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Table 6.2. Recent in vivo studies on medicinal plants mentioned in Canon of Medicine for treatment of CVD.
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Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
Anchusa azurea
Mill.
Zingiber
zerumbet (L.)
Sm.
Crocus sativus L. Stigmas/aqueous
Whole herb/60%
aqueous ethanol
Whole plant/
aqueous extract
Rhizome/aqueous
extract
extract
Stigmas/aqueous
extract
Crocetin Norepinephrine-induced cardiac
Stigmas/aqueous
extract
Crocin Diet-induced hyperlipidemia Rat Hypolipidemic Sheng etal. (2006) – Crocetin Rabbit Anti-atherosclerosis Zheng etal. (2005)
Stigmas/aqueous
extracts
Crocin Normal and voluntary exercised Rat Cardioprotective effect;
Crocin CaCl -induced arrhythmia
Crocin STZ-induced diabetic
Crocin MI-induced injury Rat Cardiotonic; antioxidant Wang etal. (2018)
Total flavonoids Chronic MI injury Mouse Protective effect against
chronic MI injury
Arteriovenous shunt thrombosis
model
Normoglycemic and STZ-
induced hyperglycemic
ISO-induced myocardial damage Rat Antioxidant;
ISO-induced MI Rat Antioxidant;
hypertrophy
Safranal and crocin Normotensive and
desoxycorticosterone acetate-induced hypertensive
HLD-induced
h
ypercholesterolemia and
aorta atherosclerosis
Heart reperfusion-induced lethal
ventricular arrhythmia
2
cardiomyopathy
Rat Anticoagulant Umar etal. (2015)
Rat Antihyperglycemic Husen etal. (2004)
cardioprotective
cardioprotective
Rat Antioxidant;
cardioprotective
Rat Hypotensive Imenshahidi etal.
Rat Antiarrhythmic Joukar etal. (2013)
heart angiogenesis; Akt and ERK1/2,
miR-126, miR-210 expression and CD31
Rat Antioxidant; antiarrhythmic Radmanesh etal.
Rat Cardiotonic Feidantsis etal.
Wang etal. (2020)
Sachdeva etal.
(2012)
Mehdizadeh etal.
(2013)
Alijaniha etal. (2015)
(2010)
Ghorbanzadeh etal.
(2017)
(2017)
(2018)
236 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi
Stigmas/
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hydroalcoholic extract
AngII-induced hypertension Rat Hypertension preventive
induced by RAS ( MAP, SBP, and HR)
Plangar etal. (2019)
Curcuma
z edoaria
(Christm.) Roscoe
Melissa
officinalis L.
Ocimum
basilicum L.
Crocin Chlorpyrifos-induced
Stamen/
hydroalcoholic
AngII, L-NAME, and BRS-
cardiotoxicity
induced hypertension
Rat Cardioprotective Khalaf and El-Mansy
(2019)
Rat Hypotensive effects Mohebbati etal.
(2021)
extract
Crocetin Cardiomyocytes induced by
L-type Ca2+ current, contractility, and Ca
2+
Rat Calcium channel
antagonist
Zhao etal. (2020)
transients
Crocin Silk ligatures-induced
Rhizome/aqueous
periodontitis
Spontaneously hypertensive Rat Antioxidant; vasodilator Goto etal. (2005)
Rat Antioxidant Kocaman etal.
(2021)
and methanol extract
Leaves/aqueous
extract
Aerial parts/
aqueous extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Aerial parts/
aqueous extract
Lipogenic diet-induced
hyperlipidemia
Ligation-induced heart ischemia/
reperfusion
HFD-induced insulin resistance
and dyslipidemia
Ischemia-induced arrhythmia
and heart injury
Methimazole-induced
hypothyroidism
Triton WR-1339-induced
hyperlipidemia
Rat Antihyperlipidemic Bolkent etal. (2005)
Rat Anti-ventricular arrhythmia Joukar etal. (2014)
Mouse Antihypergly cemic;
Weidner etal. (2014)
antihyperlipidemic
Rat Antio xidant;
Sedighi etal. (2019)
cardioprotective
Rat ↑ Post-ischemic
dysfunction by mPTP
2+
and Ca
Ragone etal. (2019)
Rat Hypolipidemic Amrani etal. (2006)
Leaves and stalks Turpentine-induced inflammation Rat Anti-inflammatory Originale etal. (2007) Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Leaves/aqueous
extract
ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Fathiazad etal.
(2012)
Phenylhydrazine-induced
hematotoxicity
Rat Anti-anemia and
antioxidant
Zangeneh etal.
(2019)
Continued
Herb ne for Cardiovascular Disease 237
al Medici
Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
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Citrus medica L. Seeds/petroleum
ether extract
Fruits/96%
ethanolic extract
Pterocarpus
santalinus L.f.
Bambusa
bambos (L.)
Voss
Malus domestica
Borkh.
Coriandrum
sativum L.
Bark/ethanolic
extract
Wood/methanolic
extract
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Fruits Cholesterol diet Rat Antioxidant,
Fruits Cholesterol-enriched diet Rat Antihyperlipidemic Serra etal. (2012) Vinegars HFD Male
Fruits/70%
aqueous methanolic extract
Seeds/aqueous
extract
Seed oil Carrageenan-induced paw
Seeds/aqueous
extract
STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic;
hypocholester olemic; hypolipidemic
ISO-induced cardiomyopathy Rat Cardioprotective Al-Yahya etal. (2013)
STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic Kondeti etal. (2010)
Carrageenan-induced paw
edema
Poloxamer-407-induced
hyperlipidemia
Voltage-dependent calcium
channels blockage
Hypercaloric diet-induced
obesity–hyperglycemia– hyperlipidemia
edema
ISO-induced heart failure Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
Rat Anti-inflammator y;
antioxidant; COX inhibition
Rat Antihyperlipidemic Kaikini etal. (2015)
antihyperlipidemic
Anti-inflammator y; Wistar rat
Rat Diuretic; hypotensive Jabeen etal. (2009)
Rat Cardiovascular protectiv e;
Rat Anti-inflammatory Ibrahim etal. (2017)
anti-adiposity
hypoglycemic
antio xidant; improvement of lipid profile and endothelial dysfunction
Sah etal. (2011)
Kumar (2011)
Aprikian etal. (2001)
Bounihi etal. (2017)
Aissaoui etal. (2011)
Siddiqi etal. (2018)
238 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi
Pyrus
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communis L.
Punica
granatum L.
Seeds/aqueous
extract
Fruits/ethyl acetate
and ethanolic extract
Flowers/
methanolic
extract Seeds juice ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Mohan etal. (2010) Whole fruit/
aqueous extract Fruit/
hydroalcoholic
extract Pomegranate juice Lead-induced oxidative stress Rat Antioxidant Aksu etal. (2017) Vinegars HFD Male
Pomegranate juice Deoxycorticosterone acetate–
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Peel/methanolic
extract–
Seeds powder Rat Antioxidant Singh and Gujar
Seed/oil Sterol compounds Diet-induced
Peels/ethyl acetate
extract
ISO-induced heart failure Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
improvement of lipid prof ile; LPO and endothelin receptors expression
Dexamethasone-induced
diabetes
Hyperglycemia and
hyperlipidemia
Doxorubicin-induced toxicity Rat Cardioprotective Hassanpour Fard
Spontaneously hypertensive Female
salt model of hypertension
HFD-induced obesity Rat Antioxidant Rao and
STZ-induced diabetic Rat Cardiotonic; antioxidativ e;
hypercholesterolemia
Fludrocortisones-induced
hypertension
Rat Antidiabetic;
antihyperlipidemia
ZDF rat Diminishes cardiac fibrosis Huang etal. (2005)
Hypolipidemic Delgado etal. (2017)
rat
Anti-inflammator y; Wistar rat
Rat Antihypertensive Chaudhari Pankaj
Rabbit Improved lipid profile Bayati and Asadi-
Rat Antihypertensive Monir etal. (2020)
anti-adiposity
anti-inflammator y; antiapoptotic
Dhyani etal. (2018)
Velmurugan and
Bhargava (2013)
etal. (2011)
Bounihi etal. (2017)
etal. (2018)
Krishnamurthy (2019)
El-Mansi and
Al-Kahtani (2019)
(2019)
Gharneh (2020)
Continued
erbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 239 H
Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
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Terminalia
chebula Willd.
ex Flem.
Paeonia
officinalis L.
Myrtus
communis L.
Syzygium
ar omaticum
(L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry
Piper cubeba L. Fruits/80%
Fruits/ethanol
extract
Fruits/ethanol
extract
Seeds/chloroform
extract
Fruits/aqueous
extract
Mature fruits Atherogenic diet-induced
Root/alcoholic
extract
Fruits/
hydroalcoholic extract
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Ozone-induced oxidative stress Mouse Antioxidant Feng etal. (2001)
Rat Antioxidant Bafna and Balaraman
ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
Flower buds/oil Oleanolic acid NaCl-induced hypertension Rat Antihypertensiv e;
–/oil Carrageenan-induced paw
methanolic extract
ISO-induced myocardial injury Rat Cardioprotective Suchalatha and Devi
ISO-induced myocardial
oxidative stress
STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic Rao and Nammi
STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic Murali etal. (2007)
hyperlipidemia
Rat Antihypertensiv e;
Normoglycemic and STZ-
induced diabetic
Hypoxia-induced lethality Mouse Antihypoxic Kaveh etal. (2019)
edema
Rat Antio xidant; MD A; HDL Choi and Hwang
Rat Antioxidant Suchalatha and Devi
Rat Hypolipidemic Maruthappan and
digitalis-like action
Rat Hypogly cemic;
h ypolipidemic; antioxidant
antioxidant
antioxidant
Rat Anti-inflammatory Ibrahim etal. (2017)
(2004)
(2005)
(2006)
Shree (2010)
Wenzel and Haskell
(1952)
Tas etal. (2018)
(2005)
Bafna and Balaraman
(2005)
Madlala etal. (2015)
(2005)
240 Zahra Taghipour a k Hashemi Habib Abadi
nd Mama
Raphanus
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sativus L.
Citrullus
coloc ynthis
(L.) Schrad.
Cydonia oblong a
Mill.
Seeds/96%
ethanolic extract
Seeds/aqueous
extract
Rat Antihypertensive Hindo etal. (2007)
Leaves/70%
ethanolic extract Root Fattening diet-induced fatiness Rabbit Antiglycemic; antioxidant Corbi etal. (2018) Fresh juice Sucrose-induced postprandial
Pulp/70%
ethanolic extract
Pulp and
seeds/70%
methanolic
extract Roots/aqueous
extract Leaves/
hydroalcoholic
extract Seeds Total alkaloids HFD-induced metabolic disorder Rat Improved metabolite
Pulpy flesh with
seeds/70%
ethanol extract Leaves/ethanolic
extracts Leaves/60%
ethanolic extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extracts
Cubebin Phenylephrine-induced
contraction
Saline-induced hypertension Rat Antihypertensive Ghayur and Gilani
ISO-induced myocardial injury Rat Cardiotoxic Shah etal. (2014)
glycemia
Atherogenic diet + cholesterol
feeding-induced hyperlipidemia
Cholesterol feeding-induced
hyperlipidemia
Alloxan monohydrate-induced
diabetic
STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antihypergly cemic;
STZ-induced diabetic Rat Hypogly cemic; ↓ TG and
Normal and STZ-induced
diabetic
HFD-induced hyperlipidemia Rat Hypolipidemic; antio xidant;
Kidney one-clip Goldblatt model Rat Antihypertensive Zhou etal. (2014c)
Rat Vasorelaxation Carvalho etal. (2013)
(2006)
Rat Antihypertensive Srujana etal. (2019)
Rabbit Hypolipidemic Daradka etal. (2007)
Rabbit Antihyperlipidemic Zamani etal. (2007)
Rat Antidiabetic Agarwal etal. (2012)
Ebrahimi etal. (2016)
antihyperlipidemic
Birem etal. (2017)
disorder
Ghauri etal. (2020)
TC
Rat Hypoglycemic; antioxidant Aslan etal. (2010)
Abliz etal. (2014) lipoprotein metabolism; lipogenesis
Continued
Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 241
Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
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Origanum
majorana L.
Moringa oleifer a
Lam.
Fruit and leaf/
aqueous or ethanolic extracts
Leaves/aqueous
extracts
Total flavonoids Spontaneously hypertensive
Fruit/aqueous
extracts
Leaves/aqueous
extract
ISO-induced cardiotoxicity Rat Antioxidant; anti-
Ethanolic extract Niazinin A, niazinin
Fruits Diet-induced
Seed powder Arsenic-induced oxidative stress Rat Antioxidant Gupta etal. (2005) Leaves/aqueous
extract
Leaves/
hydroalcohol extract
Leaves Arsenic-induced oxidative stress Rat Antio xidant; LPO and
Kidney one-clip Goldblatt model Rat Antihypertensive Zhou etal. (2014b)
Mouse
and rat
Rat Inhibition of myocardial
model
Doxorubicin-induced
cardiotoxicity
ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Ramadan etal.
Atropine-induced hypertension Rat Cardiodepressant Gilani etal. (1994)
B, niazimicin
hypercholesterolemia
Diet-induced
hypercholesterolemia
ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Nandave etal. (2009)
Rat Cardioprotectiv e; cardiac
Rabbit Hypolipidemic Mehta etal. (2003)
Rabbit Hypolipidemic; anti-
Improvement of
hemostasis and thrombosis
hypertrophy; inhibition of RAAS
mitochondrial dysfunction
inflammatory
atheroscler otic; cardioprotective
SOD
Zhou etal. (2014a)
Zhou etal. (2015)
Gholami etal. (2017)
(2013)
Rababa’h and
Alzoubi (2021)
Chumark etal. (2008)
Latha etal. (2010)
242 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi
Leaves/
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hydroalcoholic extract
Leaves N,α-
Aerial parts/
alcoholic extract Leaves Arsenic-induced toxicity Rat Hypocholesterolemic Sheikh etal. (2014) Leaves/aqueous
extract Leaves/aqueous
extract Leaves/butanolic
extract Seeds Spontaneous hypertensive Rat Cardioprotectiv e; HR Randriamboavonjy
Leaves/methanolic
extract Leaves HFD-induced glucose
Seed Spontaneously hypertensive Rat Antihypertensiv e;
ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Ishwarya etal. (2017) Seed Diet-induced
Leaves/aqueous
extract Leaves STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antio xidant; TG, TC,
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Diet-induced hyperlipidemia Rat Hypolipidemic; anti-
inflammator y; antio xidant; anticoagulant; platelet antiaggregator y; TG, TC , and LDL; HDL
L-
rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide
High-cholesterol diet-induced
γ-Radiation-induced oxidative
High-salt diet-induced blood
ISO-induced cardiac necrosis Rat Antioxidant; protection of
Atherogenic diet-induced
α-Cypermethrin-induced
Diet- and carbimazole-induced
ISO-induced cardiotoxicity Rat Cardioprotective Panda etal. (2013)
Rat Anti-obesity Ahmed etal. (2014)
obesity
Rat Antioxidant Mansour etal. (2014)
stress
Rat Antihypertension Ofem etal. (2015)
parameters change
myocardium
Rat Hypolipidemic; ↓ TG, TC,
dyslipidemia
Rat Anti-inflammator y;
intolerance
Rat Improved heart enzyme El Rabey etal. (2017)
hypercholesterolemia
Rat Antioxidant Mansour etal. (2018)
oxidative stress
Rat Antihyper lipidemic;
hyperlipidemia
antioxidant
anti-inflammator y; antioxidant
cardioprotective
Rajanandh etal.
(2012)
Panda (2015)
etal. (2016)
Saleem etal. (2016)
Joung etal. (2017)
Randriamboavonjy
etal. (2017)
Onyenibe etal.
(2018)
Bitrus etal. (2018)
Continued
Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 243
Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
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vulgare L.
Aluminum phosphide-induced
acute cardiac toxicity
Leaves/methanolic
extract Seed powder Rat Vascular protective Randriamboavonjy
Leaves//ethanolic
extract Leaves/aqueous
extract
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Seed oil Dichlorvos-induced cardiac
Leaves/methanolic
extract Seed powder MI-induced myocardial damage Mouse Anti-apoptosis; antio xidant;
Leaves/ethanolic
extract Seed Water-soluble lectin HFD- and STZ-induced diabetic Mouse Hypoglycemic Vera-Nuñez etal.
Barley-based diet Chicken Hypocholesterolemic Qureshi etal. (1980)
Barley diet Rat Hypotensiv e; SBP; ↓ TG,
Barley bran Diet-induced
STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antioxidant Aju etal. (2019)
Potassium dichromate-induced
toxicity and oxidative stress
L-NAME-induced hypertension Rat Antihypertensiv e;
HFD-induced dyslipidemia and
vascular endothelium dysfunction
injury
HFD-induced obesity Rat Anti-obesity; antioxidant Mabrouki etal. (2020)
Tilmicosin-induced cardiac injury Rat Antio xidant;
hypocholesterolemia
Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
antioxidant
Rat Antioxidant Kazeem etal. (2019)
antio xidant; vascular dysfunction
Rat Improvement in lipid profile
and vascular endothelium protection
Rat Antioxidant Saka etal. (2020)
cardioprotective
cardioprotective
TC, and LDL
Rat Hypolipidemic; ↓ lipids,
liver enzymes, LDH, and CK-MB
Gouda etal. (2018)
etal. (2019)
Aekthammarat etal.
(2019)
Madkhali etal. (2019)
Li etal. (2020)
Khalil etal. (2020)
(2021)
Li etal. (2004)
Abulnaja and El
Rabey (2015)
244 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi
Leaves/70%
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ethanolic extract
Citrus limon (L.)
Burm.f.
palmatum L.
Medik.
Lactuca sativa L. Red-pigmented
intybus L.
oleracea L.
Fruit juice HFD-induced dyslipidemia Rat A CE inhibition;
Emodin HFD-induced obesity Mouse Anti-obesity via regulating
Chrysophanol Doxorubicin-induced
Protein extraction
leafy lettuce
Seed Caffeoylquinic acid High-fructose diet-induced
Seeds/aqueous
methanolic
extracts Seed STZ-induced diabetic Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
Hydroalcoholic
extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extract Leaves Vitamin A-
Seeds High-cholesterol diet-induced
HFD-induced
hypercholesterolemia
cardiotoxicity
Rat Hypotriglyceridemic;
process
High-fat high-cholesterol diet Mouse Antio xidant;
metabolic disorder
NaCl-induced hypertension Rat Hypotensive via inhibition
Model of ischemic reperfusion Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
Rat Antihypert ension;
deficient
hyperchlosterolemia
Rabbit Antioxidant Amel Zabihi etal.
hypocholesterolemic
Rat Cardioprotective by
Rat Improved glycemia;
Rat Antioxidant Arruda etal.
Rat Anti-ather ogenic;
SREBP pathway
suppressing cellular PARylation
VLDL and adipose-
tissue LPL
cardioprotectiv e; improvement of plasma cholesterol and lipid levels; prevention of LPO
atherogenic inde x; antioxidant
2+
of Ca
influx and via
α-adrenergic receptor
antioxidant; anti­inflammatory
antioxidant; chemokine receptor type 4
antioxidant
hypolipidemic
(2018)
Oboh etal. (2015)
Li etal. (2016)
Lu etal. (2019)
Boualga etal. (2009)
Lee etal. (2009)
Jurgonski etal.
(2012)
Malik etal. (2017)
Sharma etal. (2019)
Sedighi etal. (2021b)
Sedighi etal. (2021a)
(2004)
Barakat and
Mahmoud (2011)
Continued
Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 245