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ClinicalApplications
Studies in uninjured individuals have shown that there is a somatotopic
localizationand preferentialexcitability ofcertainregions ofthe motorcortex.
This is important as providers need to consider that the size, latency, and
duration of the MEPs are critically dependent on the type, intensity, and
localization of the stimulus as well as on the excitability of the cortical and
spinal motoneurons. Depending on the purpose of the test, there are many
important parameters that can be measured in cortical stimulation such as
stimulation threshold, MEP-latency, MEP-amplitude, response morphology,
central motor conduction time, silent period duration, fatigue, intra-cortical
inhibitoryandexcitatorypathways,andsoforth.
Thecentralmotorconductiontime(CMCT)(usedtodistinguishcentralvs.
peripheraletiology ofthe diseaseordisorder) canbe calculatedbysubtracting
thelatencyinresponsetospinalrootstimulationfromthelatencyinresponseto
corticalstimulation(48–50).ButitmaybealsocalculatedbyusingtheF-wave
latency(51):
CMCTs calculated using F-waves usually exceed those based on root
stimulation, which stimulates the peripheral motor axons distal to the ventral
roots.
CMCTcanbeaffectedbyanumberoffactorsatseverallevelsincludingthe
activation time of the pyramidal tract neurons, the transmission time between
motorcortexandspinalmotorneurons,theactivationtimeofmotorneurons,the
timebetweenmotoneurondischargeandthesiteofstimulationofthemotorroot,
andprobablyothers(52).
The size of electromyographic responses to cortical stimulation or MEPamplitude can be affected by the type of cortical stimulator (high-voltage
electrical or magnetoelectrical) and by the stimulus intensity, as well as the
activationofothermuscles.
CMCTcan beincreasedand MEPsize reduced byseveral factorssuchas
reducedexcitabilityofthemotorcortex,slowedconductionbetweenthemotor
cortex and spinal motor neurons, several factors at the motor neuron level,
reducedconductionvelocitiesinmotoraxons,andsoforth.
FIGURE7.3Firstdorsalinterosseusmusclemotorevokedpotentials
after transcranial motor cortex stimulation (A) and spinal root
stimulation (B) and compound muscle action potential (M) and Fwaves(F)afterperipheralulnarnervestimulation(C).CMCT=T1−
T2(seetext).
CMCT,centralmotorconductiontime;TMS,transcranialmageneticstimulation.
Clinical applications of transcranial stimulation include SCI, multiple
sclerosis, anterior horn cell disorders (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis),
spondyloticmyelopathy,aswellas a host ofotherneurological disorders (53–
71). These can also be utilized in the operating room during surgery, where
monitoringmotorconductionisausefulindicatoroftheintegrityofthecentral
motor pathways, especially during neurosurgical operations (31,34,72–79), as
wellasintheintensivecareunit(80,81).Finally,MEPsmaybeusefulinfollow
upofmotorfunctionduringrehabilitationandasanobjectiveresearchmetric.
In SCI, a good correlation was seen between MEP findings and motor
function(68,82–89). Decreased MEPamplitudes or absent MEP responses are
more frequently seen in neoplastic than in inflammatory lesions. Conversely,
inflammatorylesionsoftendemonstrateincreasedlatencies(90).Inacutespinal
ischemia, normal MEPS are significantly predictive of an excellent prognosis
(91).Inpatientswithhighleveltetraplegia,inwhomthediaphragmisaffected,
MEPs can be recorded from the diaphragm, as well as from other respiratory
muscles, to investigate the central motor conduction properties of this
musculature(67–69,71,92,93).
In multiple sclerosis (MS), most authors found clearly delayed CMCTs
(62,94–97),inupto79%ofpatientswithdefiniteMS(98).AbsentMEPswere
mostlyseeninthoseMSpatientswithmarkedclinicaldisabilities(96).Increased
CMCTswereoftenaccompaniedbydispersedandreducedsizeofMEPs,butno
correlation was found between CMCT and duration of the disease. In MS
patientswithsexualdysfunction,prolongedCMCTsofpelvicfloormuscleswere
seen (99). A higher rate of MEP abnormalities was found when altered MRI
signal was localized within the parietal cortex, centrum semiovale, and the
internalcapsule(100).
In anterior horn cell disorders, prolonged or absent MEPs were found in
patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), either with high-voltage
electricalstimulation (48,101,102) or with magnetoelectricalstimulation (103–
105). This was also shown in a subgroup of patients with primary lateral
sclerosis (106). MEPs and cortical excitability may also be helpful in
distinguishing anterior horn cell disease from other similar pathologies
(107,108). MEPstudies have further suggested that hyperexcitability precedes
lowermotorneurondysfunctioninALS(109).
Inspondylotic myelopathy, CMCThas beenreported tocorrelate wellwith
clinical and radiological signs of cord compression (14,110–115). CMCT is
more often abnormal than amplitude or morphology of the MEPs. In cervical
spondylosis, MEP abnormalities exceed those of SEPs, most likely because
spondylosisanddischerniationtendtoproducecompressionofthecorticospinal
tracts rather than of dorsal columns (14). However, prolonged CMCT is not
necessarily due to demyelination but might also be the result from
desynchonization of the descending volleys generated by cortical shocks.
Conduction block or axonal degeneration ofthe fastest conducting fibers may
alsoproduceCMCTlengthening as well as desynchonization of the responses
andreductioninamplitude(110).
Finally, MEPs can be useful in the follow up of motor function during
treatmentandrehabilitation,whichmayserveofinterestforthetherapeuticstaff
andthepatient’smotivation(84,114–122).
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