circulation is supplying the posterior circulation [29].

Pedal artery duplex is a novel technique that provides real-time, hemodynamic information in complex patients and should be considered an integral part of the perioperative care in patients with CLTI (Fig. 3.14).

<<< < Предыдущая 1 2 3 45 / 325 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 > Следующая >>>

Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана

#
31.08.202631 Мб0Книга_3717_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202631 Мб0Книга_3718_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202631 Мб0Книга_3719_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.djvu
#
31.08.202630 Мб0Книга_3720_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202630 Мб0Книга_3721_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202630 Мб0Книга_3722_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202630 Мб0Книга_3723_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202629 Мб0Книга_3726_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202629 Мб0Книга_3727_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202628 Мб0Книга_3728_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
#
31.08.202628 Мб0Книга_3729_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf