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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_103_библиотеки_им_акад_М_И_Перельмана
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Index
https://t.me/med1917
A
Adaptive optics (AO)
applications
age-related macular degeneration, 404
diabetic retinopathy, 404
glaucoma, 406
healthy eye, 403
limitations, 408
technology- quantitative measurement, 400
types
ood illumination ophthalmoscopy, 402
optical coherence tomography, 402
scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, 402
wavefront sensor less, 402
Angiography, dye-enhanced
fundus uorescein angiography
applications, 333–334
contraindication, 330
pediatric, 330
phases
hyperuorescence, 331, 333, 334, 338
hypouorescence, 331–333
technique, 327, 328, 330
technology, 328
indocyanine green angiography
applications
age-related macular degeneration, 338
choroidal inammation, 342
choroidal tumors, 341
pachychoroid disease spectrum, 340
polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, 339, 340
phases
hyper uorescence, 339–342
hypouorescence, 339–342, 344
technique, 337
technology, 336, 337
Anisometropia, 18, 53–54
Anterior chamber angle
classication, 219
occludable, classication, 219
Articial intelligence
gonioscopy, 222
visual eld, 251–252
Autorefraction
advantage-disadvantage, 16–19
application
accuracy and precision, 16, 19–21
sphero-cylindrical refraction, 21–22
wavelength and accuracy, 22
techniques, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22–24
guidelines, 22–24
technology
measurement principles, 16–17
versus retinoscopy, 15, 16
B
Biometry
AL scan, 140–142
Aladdin ocular biometer, 141–142
Argos Advanced Optical Biometer, 142, 143
Eyestar 900, 142, 143
Galilei G6 Dual Scheimpug Analyzer, 142
IOL Master, 140, 141
OA‐2000, 142, 143
optical, 140, 142, 143
ultrasound, 140, 148, 149
Bioresonator applanation resonance tonometer
(ART), 209
C
Cataract
grading
American Cooperative Cataract Research Group
(CCRG), 132
Oxford Clinical Grading System, 132
Wilmer System, 132
imaging
aberrometry, 153–158
anterior segment optical coherence tomography
(AS-OCT), 136, 153, 161–163
deep learning and articial intelligence, 136–137
lens opacication classication system
(LOCS), 132
LOCS I, II, and III, comparison, 132–134
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024
T. Das, P. Satgunam (eds.), Ophthalmic Diagnostics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0138-4
489
490
https://t.me/med1917
Index
Cataract (cont.)
retinal image-based classication, 136
Scheimpug imaging, 136, 158–161
slit lamp- based classication, 132, 133, 135–136
ultrasound B-scan, 153, 163–164
Color vision
deciency-types
acquired, common retina/optic nerve
disorders, 111
acquired vs. congenital, 111
tests
color arrangement tests
D15 test, 107
FM 100 Hue test, 106–107
color matching tests
anomaloscope, 108
CAD test, 108
Cambridge color test, 109–110
Rabin cone contrast test, 109
HRR plates, 103–106
Ishihara plates, 103
Pseudoisochromatic test, 103–106
Cornea
examination techniques
color coding systems, 185
concept of best t sphere, 186
reection-based systems, 184
scheimpug imaging, 184–185
slit scanning system, 184
examination technology
Elevation maps, 187
Keratometry maps, 186
Pachymetry maps, 186
topography, interpretation, 187–189
Orbscan, 184, 187
Pentacam, 185, 188
Cover test
near point of convergence, 71–72
vergence
efciency measurement, 74–75
fusional, 72–74
horizontal, 73–74
vertical, 74
D
Dacryocystography-computed tomography
acquisition methods, 463
dyes, 464
indications, 463
Deep learning
optic disc photography, 228
retinal nerve ber layer
attention-based convolutional neural network, 264
conditional adversarial shufe U-shaped
network, 264
contrast-limited adaptive histogram
equalization, 263
position-consistent data pre-processing, 265
random forest and gray-level co-occurrence
matrix, 265–266
recurrent/convolutional neural network, 263–264
E
Electro-oculogram (EOG)
application, 456, 459
technique, 452, 453, 455
technology, 451, 452
Electroretinography (ERG)
applications
dystrophy
cone dystrophy, 417, 418, 428
congenital stationary night blindness, 419–421
Leber congenital amaurosis, 417
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, 428, 430
rod cone dystrophy, 417, 421, 427–429
X-linked retinoschisis, 419, 420
inner retinal diseases, 419
photoreceptor diseases, 417
vitamin deciency, 421
electrodes
contact lens electrode, 412, 413
DTL electrode, 413
gold—foil electrode, 414
ground electrode, 414
H-K loop electrode, 414
LVP-Zari electrode, 414
reference electrode, 414
factors, affecting, 422
genotypes
ABCA4, 419, 428, 429
KCNV2, 417, 421
NR2E3, 417, 421
RDH5, 417, 421, 431
RS1, 419
ISCEV standards, 414–418, 420, 431
negative ERG, 419, 421
peak time, 416, 418, 419, 422, 424, 425, 427,
428, 430
photopic hill, 416, 421
pseudo-negative ERG, 421
types
cone system ERG, 416
full-eld ERG, 412, 414, 415, 418, 422,
426–429
multi focal, 412, 426, 427
applications, 426, 427
artifacts, 425
patient preparation, 424
recording, 424
technique, 422
technology, 422
pattern ERG, 426–431
application, 428–431
optic nerve, 428
retina, 428
waveform, origin, 415
Index
https://t.me/med1917
491
Extraocular muscle
actions, 69
application-clinical, 75–76
ocular alignment, 69–71
tests
duction, 69
light reex-based, 70
motility and versions, 68–69
F
Fundus
camera, 303–308, 313
capture-advances
adaptive optics, 306
confocal, 303, 305, 312
digital, 303, 305
ultra-wide, 306
wide, 306
photography
applications
age-related macular degeneration, 314–316
central serous chorioretinopathy, 317
drug toxicity, 319
macular dystrophies, 317
myopia, 322, 323
optic nerve head disorders, 321
polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, 316
vascular retinopathies, 319–320
artefacts, 306–309
technique
stereo photography, 303
technology, 304–309
types
autouorescence, 311
monochromatic, 310
multi color, 312
retro-mode, 312
Fundus, pediatric, wide-eld
camera, 349, 351
technique, 355
technology
illumination, 351, 353
optical design, 350
H
Home care, examination devices
folding phoropter, 473, 474
Grabi, 480
InstaRef, 475, 476
ophthalmoscope, 483, 484
order of magnitude, 478
PEEK, 473
pupil-lite, 482, 483
QuickSee (e-See), 474, 475
tonometer- rebound, 477, 478
I
Intraocular lens (IOL)
Dysfunctioonal IOL Index ( DLI), 157–158
IOL power calculation
errors, 149
formulae, 143–144
methods, 144
special circumstances, 145–149
Aphakia, 145–146
Keratoconus, 145–146
myopia, 148
pediatric cataract, 146
Pseudophakia, 145
refractive surgery after, 147–148
silicone oil lled eye, 146–147
Toric IOL, 139, 143
premium IOL- Preoperative assessment, 155–157
Intraocular pressure
bioresonator applanation resonance tonometer
(ART), 209
Corvis ST, 203, 207
dynamic contour, 202
ocular response analyzer (ORA), 205
rebound tonometer, 206
Schiotz tonometry, 207
telemetric 24-hour IOP monitoring
Eyemate-SC, 205
EyeSeal, 206
IOP Watcher, 206
triggersh, 206
Tonometer Applanation-Goldmann, 201
Tono-pen, 207
G
Gonioscopy
articial intelligence, 222
lenses, 213
optics, 213
photography, 221
structures, 217–218
technique
direct lenses, 216
indirect lenses, 216
J
Jackson cylinder, 21, 48–50
L
Lens measure
geneva lens measure, 61
Polariscope, 63
pupillary distance measurement, 64–65
492
https://t.me/med1917
Index
M
Microperimetry
applications
age-related macular degeneration, 314, 392
neovascular, 316
non-neovascular, 392, 393
diabetic retinopathy, 393
retinitis pigmentosa, 395
Stargardt’s disease, 393
techniques, 313
technology, 328
O
Ocular surface, 191–199
adnexa, 194
conjunctiva, 191
cornea, 191
lacrimal gland, 195
Ophthalmoscope
direct, 483
indirect, 484
Optic disc
photography device
handheld fundus cameras, 228
non-mydriatic fundus cameras, 227
photography techniques
monoscopes color, 225, 226
red-free, 226, 311
stereoscopic, 226, 313, 314
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
choroid in AMD, 370
early and intermediate, 368
geographic atrophy, 370
neovascular, 368
diabetic retinopathy
macular edema, 366
maculopathy, 366
non-proliferative, 366
proliferative, 366
epiretinal membrane, 374
glaucoma OCT
clinical utility, 234
glaucoma diagnosis, 234
glaucoma progression, 235
new advances
adaptive optics, 236
enhanced depth imaging, 237
technology
spectral domain, 234
swept source, 234
time-domain, 233
hamartoma, 383
macula
hole, 375
telangiectasia, 320, 372
myopia
choroidal neovascularization, 375
macular degeneration, 375
traction maculopathy, 376
retina OCT
OCT system
scanning protocols, 363
SD OCT, 361
SS OCT, 362
retinal vascular disease
artery occlusion, 370
vein occlusion, 371
tumors
choroid
hemangioma, 341, 382
melanoma, 341, 381
nevus, 381
osteoma, 382
uveitis
infectious uveitides, 379
non-infectious retinitis, 379
sympathetic ophthalmia, 378
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, 378
White dot syndrome, 319
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)
age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
choroid in AMD, 370
early and intermediate, 368
geographic atrophy, 370
neovascular, 368
algorithm, 364
diabetic retinopathy
macular edema, 366
maculopathy, 366
non-proliferative, 366
proliferative, 366
epiretinal membrane, 374
hamartoma, 383
macula
hole, 375
telangiectasia, 320, 372
myopia
choroidal neovascularization, 375
macular degeneration, 375
traction maculopathy, 376
retinal vascular disease
artery occlusion, 370
vein occlusion, 371
scanning protocols, 365
tumors
choroid
hemangioma, 341, 382
melanoma, 341, 381
nevus, 381
osteoma, 382
uveitis
infectious uveitides, 379
non-infectious retinitis, 379
sympathetic ophthalmia, 378
vitreomacular interface disorder, 373
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, 378
White dot syndrome, 319
Optical dispensing, 57–58, 61, 65
Index
https://t.me/med1917
493
P
Polariscope, 63–64
Presbyopia, prescription, 7, 44, 45, 50, 54–55
Pupil
anisocoria, 79–80, 84, 85
dilation, 79, 80, 114, 115, 220, 227, 353, 355,
389, 423
near response, 81
pharmacological tests, 80
pupillary distance measurement, 64–65
pupillary light reex, 80–84, 482
pupillary phenomena
idiopathic alternating anisocoria, 85
paradoxical pupillary constriction in dark, 85
Tournay's pupillary phenomenon, 85
Westphal–Piltz reex, 85
relative afferent pupillary defect-grades, 81, 83, 428,
431, 482
slitlamp examination, 486
swinging ashlight test, 81–84, 482
R
Retinal nerve ber layer (RNFL)
anatomy
organization, 256
topographic localization, 256
deep learning, 229, 230, 261
examination, 234
photography
fundus, 228, 255, 259–266, 303–323
scanning laser polarimetry/OCT, 255, 259
slitlamp biomicroscopy, 479
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)-stages, 125, 221, 290,
298–300, 347
Retinoscopy
equipment, 28–29
Straddling technique, 37, 38
technique
enhancement technique, 35–37
performing retinoscopy, 28, 38–39
types
break phenomenon, 37
cycloplegic retinoscopy, 39, 46, 54, 55
Mohindra retinoscopy, 39–40
Skew phenomenon, 37
thickness phenomenon, 36
S
Slitlamp
components
examination techniques, 170–176, 191
machine specications, 170
photography and videography, 178
slitlamp accessories
Goldmann applanation tonometer, 178, 201–203,
205, 209
lenses, 135
Smartphone-based ophthalmic imaging, 118–124
advantage, 115
articial Intelligence, 118, 125–127
disadvantage, 115
history, 113–115
imaging
anterior segment devices
anterior imaging module, 119–120
slitlamp, portable, 120–124, 479
fundus device
fundus-on-phone (FOP), 115–118
microscope recording device (MRD), 127
Spectacles prescription
principle
technique
astigmatic fan, 50–51
binocular balancing, 52–53
cylindrical correction, 45–47, 53
Duochrome test, 51–52
Jackson Cross Cylinder, 21, 48–50
spherical correction, 45, 47
Stenopic slit, 50–51
Stereopsis
advantages, 91–92
clinical usefulness, 92–93
neurophysiology, 91
techniques, 93–95
test types
Frisby Near Stereotest, 89, 90
Lang Stereotest, 89, 95
Randot Stereotest, 88–91, 97
T
Tear lm assessment, 198, 199
Teleophthalmology, 472
methods, 472
U
Ultrasound biomicroscopy
application
glaucoma
angle closure, 221, 222, 275–277, 280, 281,
283, 456
quantitative mismeasurement, 278, 279, 400
secondary open angle, 275, 276
surgery, 204, 215, 245, 278–281, 293, 373, 375
lens, 213–218, 221, 258, 269, 272–279, 289, 296
ocular surface, 273
sclera, 278, 289, 293
secondary open angle, 275, 276
surgery, 204, 215, 245, 278–281, 293, 373, 375
technique, 271
tumor, 269, 273, 282–284
uveitis, 273, 280, 281, 283
vitreoretinal surgery, 127
technique, 271
technology, 221
494
https://t.me/med1917
Index
Ultrasound, ophthalmic
application
asteroid hyalosis, 289, 290, 300
choroidal coloboma, 296
choroidal detachment, 289, 292
cysticercosis, 295
endophthalmitis, 293, 294
optic nerve, 289, 290, 292
pediatric retinal disease, 298–300
Phthisis Bulbi, 296
posterior scleritis, 289, 294, 295
posterior staphyloma, 295, 296, 322
posterior vitreous detachment, 164, 289, 290, 374
retinal detachment, 164, 288, 289, 484
retinal tear, 293, 484
retinoschisis, 293, 318, 321, 377
silicon oil-lled eye, 146, 300
trauma, 269, 273–276, 278
tumors, 289
vitreous hemorrhage, 164, 282, 289, 290, 296
Vogt-Koyanagi Harada syndrome, 293
physics, 287, 451, 452
technology, 270, 288
V
Virtual reality (VR), 96, 250, 251, 472, 478
visual eld, 127–128
Visual acuity
concept
contrast sensitivity, 3–5, 7–8
distance visual acuity, 5–6, 9
low-contrast visual acuity, 7
near visual acuity, 2, 6–7
measurement
children, 10–11
contrast acuity, 7, 11–12
near vision, 6–7, 9, 11
people with vision impairment, 9–10
technique, 8–12
tools, 1–5, 11
Visual evoked potential (VEP)
amplitude
peak time, 439–441, 443
shape, 438, 441
transoccipital asymmetry, 443
pitfall and pearls, 445
technique, 439
technology
recording equipment
display and software, 437
electrodes, 436
signal acquisition, 436
stimuli, 437
Visual eld
octopus, 250
pediatric, 252
perimetry
home-based portable perimeter, Eyecatcher, 251
head-mounted or virtual reality, 251
laptop-based perimetry, 251
Melbourne rapid elds, 250
tablet-based or ipad-based perimetry, 250–251
visual elds easy, 250
technique (Humphry), 244
technology
Central Field Index, 245
Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm, 246
24-2C SITA Faster algorithm, 246
Visual Field Index, 245
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