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Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_104_библиотеки_им_акад_М_И_Перельмана

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Index
https://t.me/med1917
δβ Thalassemia 11
α2β1integrin αIIbβ3 complex α-granules defects 258
+
α
Thalassemia 7
0
α
Thalassemia 7–8
α thalassemias 7–9
+
α
Thalassemia 7
0
α
Thalassemia 7–8 mutations that cause 9 variants
aceruloplasminemia 185 activated signaling, AML 40–41
c-KIT 41 FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3) 40–41
acute GvHD acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 67–82;
B-ALL subtypes basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)
B-cell precursor 69
BCL11B-driven ALL 78–79 BCR::ABL1 positive ALL
CAR-T cell therapy 374–375 CDX2/UBTF ALL 77–78 cytokine receptor 75 DUX4-rearranged ALL 76 Early T-cell precursor (ETP) ALL 79
ETV6::RUNX1 ETV6::RUNX1-like 73
H3K27ac HiChIP high hyperdiploid ALL 69–71 hyperdiploid ALL 71–72 IKZF1N159Y 78–79 immature T-ALL 79 intrachromosomal amplification of
255
256
8–9
404–406
see also ALL
68–69, 70, 72, 79
T-ALL
80
74–75
73
78
chromosome 21 (iAMP21) 72–73
kinase signaling
KMT2A-rearranged ALL MEF2D-rearranged ALL NUTM1-rearranged ALL
PAX5 P80R PAX5alt 77 PAX5-driven ALL 77 Ph-like ALL 74–75 T/M MPAL TAL1 80 T-ALL subtypes 68, 78–80
TCF3::HLF 73 TCF3::PBX1 TCF3-rearranged ALL 73 TLX1 79–80 TLX3 79–80 ZNF384-rearranged leukemia 76
acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 33–50; see
also AML
activated signaling
c-KIT 41 FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine
kinase3)
chromatin modifiers 46
ASXL1 (Additional Sex Combs
Like-1)
KTM2A 46 cohesion complex gene 44 cytogenetic abnormalities 36–38
acute promyelocytic leukemia 37
chromosomal translocations 38
core-binding factor (CBF)
leukemias 36–37 KMT2A gene 37–38 numerical chromosomal
abnormalities 38
DNA methylation 44–45
DNMT3A EZH2 45
75
74
76
77–78
77
78
73
40–41
40–41
46
44–45
45
IDH1 IDH2
45
TET2
45
genetic aberrations
driver gene mutations molecular 39–40
NPM1 40 germline predisposition 46–48 molecular markers 33 MRD monitoring myeloid transcription factors 41–42
CEBPA (CCAAT/enhancer-binding
protein α)
RUNX1 spliceosome genes 43–44 therapies 48–49 tumor suppressors 42–43
BCOR (BCL6 corepressor)
TP53 (Tumor protein 53) 42–43
WT1 (Wilms tumor 1) 43
acute promyelocytic leukemia 37 adaptive immune system 300 adeno-associated virus gene
transfer
adenosine deaminase (ADA)
deficiency adenoviral gene transfer adenovirus 324 adhesion molecules, blood group
antigens 291–292 ADP receptor defects 257 adverse drug reactions (ADR) 346 Africa, SCD 191, 194 African siderosis 184–185 agonist receptor defects 257 ALL subtypes 349 ALL, see acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation (HCT) 94–95, 398
33–36, 39–40
39–40
48–49
42
41–42
43
333–334
327–328
332–333
Molecular Hematology, Fifth Edition. Edited by Drew Provan and Hillard M. Lazarus. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
本书版权归John Wiley & Sons Inc.所有
413
414 Index
https://t.me/med1917
allografting, GvL 404 allorecognition
52–53, 56–59, 61, 64–65
AML
AML with BCR::ABL1 fusion AML with CBFB::MYH11 fusion AML with CEBPA mutation AML with DEK::NUP214 fusion AML with FUS::ERG AML with KAT6A::CREBBP AML with KMT2A rearrangement AML with MECOM rearrangement AML with MNX1::ETV6 AML with NPM1 mutation AML with NPM1::MLF1 AML with NUP98 rearrangement AML with RBM15::MRTFA fusion AML with RUNX1::RUNX1T1 fusion AML with RUNX1T3(CBFA2T3)::
AML, genetic alterations
mutated genes 61–62 AML post cytotoxic therapy 58 AML risk classification 53 amplification and mismatch detection (AMD),
anaplastic large cell lymphomas
anemia 14 anemia of chronic disease
bone marrow studies 170
cytokines 172
diagnosis 169–170
erythrocyte lifespan
erythropoiesis 170–172
erythropoietin resistance 172
hepcidin–ferroportin interaction 171
hypoferremia
iron absorption 172
iron parameters 169
iron restriction 170–172
pathogenesis 170–172
serum ferritin 169–170
treatment 172–173 anemia of inflammation, see anemia of
Anion-exchanger protein 1 (AE1) 285–289
C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, AE1
deficiencies, AE1 289
mutations, AE1
nitric oxide export, AE1 287–289
N-terminal cytoplasmic domain,
transmembrane segment, AE1 285–286 antenatal diagnosis, hemophilia 225–226 antibody Fc receptor 306–307 anti-CD20monoclonal antibody 314 antigen expression 268 antigen recognition, T-cells 303 antigenic targets, ITP 312
398–399
58
GLIS2
hemophilia
(ALCL)
chronic disease
AE1 286–287
220
121–122
169–172
289
58
57
62
57
58
58
57
58
58
62
58
58
57
57
58
169–174
172
286
antiplatelet antibodies, ITP antithrombin antithrombin deficiency antithrombotic therapy, oral
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) clopidogrel, CYP2C19 variants coumarins, CYP2C9 variants coumarins, VKORC1 variants
warfarin APC APL with PML::RARA fusion aplastic anemia (AA) ASXL1 (Additional Sex Combs Like-1) ATP receptor defects atransferrinemia autoimmune hematological
autoreactivity
B-cells 300–301
diet 308
environmental factors 308
environmental toxins 308
epitope spread
genetic factors 305–307
Graves’ disease
Hashimotos thyroiditis 305
hormones 308
human studies 307–309
immune system 299–305
immune thrombocytopenia
205, 207
354
202, 206–207
185
disorders
antibody Fc receptor 306–307 cytokine gene polymorphisms 306
adaptive immune system antigen recognition, T-cells 303 autoimmunity, beneficial
effects autoreactive T-cells B-cells 300–301 cytokines, immune response 301 innate immune system 299–300 major histocompatibility complex soluble molecules 301 T regulatory cells (Tregs) 303–304 T-cell activation 303 T-cell tolerance 302–303 T-cells 300–303 TCR signaling 303 Th1 response, cytokine profile 301–302 Th2 response, cytokine profile
301–302 tolerance 302–304
(ITP) 309–313 antigenic targets 312 antiplatelet antibodies 310–312 chronic refractory ITP 312–313 clinical features 310 diagnosis 310–312 epitopes 312 etiology 310
299–320
307
308–309
305
304–305
310–312
207
353–356
353
355–356
354
354–355
56–57
145–148, 150
257
300
303
46
301
pathogenesis
treatment infections inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mouse models multiple sclerosis (MS) myasthenia gravis psoriasis rheumatoid arthritis Sjögrens syndrome stress
308 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) targeted therapies
anti-CD20monoclonal antibody Avatrombopag B-cell inhibitors Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)
inhibitors Campath-1H 313–314 complement inhibitors 316 costimulatory blockage 314–315 Eltrombopag Fostamatinib 316 Helicobacter pylori eradication 314–315 neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)
blockade novel immunomodulatory agents 316 Romiplostim 315 thrombopoietin receptor agonists
(TPO-RAs)
T-cells 300–302 tissue damage 308–309 Type 1 diabetes 305
UV radiation 308 autoimmunity, beneficial effects autoreactive T-cells 303 autoreactivity 307 autosomal dominant segregation,
VWD
autosomal recessive segregation,
VWD
Avatrombopag 315
β-globin chain variants 11 β-globin gene transcription 9 β thalassemia 9–11
β-globin chain variants 11
β-globin gene transcription 9
mRNA abnormal processing 9–10
mRNA abnormal transcription 10
rare forms 11
therapies 14–15
anemia 14 environmental mechanisms 14 gene editing 15 gene therapy 15 genetic modifiers 14 pharmacological options 14–15 phenotypic diversity 14
311
312–313
308
307
305
305
305
305
305
313–316
315
316
316
315
316
315–316
304–305
236
236
305
305
314
本书版权归John Wiley & Sons Inc.所有
Index 415
https://t.me/med1917
B-ALL subtypes, ALL 68–69, 70, 72, 79 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) T-ALL B-cell aplasia, CAR-T cell therapy B-cell inhibitors B-cell lymphomas B-cell precursor, ALL B-cell receptor signaling, CLL B-cells, autoimmune disorders B-cells, immune system
BCL11B-driven ALL BCL2 gene family
BCOR (BCL6 corepressor)
BCR::ABL1 oncogene BCR::ABL1 positive ALL BCR::ABL1 signaling pathways
Bernard–Soulier syndrome (BSS) biodirectional interconversion,
bleeding disorders blood cell alloantigens
antigen expression 268 hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
fetal anemia HDFN treatment 283 immunization 282 K immunogenicity 283 Kell 282–283 RhD immunogenicity RH genes 281 Rh proteins 282
Rh system 281 HNA antigen systems HPA immunogenicity 276 major histocompatibility complex
DNA microarray genotyping
HLA antigens 268–271
HLA class I genes 269–270
HLA class II genes 269–270
HLA gene polymorphism 271
HNA allele frequency 279
HNA allograft rejection 280
HNA detection methods 279
HPA allele frequencies 273
HPA alloimmunization 274–275
long-read sequencing
molecular detection methods
molecular typing 271
next generation sequencing 272
PCR-SSP 271
platelet glycoproteins 275
platelet-specific antigens
reverse PCR-SSOP 271–272
sequencing-based typing 272
third-generation sequencing 272 neonatal alloimmune neutropenia 280
316
121, 375–377
69
78–79
131–132
85, 92
CSC
359–360
251–252, 253
267–284
280–283
(HDFN)
283
268–275
(MHC)
273–274
(HPA) 273–274
300–301
43
74–75
282
278–279
272
80
383
130–131
300–301
85–86
252–254
272–273
neonatal alloimmune
thrombocytopenia platelet refractoriness post-transfusion purpura (PTP) red blood cell antigens Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury
280
(TRALI)
blood coagulation
antithrombin APC factor V FVa
202, 204
FVIIIa
202
FXa initiation management, thrombophilia propagation protein C regulation 202–206 severe thrombophilia 212 thrombomodulin (TM) 203 thrombophilia, severe 212 venous thromboembolism
antithrombin deficiency 207 APC resistance 206–207 factor V gene mutations protein C deficiency 207–208 protein S deficiency 209–210 prothrombin mutations 210–211 susceptibilities, VTE 211–212
blood group antigens
adhesion molecules 291–292 Anion-exchanger protein 1
C-terminal cytoplasmic
deficiencies, AE1 289 mutations, AE1 289 nitric oxide export N-terminal cytoplasmic
transmembrane segment 285–286 functions, diverse 293 Duffy blood group 292 glycophorins C and D (GPC/
Kidd blood group 292–293 rhesus (Rh) proteins 289–290
bone marrow egress, HSCs bone marrow failure 145–168
associated conditions bone marrow failure (BMF)
aplastic anemia (AA) 145–148, 150
clonal disorders 152
metabolism, red cells 149
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
205, 207
202
205
204
202
202
203–206
(VTE)
206–213
285–289
(AE1)
domain
286
286–287
domain
GPD) 290–291
syndromes 145–152
(PNH) 148–152
276–279
275–277
275
280
201–216
212–213
206–207
285–298
287–289
27
145
somatic mutations, AA
enzyme deficiencies, red cells
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency (G6PD)
Pyrimidine 5’-nucleotidase
deficiency
pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency
162–163 GPI-protein structure inherited BMF syndromes
Diamond-Blackfan anemia
(DBA)
dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) Fanconi anemia (FA) telomere biology disorders
(TBD) inherited GPI deficiency (IGD)
bone marrow failure (BMF)
syndromes aplastic anemia (AA) 145–148, 150 clonal disorders 152 metabolism, red cells paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
(PNH) somatic mutations, AA 150
bone marrow niche, CSC targeted
therapy
bone marrow microenvironment,
MM
bone marrow studies, anemia of chronic
disease
British Committee for Standards in
Haematology (BSCH) diagnostic
criteria
British Society for Haematology (BSH)
diagnostic criteria
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors 316 Burkitt lymphoma (BL) 115–116
CALR mutations, MPNs Campath-1H 313–314 cancer stem cells (CSC) 359–368
biodirectional interconversion 359–360 cell of origin 360 leukemia-initiating cells 359 leukemic stem cells (LSCs) 359, 361,
363, 365 myeloid leukemia (AML) 359 pre-leukemic stem cells 360–361 targeted therapies 361–365
bone marrow niche, targeting 363–364 cell surface antigens, targeting 361–362 CSC self-renewal, targeting 362 CSC survival, targeting 362–363 epigenetic modifiers, targeting 364–365 LSC dormancy, targeting 363
tumor-initiating cells (TICs) 359
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) 353 carrier testing, hemophilia 224–225
165–166
158–160
156–158
145–152
148–152
363–364
142–143
170
101
150
160–166
163–165
153
153–160
156–158
153–156
152–153
149
101
106–107
本书版权归John Wiley & Sons Inc.所有
416 Index
https://t.me/med1917
CAR-T-cell exhaustion 381 CAR-T cell manufacturing
cell expansion cell isolation construct integration
CAR-T cell therapy
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
(ALL) areas for improvement B-cell lymphomas CAR-T cell manufacturing
cell expansion cell isolation construct integration
CAR-T resistance, sources
CAR-T-cell exhaustion epitope shedding
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL) extracellular single-chain variable fragment
(scFv) FDA-approved CAR-T cell products 380 generations, CAR-T cells 370 hinge domain history 369 intracellular co-stimulatory domains 372 failures 370 multiple myeloma (MM) 378–379 successes toxicities 382–384
B-cell aplasia 383 coagulopathy 384 cytokine release syndrome
(CRS)
cytopenias 383 hypogammaglobulinemia 383 immune effector cell-associated
neurotoxicity syndrome
(ICANS)
infections 383 transmembrane domain 371 tumor microenvironment
(TME) cytokine signaling, TME 384–385 structure 385–386 therapeutic approaches 386 treatment strategies
CAR-T resistance, sources 379–382
CAR-T-cell exhaustion
epitope shedding 381–382 CDX2/UBTF ALL 77–78 c-KIT 41 CEBPA (CCAAT/enhancer-binding
protein α) 42 cell-cycle-active drugs 28 cell cycle control, hematopoiesis 20 cell-extrinsic regulators,
hematopoiesis 21–25
373–374
372–373
374–375
372–373
377–378
370–371
371
370
382–383
383
384–387
372–374
373
369–396
370
375–377
372–374
373–374
373
379–382
381
381–382
387
381
cell of origin, CSC cell signaling genes
AML, mutated genes AML with CEBPA mutation AML with NPM1 mutation DEBPA FLT3
61
ICC 2022 classification
61
NPM1 TP53
61
WHO 2022 classification
cell surface antigens, CSC targeted
therapy
cellular compartment model, stem
cells Chédiak–Higashi syndrome chemokine receptors childhood ALL therapy
ALL subtypes 349 drug resistance, relapsed ALL 352–353 G6PD deficiency 348–350 germline genetic variants 349
NT5C2 variants NUDT15 variants 350–352 PRPS1 variants 353
Rasburicase 348–350 relapsed ALL, drug resistance TCF3-HLF ALL therapy 353 thioguanine (TG) 350 thiopurine antimetabolites mercaptopurine
(MP)
thiopurine resistance thiopurine therapy 350–352 TPMT variations 350–351 tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) 348
chorionic villus sampling (CVS),
hemophilia chromatin modifiers, AML 46
ASXL1 (Additional Sex Combs Like-1) 46 KTM2A
chromosomal translocations 38, 55 chromosome 1q gain, MM 142 chromosome abnormalities, CLL 129 chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) 109 chronic GvHD (cGvHD) 405–407 chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small
lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/
SLL)
B-cell receptor signaling 130–131 BCL2 gene family CAR-T cell therapy 377–378 chromosome abnormalities death mediators 132 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subtype
(DLBCL-RT) 134–135
DLBCL 130, 134–135 environmental factors 128 epidemiology 128
360
60–65
61–62
62
62
61
62–65
62–65
361–362
18–19
259
25
347–353
352
352–353
350
352–353
226
46
120–121, 127–136
131–132
129
epigenetic factors genetic factors IGHV mutations impaired immunity microenvironment microRNA molecular biology pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins prognostic features pro-survival BCL2-like proteins Richter transformation (RT) somatic mutations
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation (HCT)
BCR::ABL1 oncogene BCR::ABL1 signaling pathways
clinical presentation epidemiology 83 molecular biology 85–86 Philadelphia chromosome 85, 95–96 pregnancy prognostic models 84–85 therapy 86–95
CML-AP 95 CML-BP dose schedules 93 failure 90 frontline CML therapy 87–88, 93 post-TKI resistance resistance 89–90 response 89 selection 88 side effects 90–92 toxicities treatment endpoints 88–89
chronic neutrophoic leukemia
(CNL) chronic refractory ITP classification systems, myeloid
malignancies clinical features, hemophilia 217–218 clinical implications, myeloid
malignancies 55 clinical use, stem cells 27–31
cell-cycle-active drugs 28 exvivo expansion 29 FACS 28 isolation 28–29 magnetic bead columns 28–29 markers, primitive HSCs 28 mobilization 27–28
CLL/SLL, see chronic lymphocytic leukemia/
small lymphocytic lymphoma
(CLL/SLL) clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance
(CCUS) 52 clonal deletion, HCT 400–401
130
128
128–129
133–134
132–133
130
128–130
132
133
132
134–135
129–130
83–98
94–95
85, 92
85–86
83–84
94
95
90–92
89–90, 93
108–109
312–313
51
本书版权归John Wiley & Sons Inc.所有
Index 417
https://t.me/med1917
clonal disorders 152 clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate
potential (CHIP) clopidogrel, CYP2C19 variants CML, see chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) CML-AP CML-BP CNL diagnostic criteria, MPNs coagulopathy, CAR-T cell therapy coagulation, blood
cobblestone area-forming cells
cohesion complex 60 cohesion complex gene collagen receptor defects 255–256 colony-forming units, spleen (CFU-S) 18 competitive repopulation assay 30–31 complement inhibitors 316 conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis
copy number variants (CNVs) 345–346 core-binding factor (CBF) leukemias 36–37 costimulatory blockage 314–315 coumarins, CYP2C9 variants coumarins, VKORC1 variants 354–355 CSC, see cancer stem cells (CSC) CSC self-renewal, CSC targeted therapy 362 CSC survival, CSC targeted therapy 362–363 C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, AE1 286 Cyclin D dysregulation 140 Cyclin D genes 139 CYP2C9 variants, coumarins 354 cytogenetic abnormalities, AML 36–38
95
95
antithrombin APC
202
205
factor V FVa
202, 204
FVIIIa
204
202
FXa initiation, blood coagulation management, thrombophilia propagation, blood coagulation protein C regulation, blood coagulation 202–206 severe thrombophilia 212 thrombomodulin (TM) 203 thrombophilia, severe venous thromboembolism
acute promyelocytic leukemia 37 chromosomal translocations 38
203–206
206–213
(VTE)
antithrombin deficiency 207 APC resistance 206–207 factor V gene mutations protein C deficiency 207–208 protein S deficiency 209–210 prothrombin mutations 210–211 susceptibilities, VTE
(CAFCs)
(CSGE)
220
51–52
355–356
108
384
201–216
205, 207
202
212–213
202
212
206–207
211–212
18–19
44
354
core-binding factor (CBF) leukemias
36–37 KMT2A gene numerical chromosomal abnormalities
cytogenetic abnormalities, MM cytogenetic analysis, myeloid malignancies
cytogenetic techniques, lymphonas cytokine gene polymorphisms cytokine receptor, ALL cytokine release syndrome (CRS), CAR-T cell
cytokine signaling, TME cytokine storm, GvHD cytokines cytokines, anemia of chronic disease cytokines, immune response cytopenias, CAR-T cell therapy cytoskeletal defects 260–261
death mediators DEBPA 61 deficiencies, AE1 Del(1p32) 142 Del(13q) 141 deletion of 17(p) 142 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
dense (δ) granule defects 258 desmopressin 243–244 developmental model, MM 141 diagnostic criteria, MM Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA)
diet, autoimmune disorders diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subtype
DLBCL, 130, 134–135; see also diffuse large
DNA methylation 44–45, 60
DNMT3A 44–45 EZH2,45
IDH1 45 IDH2 45
TET2
DNA microarray genotyping 272–273 DNMT3A donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI),
dose schedules, CML therapy 93 driver gene mutations 39–40 drug-related phenotypes 347 drug resistance, relapsed ALL 352–353
37–38
53–54, 56–58, 64
75
382–383
therapy
384–385
405–406
21–25
301
132
289
(DGGE)
220
138
158–160
308
specified (DLBCL, NOS)
(DLBCL-RT)
B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise
specified (DLBCL, NOS) and diffuse
large B-cell lymphoma subtype
(DLBCL-RT)
45
44–45
GvL 402–404
134–135
38
139
114
306
172
383
116–117
Duffy blood group DUX4-rearranged ALL dyskeratosis congenita (DKC)
EAHAD Coagulation Factor Variant
Databases Early T-cell precursor (ETP) ALL Eltrombopag engraftment, HSCs environmental factors, autoimmune
disorders environmental factors, CLL environmental toxins, autoimmune
disorders enzyme deficiencies, red cells
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency (G6PD)
Pyrimidine 5’-nucleotidase
deficiency
pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency
162–163 eosinophilia epidemiology
128
CLL CML 83 SCD
189, 191–192 epidrugs 346 epigenetic factors, CLL 130 epigenetic modifiers, CSC targeted
therapy epigenetic regulators 59 epigenetic variations,
pharmacogenomics epitope shedding 381–382 epitope spread, autoimmune
disorders epitopes, ITP 312 erythrocyte lifespan 172 erythropoiesis erythropoietin resistance 172 essential thrombocythemia 100–101 ET, MPNs 105–108 ethnic groups, pharmacogenomics 347 etiology, ITP 310
ETV6::RUNX1 73 ETV6::RUNX1-like 73 exvivo expansion 29
extracellular single-chain variable fragment
(scFv) 370–371 EZH2 45
F8 gene 219–220 F9 gene 222
FACS 28 factor IX 217–218, 221–222, 224, 226, 228 factor V 205–207 factor VII 221, 228 factor VIII 217–219, 221, 223–224, 226–229
292
76
156–158
221
79
315
25–27
308
128
308
160–166
163–165
165–166
104
364–365
346
308–309
23, 170–172
本书版权归John Wiley & Sons Inc.所有
418 Index
https://t.me/med1917
factor X 222 Fanconi anemia (FA) Ferroportin disease fetal anemia
283
fetal hemoglobin, SCD
153–156
184
196–197
FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3)
40–41, 61
fluorescence in-situ hybridization
(FISH)
113–114 follicular lymphoma (FL) Fostamatinib
316 frontline CML therapy function, hemoglobin
globin gene loci globin gene transcription globin RNA
4–5
globin switching
functional analysis, stem cells
113, 118–119
87–88, 93
2–6
3–4
5
5–6
29–31 competitive repopulation assay invitro assays
29–30
invivo assays 30–31
FVa 202, 204 FVIIIa 204 FXa
202
G6PD deficiency
348–350 gene editing 15 gene therapy 15, 321–342
adeno-associated virus gene
transfer
333–334 adenoviral gene transfer 332–333 adenovirus 324 genetic immunotherapy
334–337 helper dependent adenovirus 324 hematological malignancies 335 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
322, 327 herpes simplex virus gene transfer herpes virus 324 HIV retrovirus 325 lentiviral gene transfer 330–332 lentivirus 324–325 oncoretrovirus 324–329
adenosine deaminase (ADA)
deficiency 327–328
immunodeficiencies,
inherited 328–329
long terminal repeats (LTRs) 324 lysosomal storage disorders
(LSDs) 329
MDR-1 327 Moloney murine leukemia virus
(MMLV) 324
neomycin phosphotransferase
R
(neo
) 326
P-glycoprotein 237 replication-competent retrovirus
(RCR) 324
30–31
334
severe combined immunodeficiency
(SCID) of ADA (ADA-SCID) 328–329
329
Tecartus
329
Yescarta pox viruses resistance immunotherapy safety suicide gene therapy viral vectors
gene therapy, hemophilia gene transfer
324
336
337–339
337–339
323–324
228–229
321–342
adeno-associated virus gene
333–334
transfer adenoviral gene transfer adenovirus
324 genetic immunotherapy helper dependent adenovirus hematological malignancies
332–333
334–337
324
335 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 322, 327 herpes simplex virus gene transfer
334 herpes virus 324 HIV retrovirus 325 lentiviral gene transfer 330–332 lentivirus
324–325
oncoretrovirus 324–329
adenosine deaminase (ADA)
deficiency
327–328
immunodeficiencies,
inherited
328–329 long terminal repeats (LTRs) 324 lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) 329 MDR-1 327 Moloney murine leukemia virus
(MMLV)
neomycin phosphotransferase (neo
324
R
P-glycoprotein 237 replication-competent retrovirus
(RCR)
324
severe combined immunodeficiency
(SCID) of ADA
(ADA-SCID) 328–329 Tecartus 329 Yescarta 329
pox viruses 324 resistance immunotherapy 336 safety 337–339 suicide gene therapy 337–339 viral vectors 323–324
genetic aberrations, AML 33–36, 39–40
driver gene mutations 39–40 molecular 39–40 NPM1 40
genetic defects, VWD 235–243
autosomal dominant segregation 236 autosomal recessive segregation 236 Type 1 VWD 237–239, 246 Type 2 VWD 239–243
) 326
Type 2A VWD Type 2B VWD Type 2M VWD Type 2N VWD Type 3 VWD
genetic determinants, SCD
239–241, 246
241, 246
241–243, 246
243, 246
242–243, 246
193–196
genetic factors, autoimmune
disorders antibody Fc receptor cytokine gene polymorphisms
genetic factors, CLL genetic immunotherapy genetic modifiers genetic risk models, SCD genetic techniques, lymphomas
305–307
306–307
306
128
334–337
14
198–199
113–115
germline genetic variants, childhood ALL
therapy
349 germline JAK2 mutations, MPNs germline predisposition, AML
104
46–48 giant platelet syndromes 260–261 Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) 256–257 globin gene loci 3–4
JAK2 exon12mutations, MPNs 103–104
globin genes
7–11
α thalassemias 7–9
+
α
Thalassemia 7
0
α
Thalassemia 7–8 mutations that cause 9 variants
8–9
β thalassemia 9–11
β-globin chain variants 11 β-globin gene transcription 9
mRNA abnormal processing
9–10 mRNA abnormal transcription 10 rare forms 11
δβ Thalassemia 11 hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
(HPFH)
11 globin gene transcription 5 globin RNA 4–5 globin switching 5–6 glycophorins C and D (GPC/GPD) 290–291 glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency (G6PD) 163–165 Glycosylation defects 261 GPI-protein structure 153 GPIbα
253–254 GPIbα monoallelic mutations 254 GPIbβ monoallelic mutations
254 GPlb-V-IX complex 253 GPV 254 GPVI
255–256
graft-versus-host (GvHD), HCT 402–410
acute GvHD 404–406 chronic GvHD (cGvHD) 405–407 cytokine storm 405–406 immunological targets 402 NK-cells 410
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preventions 408–409
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T-cell trafficking treatment
graft-versus-leukemia (GvL), HCT
402–405, 407–410 allografting donor lymphocyte infusions
(DLI) immunological targets selective tumor-specific T-cells
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating
factor (GM-CSF)
granulopoiesis Graves’ disease gray platelet syndrome Griscelli syndrome
H3K27ac HiChIP haplotype map haplotypes 345 Hashimotos thyroiditis 305 HbA production, SCD 195–196 HbF, SCD, SCD HbS allele (HbAS), SCD 187, 191, 194 HDFN treatment 283 Helicobacter pylori eradication 314–315 helper dependent adenovirus 324 hematological malignancies hematopoiesis, defined 17 hematopoiesis, molecular regulation
20–25 cell cycle control cell-extrinsic regulators 21–25 chemokine receptors 25 cytonkines 21–25 hematopoietic control factors lineage determinations 20–21 protein serine–threonine kinase
receptors receptor, tyrosine kinases 22 self-renewal 20–21 transcription factors 21 tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 25 Type I cytokine receptors 21–22 Type II cytokine receptors 22
hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) hematopoietic control factors 23–24 hematopoietic ontogeny hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) 397 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 322, 327 hemochromatosis 184 hemoglobin
function 2–6 structure 2–6
globin gene loci 3–4 globin gene transcription 5 globin RNA 4–5
406
408–409
404
402–404
402
409–410
404
19
23–24
305
258
259
78
345
187, 192–198
335
20
23–24
22–25
55
25–26
globin switching
hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
(HDFN) fetal anemia HDFN treatment immunization K immunogenicity Kell
282–283 RH genes Rh proteins Rh system RhD immunogenicity
hemophilia
amplification and mismatch detection
antenatal diagnosis carrier testing chorionic villus sampling (CVS) clinical features 217–218 conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
EAHAD Coagulation Factor Variant
F8 gene 219–220 F9 gene
factor IX 217–218, 221–222, 224, 226, 228 factor VII 221, 228 factor VIII 217–219, 221, 223–224,
factor X gene therapy 228–229 hemophilia A 219–221 hemophilia B 221–222 hemorrhagic manifestations high-resolution melting analysis
inheritance 218–219, 225 inhibitor formation intron 22inversion 220 non-factor therapies 228 plasma-derived, von Willebrand factor
recombinant factors 226–228 variants 221, 223
hemophilia A 219–221 hemophilia B 221–222 hemopoietic cell transplantation
allogeneic HCT 398 allorecognition clonal deletion 400–401 graft-versus-host (GvHD) 402–410
281
281
217–230
(AMD)
(CSGE)
(DGGE)
Databases
222
226–229
222
(HRM)
(VWF) 224
(HCT) 397–412
acute GvHD 404–406 chronic GvHD (cGvHD) 405–407 cytokine storm 405–406 immunological targets 402
5–6
280–283
283
283
282
283
282
282
220
225–226
224–225
226
220
220
221
218
220
222–224
398–399
Index 419
410
NK-cells preventions T-cell trafficking treatment
graft-versus-leukemia (GvL)
407–410 allografting donor lymphocyte infusions
(DLI) immunological targets selective tumor-specific T-cells
hematopoietic progenitor cells
(HPCs)
immunosuppression, HSCT major histocompatibility complex
(MHC)
peripheral regulation separating GvHD and GvL 407–410 tolerance 400–401
hemorrhagic manifestations,
hemophilia
hemostasis 231–232 hepcidin 179–181 hepcidin–ferroportin interaction 171 hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
(HPFH)
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 258 herpes simplex virus gene transfer 334 herpes virus HFE-related hemochromatosis 182–183 high hyperdiploid ALL 69–71 high-resolution melting analysis (HRM) 220 hinge domain, CAR-T cells 371 histone modification HIV retrovirus 325 HLA antigens 268–271 HLA class I genes 269–270 HLA class II genes HLA gene polymorphism 271 HNA allele frequency 279 HNA allograft rejection 280 HNA antigen systems 278–279 HNA detection methods 279 Hodgkin lymphoma 113 homing, HSCs 25–27 hormones, autoimmune disorders 308 HPA allele frequencies 273 HPA alloimmunization 274–275 HPA immunogenicity 276 HPFH, see hereditary persistence of fetal
hemoglobin (HPFH)
HSCs, see stem cells human genome variation 344–347
adverse drug reactions (ADR) 346 copy number variants (CNVs) 345–346 drug-related phenotypes 347 epidrugs 346
408–409
406
408–409
402–405,
404
402–404
402
409–410
404
397
408
398
401
218
11
324
60
269–270
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420 Index
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human genome variation (Continued)
epigenetic variations 346 ethnic groups haplotype map haplotypes immunopharmacogenomics linkage disequilibrium single-nucleotide variants somatic variations
human studies, autoimmune
hyperdiploid ALL hyperdiploid, MM hypoferremia hypogammaglobulinemia, CAR-T cell
ICC 2022 classification, myeloid
IDH1 45 IDH2 45
IgH translocations 139–140 IGHV mutations, CLL IKZF1N159Y 78–79 immature T-ALL 79 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity
immune system 299–305
adaptive immune system 300 antigen recognition, T-cells 303 autoimmunity, beneficial effects autoreactive T-cells 303 B-cells 300–301 cytokines, immune response 301 innate immune system major histocompatibility complex 301 soluble molecules 301 T regulatory cells (Tregs) 303–304 T-cell activation T-cell tolerance 302–303 T-cells 300–303 TCR signaling 303 Th1 response, cytokine profile 301–302 Th2 response, cytokine profile 301–302 tolerance 302–304
immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) 309–313
antigenic targets 312 antiplatelet antibodies 310–312 chronic refractory ITP 312–313 clinical features 310 diagnosis 310–312 epitopes 312 etiology 310 pathogenesis 311 treatment 312–313
immunization, HDFN 282
347
345
345
346
345
345
346
disorders
therapy
malignancies
syndrome (ICANS), CAR-T cell therapy
307–309
71–72
139
169–172
383
62–65
128–129
383
304–305
299–300
303
immunodeficiencies, inherited immunological targets, GvHD immunological targets, GvL immunopharmacogenomics immunosuppression, HSCT impaired immunity, CLL invitro assays invitro colony-forming cells (CFCs) invivo assays infections
autoimmune disorders
CAR-T cell therapy inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) inheritance, hemophilia inherited BMF syndromes
Diamond-Blackfan anemia
dyskeratosis congenita (DKC)
Fanconi anemia (FA) 153–156
telomere biology disorders
inherited GPI deficiency (IGD) 152–153 inhibitor formation, hemophilia 222–224 initiating cells (ICs) 18 initiation, blood coagulation innate immune system 299–300 International Myeloma Working Group 138 International Prognostic Scoring System-
intestinal iron transport intracellular co-stimulatory domains, CAR-T
intracellular signaling pathways, defects 258 intrachromosomal amplification of
intrinsic coagulation, VWD 232 intron 22inversion, hemophilia 220 iron absorption, anemia of chronic
iron-deficiency disorders 182 iron disorders 181–185
aceruloplasminemia
African siderosis 184–185
atransferrinemia 185
Ferroportin disease 184
hemochromatosis 184
HFE-related hemochromatosis 182–183
iron distribution, abnormal 185
iron overload disorders 182
iron-deficiency disorders 182
non-HFE-related
iron distribution, abnormal 185 iron homeostasis 178–181 iron metabolism 175–186
hepcidin 179–181
intestinal iron transport 176
29–30
30–31
158–160
(DBA)
(TBD)
156–158
Molecular (IPSS-M)
372
cells
chromosome 21 (iAMP21) 72–73
disease
172
hemochromatosis 183–184
328–329
402
402
346
408
133–134
18
308
383
305
218–219, 225
153–160
156–158
202
57
176
185
iron disorders
aceruloplasminemia African siderosis atransferrinemia Ferroportin disease hemochromatosis HFE-related
hemochromatosis iron-deficiency disorders iron distribution, abnormal iron overload disorders non-HFE-related
hemochromatosis
iron homeostasis iron storage iron transport regulators, iron transferrin cycle
transport mechanisms, iron 175–178 iron overload disorders iron parameters, anemia of chronic
disease
iron restriction, anemia of chronic
disease iron storage 178–179 iron transport 175–178 isolation, stem cells 28–29
JAK2 germline haplotype, MPNs
104–105
JAK2 mutations, MPNs JAK2 V617F mutation, MPNs 101–103 JAK2 variants, MPNs
JAKs, defined 99 JAK-STAT pathways, MPNs 99–101
K immunogenicity, HDFN karyotypes 113 karyotypic evolution 55 Kell, HDFN 282–283 Kidd blood group kinase signaling 75 KMT2A gene 37–38, 46 KMT2A-rearranged ALL 74
lentiviral gene transfer 330–332 lentivirus 324–325 leukemia-initiating cells 359 leukemic stem cells (LSCs) 359, 361, 363,
365 life expectancy, SCD 192 lineage commitment models 19–20 lineage determinations,
hematopoiesis 20–21 linkage disequilibrium,
pharmacogenomics 345 long terminal repeats (LTRs) 324
181–185
185 184–185 185
184
184
182–183
182
185
182
183–184
178–181
178–179
175–178
179
177–178
182
169
170–172
104
104
283
292–293
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Index 421
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long-read sequencing, MHC 272 long-term culture-initiating cells
(LTC-ICs) LSC dormancy, CSC targeted therapy lymphoma
anaplastic large cell lymphomas
(ALCL)
B-cell lymphomas Burkitt lymphoma (BL) chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small
lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/
SLL)
cytogenetic techniques diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not
otherwise specified (DLBCL,
NOS)
fluorescence in-situ hybridization
(FISH)
follicular lymphoma (FL) genetic techniques Hodgkin lymphoma 113 karyotypes 113 lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL)
119
mantle cell lymphoma marginal zone lymphoma
(MZL)
nodal T-follicular helper (TFH) cell
lymphomas (nTFHLs)
peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not
otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS)
122–123
Reed-Sternberg cell
T-cell lymphomas 123 lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) 119 lymphopoiesis 24 lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs)
magnetic bead columns major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) DNA microarray genotyping 272–273 HCT 398 HLA antigens 268–271 HLA class I genes 269–270 HLA class II genes 269–270 HLA gene polymorphism HNA allele frequency 279 HNA allograft rejection HNA detection methods 279 HPA allele frequencies 273 HPA alloimmunization 274–275 immune system 301 long-read sequencing 272 molecular detection methods 273–274 molecular typing 271 next generation sequencing 272 PCR-SSP 271
18
363
113–126
121–122
121
115–116
120–121
114
116–117
113–114
113, 118–119
113–115
118
119–120
122
113
329
28–29
268–275
271
280
platelet glycoproteins platelet-specific antigens (HPA) reverse PCR-SSOP sequencing-based typing
third-generation sequencing management, SCD management, thrombophilia mantle cell lymphoma marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) markers, primitive HSCs
327
MDR-1
MDS
52, 56, 58–59, 63 MDS cytogenetic abnormalities Medich giant platelet syndrome MEF2D-rearranged ALL metabolism, iron
hepcidin
179–181 intestinal iron transport iron disorders 181–185
aceruloplasminemia 185 African siderosis 184–185 atransferrinemia 185 Ferroportin disease hemochromatosis 184 HFE-related
hemochromatosis iron-deficiency disorders iron distribution, abnormal 185 iron overload disorders 182 non-HFE-related
hemochromatosis
iron homeostasis iron storage 178–179 iron transport 175–178 regulators, iron 179 transferrin cycle
transport mechanisms, iron 175–178 metabolism, red cells 149 MF, MPNs 105–108 microenvironment, CLL microRNA 130
MLL, see KTM2A
MM, see multiple myeloma (MM) mobilization, stem cells 27–28 models, pharmacogenomics 347 molecular biology, CLL 128–130 molecular biology, CML 85–86 molecular detection methods,
MHC 273–274 molecular genetic aberrations molecular markers, AML 33 molecular typing, MHC Moloney murine leukemia virus
(MMLV) 324 mortality, SCD 192 mouse models, autoimmune disorders 307 MPL mutations, MPNs 105–106 MRD monitoring, AML 48–49
275
273–274
271–272
272
272
193–196
212–213
118
119–120
28
56 261
76
175–186
176
184
182–183
182
183–184
178–181
177–178
132–133
39–40
271
mRNA abnormal processing mRNA abnormal transcription multiple myeloma (MM), 137–144;
see also MM bone marrow microenvironment CAR-T cell therapy chromosome 1q gain classification Cyclin D dysregulation Cyclin D genes cytogenetic abnormalities Del(13q) Del(1p32) deletion of 17(p) developmental model diagnostic criteria hyperdiploid IgH translocations 139–140 International Myeloma Working
MYC signaling 141–142 myeloma cell development NFkB family 142 plasma cell development 137–138 progression 140–143 R2-ISS RAS abnormalities 141 revised international staging system
risk stratification secondary abnormalities 140 t(11;14)(q13;q32) 139–140 t(14;16) (q32;q23) 140 t(14;20) (q32;q11) 140 t(4;14) (p16;q32) trisomies 139
multiple sclerosis (MS) 305 multipotent, stem cells 17 mutated genes, AML mutations, AE1 289 myasthenia gravis 305 MYC signaling 141–142 myelodysplastic neoplasms, childhood 63 myeloid leukemia (AML) 359 myeloid malignancies 51–66
AML 52–53, 56–59, 61, 64–65 AML post cytotoxic therapy 58 AML risk classification 53 cell signaling genes 60–65
AML, mutated genes 61–62 AML with CEBPA mutation 62 AML with NPM1 mutation 62 DEBPA 61 FLT3 61 ICC 2022 classification 62–65 NPM1 61 TP53 61 WHO 2022 classification 62–65
141
Group
143
(R-ISS)
143
139
142
142
139
138
143
143
140
9–10
10
142–143
378–379
142
140
139
141
138
138–140
61–62
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422 Index
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myeloid malignancies (Continued)
chromosomal translocation 55 classification systems clinical implications
51
55
clonal cytopenia of undetermined
significance (CCUS)
52
clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate
potential (CHIP) cohesion complex cytogenetic analysis detection methods DNA methylation epigenetic regulators
51–52
60
53–54, 56–58, 64
54–55
60
59
hematopoietic cell transplantation
55
(HCT) histone modification
60
International Prognostic Scoring
System-Molecular (IPSS-M) 57 karyotypic evolution
55 MDS 52, 56, 58–59, 63 myelodysplastic neoplasms, childhood 63 myeloid sarcoma 65 somatic mutations
64–65 splicing factors, mutations 58–59 transcription factors 60 treatment 55–58
AML cytogenetic aberrations
56–58 AML with BCR::ABL1 fusion 58 AML with CBFB::MYH11 fusion 57 AML with DEK::NUP214 fusion 57 AML with FUS::ERG 58 AML with KAT6A::CREBBP
58 AML with KMT2A rearrangement 57 AML with MECOM rearrangement 58 AML with MNX1::ETV6 58 AML with NPM1::MLF1
58 AML with NUP98 rearrangement 58 AML with RBM15::MRTFA fusion 57 AML with RUNX1::RUNX1T1
fusion
57
AML with RUNX1T3
(CBFA2T3)::GLIS2
58 AML, genetic alterations 58 APL with PML::RARA fusion 56–57 MDS cytogenetic abnormalities 56
myeloid sarcoma 65 myeloid transcription factors, AML 41–42
CEBPA (CCAAT/enhancer-binding
protein α) 42
RUNX1 41–42 myeloma cell development 138–140 myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs),
99–112; see also MPNs
British Committee for Standards in
Haematology (BSCH) diagnostic criteria 101
British Society for Haematology (BSH)
diagnostic criteria 101
CALR mutations
106–107
chronic eosinophilic leukemia
(CEL)
109
chronic neutrophoic leukemia
108–109
(CNL) CNL diagnostic criteria eosinophilia
104
essential thrombocythemia
105–108
ET germline JAK2 mutations
JAK2 exon12mutations JAK2 germline haplotype JAK2 mutations JAK2 V617F mutation JAK2 variants
104
JAK-STAT pathways
105–108
MF molecular information
108
100–101
104
103–104
104–105
104
101–103
99–101
109–110 MPL mutations 105–106 Philadelphia-negative 101–102 polycythemia vera
100–101 primary myelofibrosis 100–101 PV 106–107 reticulin deposition 108 somatic mutations
106–108
WHO 2022 diagnostic criteria 100
neomycin phosphotransferase (neo
R
) 326 neonatal alloimmune neutropenia 280 neonatal alloimmune
thrombocytopenia
276–279 neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) blockade 316 next generation sequencing, MHC 272 NK-cells, GvHD
410 NFkB family 142 nitric oxide export, AE1 287–289 nodal T-follicular helper (TFH) cell
lymphomas (nTFHLs)
non-factor therapies, hemophilia
122
228
non-HFE-related
hemochromatosis
183–184 novel immunomodulatory agents 316 NPM1 40, 61 NT5C2 variants, childhood ALL
therapy 352
N-terminal cytoplasmic domain,
AE1 286–287
NUDT15 variants, childhood ALL
therapy 350–352
numerical chromosomal abnormalities
38
NUTM1-rearranged ALL 77–78
oncoretrovirus 324–329
adenosine deaminase (ADA)
deficiency 327–328 immunodeficiencies, inherited 328–329 long terminal repeats (LTRs) 324 lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) 329
MDR-1
327
Moloney murine leukemia virus
(MMLV)
neomycin phosphotransferase (neo
P-glycoprotein
324
237
R
) 326
replication-competent retrovirus
324
(RCR)
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
of ADA (ADA-SCID)
Tecartus
329
329
Yescarta
oral antithrombotic therapy
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) clopidogrel, CYP2C19 variants coumarins, CYP2C9 variants coumarins, VKORC1 variants warfarin
354
328–329
353–356
353
355–356
354
354–355
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
(PNH)
148–152
pathogenesis, anemia of chronic
170–172
disease
pathogenesis, ITP
311
pathology, molecular 1–16
function, hemoglobin 2–6 globin genes 7–11
α thalassemias
7–9
β thalassemia 9–11 δβ Thalassemia 11
hereditary persistence of fetal
hemoglobin (HPFH) 11
phenotypes of thalassemia
12–15
α thalassemia, 12-13 β thalassemias
13–14
therapies 14–15
structure, hemoglobin
2–6 globin gene loci 3–4 globin gene transcription 5 globin RNA 4–5 globin switching
5–6
thalassemia phenotypes 12–15 pathophysiology, SCD 192 PAX5-driven ALL 77 PAX5alt 77 PAX5 P80R 77 PCR-SSP 271 peripheral regulation, HCT 401 peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise
specified (PTCL-NOS) 122–123
P-glycoprotein
237
pharmacogenomics 343–358
antithrombotic therapy, oral
353–356 cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) 353 clopidogrel, CYP2C19 variants
355–356 coumarins, CYP2C9 variants 354 coumarins, VKORC1 variants 354–355 warfarin 354
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