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Langston T. Holly Paul A. Anderson
Editors
Essentials of Spinal Stabilization
123
Essentials of Spinal Stabilization
Editors
Essentials of Spinal Stabilization
Editors
Langston T. Holly Department of Neurosurgery
and Orthopaedics
David Geffen UCLA School
of Medicine
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Paul A. Anderson Department of Orthopedics and
Rehabilitation University of Wisconsin UWMF Madison, WI, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-59712-6 ISBN 978-3-319-59713-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59713-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951102
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Contents

1 Cervical Traction and Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tristan B. Fried, Douglas A. Hollern, Michael Markowitz, Gregory D. Schroeder, and Alexander R. Vaccaro
2 Halo Vest Immobilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Randall J. Hlubek and Nicholas Theodore
3 Occipitocervical Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Vijay M. Ravindra, Robert G. Whitmore, and Zoher Ghogawala
4 Anterior Atlantoaxial Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Andrew Z. Mo and Darren R. Lebl
5 Posterior Atlantoaxial Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Oliver Tannous, Naveed Nabizadeh, and R. Todd Allen
6 Odontoid Screw Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Mark Benjamin Frenkel and David J. Hart
7 Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Vincent J. Alentado and Thomas E. Mroz
8 Cervical Arthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Jau-Ching Wu, Michael S. Virk, and Praveen V. Mummaneni
9 Subaxial Posterior Cervical Fusion with
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Paul A. Anderson
10 Posterior Cervical Subaxial Spine Fixation:
Facet Fusion Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Mena Kerolus and Vincent Traynelis
v
vi
11 Cervical Laminoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Kevin L. Ju, FeiFei Zhou, and John M. Rhee
12 Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical
Fusion Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Carolina Gesteira Benjamin and Anthony Frempong-Boadu
13 Correction of Post-laminectomy Kyphosis
and Cervical Deformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Melvin C. Makhni and K. Daniel Riew
14 Considerations for Approaches Crossing the
Cervicothoracic Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
James S. Harrop, Jeff Wilson, and Payman Vahedi
15 Open Anterior and Lateral Thoracic Interbody
Approaches and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Hesham Mostafa Zakaria and Victor Chang
16 Thoracic Lateral Extracavitary Decompression
and Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Christopher D. Witiw and Richard G. Fessler
17 Posterior Thoracic Spinal Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Stephen K. Mendenhall and Saad A. Khairi
Contents
18 Anterior Spinal Column Augmentation Techniques . . . . . . . . . 211
Ian K. White, Eric Potts, and Jean-Pierre Mobasser
19 Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion of the
Lumbosacral Spine: L3 Through the Sacrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
J. Kenneth Burkus
20 Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Robert F. Heary and John C. Quinn
21 Percutaneous Spinal Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Ken Hsuan-kan Chang, David McCarthy, and Michael Y. Wang
22 Lumbar Osteotomy Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Ryan Nazar, Jeffrey Gum, John Dimar, and Mladen Djurasovic
23 Repair of Pars Defects and Spondylosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Adam S. Kanter and Michael M. McDowell
24 Surgical Management of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis . . . . . . . . . 299
Jad G. Khalil, Jeffrey S. Fischgrund, and Richard V. Roberts
25 Lumbar Interspinous Devices:
Fusion and Motion Sparing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Dean G. Karahalios and Michael J. Musacchio Jr.
Contents
vii
26 The Minimally Invasive Retroperitoneal
Transpsoas Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Jacob Januszewski and Juan S. Uribe
27 Lumbar Disc Arthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Tyler Atkins, Domagoj Coric, James J. Yue, Benjamin J. Geddes, and Jason Toy
28 Minimally Invasive Posterior Lumbar
Fusion Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Luis M. Tumialán
29 Cortical Bone Screw Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Mark Benjamin Frenkel, J.J. Renfrow, and Charles L. Branch Jr.
30 Lumbosacral and Pelvic Fixation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Osama N. Kashlan, Kevin S. Chen, and Frank La Marca
31 Trans-sacral Lumbar Interbody Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Gohar Majeed and Farbod Asgarzadie
32 Sacroiliac Joint Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Sharon C. Yson, Jonathan N. Sembrano, and David W. Polly Jr.
33 Biomechanical Principles of Spine Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Alvin Y. Chan, Jeffrey P. Mullin, Emily Bennett, Karin Swartz, and Edward C. Benzel
34 Bone Grafting and Spinal Fusion Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Zorica Buser, Andre Jakoi, Bhavesh Katbamna, Rahul Basho, and Jeffrey C. Wang
35 Basic Science of Bone Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Joseph A. Weiner and Wellington K. Hsu
36 Principles of Deformity Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Josiah N. Orina and Sigurd H. Berven
37 Image-Guided Spinal Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Jang W. Yoon and Eric W. Nottmeier
38 Neurophysiological Monitoring During Placement
of Spinal Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Marc R. Nuwer
I ndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Contributors

Vincent J. Alentado, MD Indiana University, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA
R. Todd Allen, MD UCSD Department of Orthopaedics, San Diego, CA, USA
Paul A. Anderson, MD University of Wisconsin, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Madison, WI, USA
Farbod Asgarzadie, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Kaiser Permanente Hospital, Fontana, CA, USA
Tyler Atkins Carolina NeuroSurgery and Spine, Charlotte, NC, USA
Rahul Basho, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannibal Regional
Hospital, Hannibal, MO, USA
Carolina Gesteira Benjamin, MD Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Emily Bennett, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
Edward C. Benzel, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
Sigurd H. Berven, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Charles L. Branch Jr. Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA
J. Kenneth Burkus, MD Attending Physician, Spine Service, The Hughston Clinic, Columbus, GA, USA
Zorica Buser, PhD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Alvin Y. Chan, BS Department of Neurosurgery, Froedtert Hospital and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Victor Chang, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
ix
x
Ken Hsuan-kan Chang, MD Department of Neurological Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope Life Center, Miami, FL, USA
Kevin S. Chen Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Domagoj Coric Carolina NeuroSurgery and Spine, Charlotte, NC, USA
John Dimar, MD Norton Leatherman Spine Center, Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Mladen Djurasovic, MD Norton Leatherman Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Richard G. Fessler, MD, PhD Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Jeffrey S. Fischgrund, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
Anthony Frempong-Boadu, MD Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Mark Benjamin Frenkel, MD, MA Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA
Contributors
Tristan B. Fried, BS Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Benjamin J. Geddes Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Zoher Ghogawala Department of Neurosurgery, Alan and Jacqueline Stuart Spine Research Center, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Jeffrey Gum, MD Norton Leatherman Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
James S. Harrop, MD, FACS Department of Neurological and Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Spine and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Neurosurgery Director of Delaware Valley SCI Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
David J. Hart, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA
Robert F. Heary, MD Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
Randall J. Hlubek, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Contributors
xi
Douglas A. Hollern, MD Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Wellington K. Hsu, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Andre Jakoi, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Jacob Januszewski Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Kevin L. Ju, MD Texas Back Institute, Rockwall, TX, USA
Adam S. Kanter, MD, FAANS Department of Neurological Surgery,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Dean G. Karahalios, MD Advocate Medical Group, Advocate Health Care, Downers Grove, IL, USA
Osama N. Kashlan Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Bhavesh Katbamna, BS Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Mena Kerolus, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Saad A. Khairi, MD Indiana University Health Neuroscience Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Jad G. Khalil, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
Frank La Marca, MD Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Darren R. Lebl, MD, MBA Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
Gohar Majeed, DO, MSc Neurosurgery Resident, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
Melvin C. Makhni, MD, MBA The Spine Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Michael Markowitz, DO Rowan Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
David McCarthy, BS Department of Neurological Surgery and
Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope Life Center, Miami, FL, USA
Michael M. McDowell, MD Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Stephen K. Mendenhall, MD Indiana University Health Neuroscience Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA