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356 Maryam Nikoosokhan
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Table 11.1. Inflammatory skin lesions/vesicles mentioned in Canon of Medicine.
Feleghmuni The general type of any hot swelling. It is of sanguine (blood) type that is
distended, severe inflammation, large and dense, congestion of tissue with
blood, involving skin surface and deep penetration with pulse and pain
H omrah Red–glossy yellow inflammation with severe burning and localized heat
due to yellow bile alone or mixed with blood (sanguine). Erysipelas is the
related modern terminology, which is inflammation with large red and
bright patches on the face and legs with sudden blistering, fever, thirst,
and restlessness
Ja varsiah Less inflamed, progressive namlah with white head and red base rashes
with burning, dry, ulcerative, sometimes self-improving, sometimes
creating wounds due to phlegm and black bile combined with hot yellow
bile humor
Namlah Skin lesions with burning and mild round swelling, severe pruritis, dry skin
Akallah Akal means corrosive organ and akallah is corrosive penetrating skin ulcer,
Qorooh (plural of qorh ah) Ghorhe or wound is an injury, especially one that breaks the skin, that is
Na r-e-farsi or jamrah Includes a lot of diluted liquid vesicles due to yellow bile mixing into blood,
Erqe-madani (Caused by Filaria medinensis, or guinea worm.) Severe itching and
Jarab Scabies is the related modern terminology and is defined as minor red
Salʿah Small subcutaneous gland of cold phlegm and is bounded by a membrane,
Ghangharia Gangrene is the mortification of tissue in a living body, due to the closure of
due to dilute yellow bile that can produce small wounds
high swelling, infectious and progressive due to oxidation of yellow bile
due to the changing integrity of oram and bosreh
with rashes at the site of lesions accompanied by erythema, severe pain,
itching, burning, and shaped as a linear flame of fire. It was more
common among people of Persia or Molk-e-Fars (Nasir etal., 2016)
tingling in the organ before the rash, then blister rash, blister perforation,
permanently white, or red to black exudation, which causes
dracunculiasis (Maleki, 2017)
rashes with severe itching and burning. Avicenna defined jarab as a
contagious disease in that pruritis is an essential symptom caused by
blood corruption due to an abnormal mixture of humors, including yellow
bile, black bile, and salty phlegm in the blood
can be moved under pressure in different directions, may be soft or rigid
blood vessels
disease. To evacuate acne-related humor,
moistening the body prevents the formation
of a progressive form of acne (alkalla). Various
studies report that morning glory (Ipomea car-
nea) has profound potential against many diseases such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation,
sleep disorders, and cardiovascular disorders
(Singla etal., 2021). Plantago (Plantago major),
pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels, and barley
(Hordeum vulgare) are recommended as topical
remedies in the form of pastes or ointments,
and honey can also be used in combination with
them when skin lesions do not respond to these
treatments and develop into ulcers. Finally, if
there is no response to these remedies, the surgical removal technique is recommended. To
treat the cancer form javarsieh, turpeth (Ip-
omea turpethum) in Ayurveda: (Operculina turpethum) and dodder (Cuscuta campestris) are
usually applied to remove mucus and black
bile, then gall oak (Quercus infectoria) bark and
tamarisk (Tam ar ix sp.) are used as an astringent topical paste.
Treatment of feleghmuni depends on the
individual medical history, as bad mood accumulates in the body. Elimination of exotic
substances that cause swelling and application of topical dosage forms such as zomad
(paste) made from wheat flour boiled in oil
and water are helpful. Removal of morbid
humor that aggravates the disease process
if it remains in the body is done by ishal
Treatment of Various Skin Diseases 357
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(a laxative) or vein removal (fasd) depending
on the age, season, environment, and physical condition of the patient. Topical dosage
forms that gradually loosen the skin, containing cold herbs such as purslane (Portu-
laca oleracea), chicory (Cichorium intybus)
juice, fine solanum (Solanum nigrum) powder, and morning glory, cool the body, slow
blood circulation, and slow swelling when
applied as a topical paste. The cold is brought
on with a sponge dipped in water and vin
egar. Repulsive herbs that divert the substance from one part of the body to another,
such as a decoction of pomegranate peel
with vinegar and sumac (Rhus coriaria), are
effective; in addition, acacia (Acacia arabica),
red horned poppy (Glaucium corniculatum),
and saffron (Crocus sativus) are used when a
strong effect is needed. In the final stage of
treatment of swelling, medicines such as
saffron help healing as a desiccant, as they
can reduce exudation from blood vessels and
inhibit infection. The warm and moist nature
of herbs such as flaxseed (Linum usitatissi-
mum), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla),
and dill (Anethum graveolens), due to their
dissolving properties, facilitates the elimination of congested mucus from the skin
pores when swelling becomes stiff. Thermogenesis also promotes the production of digestive enzymes that eliminate waste and
toxins. Excessive use of cold-producing
herbs slows down blood and energy circulation and leads to corruption of organs by restraining toxic humor. In this way, the local
application of barley flour and field bindweed is beneficial. Treatment of homrah or
erysipelas (which is generally more difficult
to cure than feleghmuni) is done by excretion
of the yellow bile by appropriate laxatives
and/or phlebotomy, depending on the clinical findings. Then, the cold-inducing drugs
mentioned in the treatment of feleghmuni
are used if there is evidence of stain distribution. A liquid dosage form of spinach beet
leaves boiled in astringent wine is used and
poured on the body surface, also a rue (Ruta
graveolens) extract with solid Persian rose oil
in the form of an ointment can be used in
this regard. For the treatment of nar-e-
farsi or jamrah, vein removal is required to
expel the yellow bile, and a paste of plantago
or wheat with a high content of bran and oak
juice with vinegar is recommended.
Skin Cancer
Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed
cancer in the USA, but most cases are preventable (NLM, 2014). Skin cancer global
rates have continued to increase and it is by
far the most common type of cancer, dramatically affecting the quality of life and imposing high costs on communities (Lomas etal.,
2012). There are some terms in Canon of
Medicine that refer to skin cancer; Avicenna
mentioned that cancer is a type of inflammation caused by changes in the quality and
quantity of main humors, including yellow
bile, phlegm, black bile, and blood (Tables
11.2, 11.3, 11.4, and 11.5). Some types of
swellings such as varame solb and varame
saratani (different forms of cancer) are the result of abnormal black bile. During a process
of excessive heat in the body, there is a burning or charring of the humor, similar to the
burning of food on a stove when the evaporation of water leaves charred material behind.
(Saher et al., 2021). When these substances
cannot be eliminated adequately and reach
the skin or lymph nodes as weak organs, they
spread with great penetrating power.
Treatment
Avicenna, in his Canon, mentioned that skin
cancer treatment is difficult. According to
the six hygiene principles, lifestyle modification includes using wet foods and nutrition
correction to produce healthy materials,
waste products and carcinogenic materials.
Depleting abnormal black bile and sometimes phlebotomy and modifying liver and
spleen function are used to prevent increased
swelling, prevent increased inflammation
and ulcer, and inhibit invasive behavior of the
tumor, and represent strategic approaches
for cancer treatment. The spleen is in close
connection with the liver, and any spleen dysfunction leads to changes in liver function,
mood, skin, and maybe cancer formation,
so it is important for body empowerment
358 Maryam Nikoosokhan
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Khanazir
Khilan A type of skin color that changes due to abnormal black bile and is a nevus that may
Warame sodawi
(saratani)
Warame solb This is complicated with phlegm and black bile combination, one kind is very similar to
Saqirus A firm type of inflammation that is caused by black bile, phlegm, or both, which may
(Zakeri etal., 2018). Agents that resolve vis-
Different types of khanazir or cold swelling type, created from thick phlegm and black
bile, adhere to the surrounding tissues and cannot be moved. Swollen lymph nodes
are more common in the axilla, neck, and soft parts of the body
be susceptible to malignancy (Iranzadasl etal., 2020)
A cancerous inflammation, carcinoma, varame soda, or melancholic swelling with
erythema that has a black bile origin produced from the ehteragh (burning out) of
yellow bile, phlegm combined with yellow bile, or black bile alone. Avicenna believed
that it is difficult to cure, and increases rapidly day by day with pain and pulse. It is
like a solid mass with deep penetration
the body color and curable. One kind with black bile origin is black in color and
noncurable. It is static without numbness and pain, may be similar to a solid tumor
transform into cancer
Judham (leprosy)
cous or thick humor are used for body
cleansing. Systemic dosage forms are used in
the form of habb (pill), sharbat (syrup),
Ayarij, a purgative, and Itrifal (Triphala),
which is a semisolid dosage form with the
essential constituents consisting of chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula), beleric
(Terminalia bellirica), and amla (Emblica offic-
inalis). Topical dosage forms like dohn (medicated oil), tela (liniment), and zomad (paste)
are prepared for topical cancer treatment.
Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus), myrrh (Commi-
phora myrrha), dorema or gum ammonicum
(Dorema ammoniacum) combined with animal
fats, mucilages from flaxseed, fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum-graecum), and plantago are
also recommended. Fixed oils of henna (Law-
sonia inermis), daylily (Hemerocallis fulva),
damask rose (Rosa × damascena), or wallflower
(Cheiranthus cheiri) are combined with some
kinds of inorganic substances as an ointment
or paste in treating the severe form of malignant cancer, the composition of which is mentioned in detail in the Canon of Avicenna.
Sometimes also althea (Althea officinalis) and
wild cucumber (Ecballium elaterium) with
storax (Styrax camporum) are applied to the
surface of carcinogenic swellings. Natural
remedies and formulations in the Canon not
only improve the quality of life for patients
but also help get the desired local and systemic pharmacologic action.
Leprosy is a chronic, generalized, infectious
disease, caused by the bacterium Mycobac-
terium leprae, that manifests as granulomatous or neurotrophic lesions in the skin,
mucous membranes, nerves, and viscera,
starting in the distal parts of fingers and
toes. There is strong evidence for genetic determinants of susceptibility to leprosy. Peripheral sensory nerve damage is the leading
cause of functional morbidity in people with
leprosy. Peripheral nerve damage in leprosy
can be mediated directly by M. leprae, as well
as by the immune response to M. leprae
(Cybele et al., 2010). Early symptoms are
darkening of the facial color and of the eyes,
difficult and hoarse respiration, blocking of
the nose, thinning and loss of hair, stinking
sweat and respiration, melancholic dreams,
micronecrosis and ulceration of extremities,
and disruption of tissue connection in a cold
region of the body such as finger joints; generalized nodules and destruction of the nasal
septum with an ulcer may occur later. The
etiology of judham is caused by a lot of black
bile humor and a melancholic temperament
which diffuses in the whole body. Contact
with lepers, hot climate, foods that produce
black bile humor (e.g., salted fish, dried and
processed meats), and coarse and leftover
foods that produce black bile are predisposing factors. The final clinical manifestation
Scientific name
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(English name)
Allium cepa L.
(onion)
Aristolochia bott ae
Jaub. & Spach.
(birthwort)
Carthamus tinctorius
(safflower)
Citrus sp.
(orange tree)
Citrullus colocynthis
(bitter melon)
Commiphora myrrha
(myrrh)
Convolvulus arvensis
(bindweed)
Costus spicatus
(Indian head ginger)
Extract/
Arabic name Part
Basal Dried skin Quercetin-glucoside
Zaravand Aerial parts Hexane extract Tyrosinase inhibition Mushroom
Ehriz Seeds Arbutin/N-feruloyl
– Fruit peel Naringin Clinical use in
Hanzal Pulp Whole extract Inhibition of the
Moghl Dried twigs Aqueous extract IL-31 and histamine
Saghmoonia Leaves,
stems, roots
Quost Leaves Propylene glycol/
phytochemical Activity
Whit ening agent;
(methanol
extract)
serotonin
Aqueous and
methanol extracts
water extract
antioxidant activity
Melanogenesis
inhibition
psoriasis and other
inflammationassociated
diseases
growth of cancer
cells such as
human larynx
carcinoma
supression
Cytotoxic effect Rhabdomyosarcoma
Skin pigmentation
disorders
blood mononuclear
Tested cell lines/
assay Result
B16 melanoma cell
line
tyrosinase cell
lines
ELISA kit Inhibitory activity on
Human peripheral
cells
Hep2 cell line Dose-dependent
HMC-1 cells and
WST cell viability
assay
(RD) cell line
Mushroom
tyrosinase
Anti-tyrosinase and
melanin synthesis
inhibition
More than 50%
tyrosinase inhibition
tyrosinase and
melanin formation
↓ Production of all
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
cytotoxicity effect by
MTT assay
Anti-inflammatory effect
by regulation of the
itch-associated IL-31
cytokine release
Cytogenetic effect
Extracts present poor
anti-tyrosinase
activity (less than
50%) compared to
the reference
Reference
Arung etal.
(2011)
Hashemi and
Zarei (2014)
Roh etal.
Delshad
etal. (2018)
Deenonpoe
etal. (2019)
Afshari
Tavakkol
etal. (2005)
Shin etal.
(2019)
Al-Asady etal.
(2014)
Arnoult etal.
(2002)
Continued
Treatment of Various Skin Diseases 359
Table 11.3. Continued.
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360 Maryam Nikoosokhan
Scientific name
(English name)
Cuscuta compestris
(dodder)
Cuscuta epithymum
(clover dodder)
Ecballium elaterium
(wild cucumber)
Emblica officinalis
(amla)
Glaucium corniculatum
(red horned poppy)
Hemerocallis fulva
(daylily)
Lepidium sativum
(garden cress)
Extract/ Tested cell lines/
Arabic name Part phytochemical Activity assay Result
– Seeds Quercetin and
kampferol
Shajar-ol-
zabaa
Qesa-ol-
hemar
Amlaj Fruits Ethanol extract Cytoprotective
Khashkhash- ?
e-bari
Sousan Flowers Phenanthrenes Antiproliferative effect Breast carcinoma
Horf Leaves Phenolic acids Anti-inflammatory
Aerial parts Total phenols Cell viability MTT assay Cytotoxicity against Hela,
Fruit juice Cucurbitacins Modification of the
Extract Neuroprotection PC-12 cells Apoptosis suppression
Anti-inflammation Chang Liver cell lines Inhibition of gene
expression of iNOS,
COX-2, and CRP
HT29, MDA-MB-468
tumor cells
Bilirubin assay Glucurono-conjugation
levels of bilirubin in
plasma
activity
and antiandrogenic
activity
Determination of cell
proliferation, IFN-γ
and ROS
production, and
phagocytosis
MDA-MB-231,
hepatocellular
carcinoma HepG2,
and lung carcinoma
A549 cell lines
Human keratinocyte
cells (HaCaT)
increases the binding
of bilirubin to albumin
Cytoprotective properties
against oxidative
injury and inhibited
chromium-induced
immunosuppression
activity in neurite-like
cells
Cytotoxic effects
Beneficial for some
noninvasive skin tumors
and inflammatory
disorders such as
psoriasis, atopic
dermatitis, and alopecia
areata, melasma, and
for some androgendependent diseases
such as acne and
androgenetic alopecia
Reference
García-
Mediavilla
etal. (2007)
Jafarian etal.
(2014)
Greige-
Gerges
(2007)
Sai Ram etal.
(2003)
Kocanci and
Aslim
(2021)
Fu etal.
(2022)
Türkoglu etal.
(2018)
Lupinus termis
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(lupine)
Nigella sativa
(black cumin)
Piper nigrum
(black pepper)
Pistacia lentiscus
(mastic tree)
Portulaca oleracea
(purslane)
Punica granatum
(pomegranate)
Raphanus sativus
(common radish)
Tormes Seeds Alkaloids,
phytosterols,
resin, coumarins
Shoniz
Folfol Fruits Piperine Vitiligo treatment Melan-a cells Stimulates melanocyte
Mastaki Leaves and
Baghlat-ol-
hamgha
Fojl Roots Aromatic aldehyde,
Seeds Monosaccharides Regulatory effects on
Polyphenols Metabolic syndrome
fruits
Leaves Linoleic acid,
vitamins B, C, E
Hydroalcoholic
fruit peel
Rinds Total tannins Anti-inflammatory
extract
aromatic acid,
and polyphenols
Antioxidant activity DPPH method
compared to
ascorbic acid
Immunomodulatory
immunity and
anti-inflammation
management
Antiaging; anti-skin
wrinkling
Anti-leishmaniasis
activity
effect on COX-2
expression
Skin whitening Mushroom
effects in RAW
264.7 cells,
evaluated by
phagocytosis, NO
and cytokine
release, mRNA
transcription
Pancreatic lipase,
α-amylase, and
α-glucosidase
Mushroom
tyrosinase,
fibroblast culture,
DPPH
Strain of Leishmania
major (MRHO/75/
ER)
Porcine ears Western blotting and
tyrosinase
Radical scavenging
activity
Inhibition of the
excessive release of
pro-inflammatory
cytokines and
excessive
transcription at the
mRNA level
proliferation and
dendrite formation
Highly significant
dose-related inhibition
of pancreatic
amylase,
amyloglucosidase,
and lipase
↑ Tyrosinase inhibitive
activity compared to
kojic acid and arb utin;
↑ collagen synthesis
by protein synthesis
L. major promastigotes
were studied based
on F90 and IC50 using
the MTT assay
immunocytochemistry
for COX-2
Anti-tyrosinase activity
Abdallah etal.
(2017)
Niu etal.
(2021)
Soumyanath
etal. (2006)
Foddai etal.
(2015)
Kim etal.
(2013)
Mardani etal.
(2020)
Houston etal.
(2017)
Kamkaen
etal. (2007)
Continued
Treatment of Various Skin Diseases 361
362 Maryam Nikoosokhan
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Scientific name
(English name)
Rosa × damascena
(Persian rose)
Rubia tinctorum
(madder)
Ruta graveolens
(rue)
Styrax camporum
(storax)
Syzygium aromaticum
(clove)
Vicia faba
(broad bean)
Extract/ Tested cell lines/
Arabic name Part phytochemical Activity assay Result
Vard-e-ahmar
Fovvah Extract Silver nanoparticles Inhibiting cancerous
Sodab Aerial parts
Lobni,
astorak
Gharanfol Flower buds Methnol extracts Immunomodulation,
Baghella Legumes Quercetin Skin whitening Mushroom
Waste water
of
distillation
and roots
Stems Lignans Cytotoxic activity Hep-2 (larynx
Polyphenols Anti-inflammatory
activity targeting
gene expression
cells
Furanocridone
alkaloids
Antiproliferative
effects on human
breast cancer cell
lines
anti-inflammation
Human non-
tumorigenic
HaCaT
keratinocytes
ABTS and DPPH
free radical
scavenging
assays, MTT assay
on liver cancer
cells (HepG2)
Human breast
adenocarcinoma
cell lines, MCF- 7,
MDA-MB-361,
MDA-MB-231,
T-47D, MRC-5
(noncancerous
fetal lung
fibroblast) cells
epidermoid
carcinoma), HeLa
(human cervix
carcinoma), and
C6 (rat glioma)
Cytokine
measurement with
macrophages
tyrosinase
↓ IL-1β gene expression
level and gene
expression of IL-8
was significantly
downregulated
Antioxidant activity
without toxic effects
on normal HDF cells
Significant activation of
caspase-9 and
caspase-3
Cytotoxicity evaluation
(IC50) in tumor cells
Preventive and
therapeutic action on
IL-1β and IL-8
production
Anti-tyrosinase activity Kramell etal.
Reference
Wedler etal.
(2016)
Ghandehari
etal. (2018)
Schelz etal.
(2016)
Teles (2005)
Bachiega
etal. (2012)
(2005)
ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CRP, C-reactive protein; DPPH, 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl; F90, 90% fatality; IC50, half maximal
inhibitory concentration; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NO, nitric oxide;
ROS, reactive oxygen species; WST, 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene sulfonate.
Scientific name
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(English name) Arabic name Part
Acacia arabica
(acacia)
Anethum graveolens
(dill)
Carthamus tinctorius
(safflower)
Cassia angustifolia
(senna)
Cheiranthus cheiri
(wallflower)
Cichorium intybus
(chicory)
Cicer arietinum
(chickpea)
Citrullus lanatus
(watermelon)
Citrus medica
(citron)
Convolvulus arvensis
(bindweed)
Crocus sativus
(saffron)
Cucurbita pepo
(pumpkin)
Aghaghia Gum Gum powder gel Wound healing Rabbit Reepithelialization,
Shebet Seeds Carvone, essential
Osfor Seeds Carthamins Whole blood viscosity Rats Plasma viscosity and platelet
Senna-e-
makki
Kheiri Seeds Extract Chemopreventive agent and
Hendoba Roots Aqueous,
Hemmas Seeds Chloroform extract Estrogenic effect Rats Increases reproductive organ
Batikh-e-
akhzar
Otroj Seeds Alkaloids, fat,
Saghmoonia Whole plant Tannins and
Zafran Stigma Essential oil Immunoregulation Guinea
Qar Seeds Cucurbitacins Anti-inflammatory agent, it is
Leaves Ethanolic extract Anti-inflammation Albino
Fruits Juice Antioxidant activity and
Extract/
phytochemical Activity
Analgesic, anti-inflammation Rats Significantly reduces paw
oil
alleviation of cutaneous
carcinogenesis
Positive effect on lipid
methanol, and
ethanol extracts
amino acids,
flavonoids
flavonoids
metabolism, antiinflammation
inhibition of LPO
Uterine weight gain Rats Estrogenic activity Patil Saraswati
Topically prevents skin
carcinogenesis
effective against acute and
chronic skin inflammatory
processes
Study
animal Result Reference
Abdullah etal.
anti-inflammation
inflammation
aggregation reduced
Significantly inhibited the edema
mice
Mice Recovery of antioxidant enzymes Saleem etal.
Male
piglets
rats Decrease of LPO level in the
Mice Significant decline in cumulative
pigs
Female
mice
induced by TPA, oxazolone,
and arachidonic acid
Significant downregulation of
proteins engaged in the innate
immune response but also
those related to blood clotting
weight
liver, kidney, and brain tissues
number of papillomas
↓ Serum levels of total NO, nitrite,
and IL-4; enhancing effect on
IFN-γ levels and Th1/Th2 balance
Inhibition of the productionof
eicosanoids via modulation of
phospholipase A2, COX, and
LOX enzymes
(2022)
Naseri etal.
(2012)
Li etal. (2009)
Cuéllar etal.
(2001)
(2001b)
Lepczynski
etal. (2015)
Wikhe etal.
(2013)
Altaş etal.
(2011)
(2008)
Saleem etal.
(2015)
Boskabady
etal. (2014)
Oliveira etal.
(2013)
Continued
Treatment of Various Skin Diseases 363
Table 11.4. Continued.
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364 Maryam Nikoosokhan
Scientific name
(English name)
Cydonia oblonga
(quince)
Eruca sativa
(arugula)
Ferula assa-foetida
(asafoetida)
Foeniculum vulgare
(fennel)
Gentiana lutea
(gentian)
Hordeum vulgare
(barley)
Lactuca sativa
(lettuce)
Moringa olifera
(horseradish tree)
Nardostachys
jatamansi
(Indian valerian)
Pistacia atlantica)
Atlas pistachio)
Extract/ Study
Arabic name Part phytochemical Activity animal Result
Safarjal Seeds Cream made of
mucilage
Jerjir Extract Silver
nanoparticles
Sakbinaj Oleogum
resin
Razianj Fruit Methanol extract Anti-inflammatory, anti-type
Gentiana Roots Secoiridoids Stomachic and
Shaeer Unhulled
seeds
Khas Seeds Saponins,
Ban
Nardin Rhizomes Ethnolic extract Potent free radical scavenger,
Habat-ol-
khazra
Seeds Isothiocyanates Modulating inflammatory and
Resin
Acetone extract Effective chemoprevention,
Methanolic extract Antioxidant activity Rats Protection against increased LPO
triterpenoids,
phenolics
Oil Antioxidant, wound healing Rats ↑ VEGF and hydroxyproline levels
Reduction of dermal irritation,
wounds, frosting
Improved testicular functions
and structure and oxidative
stress reduction
alleviating cutaneous
carcinogenesis, recovery in
the level and activity of
cellular antioxidants
IV allergic, and central
analgesic activities
antiulcerogenic properties
Analgesic and anti-
inflammatory activity
antioxidant responses
stress modulator
Rabbit Amount of growth factors involved
in the wound healing process
is positively altered
Rats Decrease of testicular DNA
fragmentation, improvement of
normal seminiferous tubules, and
marked increase in sperm number
Mice ↓ TPA-induced cutaneous
oxidative stress
Mice and ↓
rats
Rats Suppressive effect on ethanol-
Rats Carrageenan and formalin t est:
Mice Relieves symptoms in DSS-
Rats Lowering LPO, nitrite level, and
Carrageenan-induced paw and
arachidonic acid-induced ear
edema
induced gastritis
and maintained glutathione
contents
analgesic effect in formalin test
and also a dose-dependent
anti-inflammatory activity in a
carrageenan model of
inflammation
induced acute and chronic
ulcerative colitis
catalase activity in the brain
in wound area
Reference
Hemmati etal.
(2012)
Altwaijry etal.
(2020)
Saleem etal.
(2001a)
Choi and
Hwang
(2004)
Niiho etal.
(2005)
Shah etal.
(2009)
Sayyah etal.
(2004)
Kim etal.
(2017)
Lyle (2009)
Shahouzehi
etal. (2018)
Prunus amygdalus
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(almond)
Rheum officinale
(rhubarb)
Rosa × damascena
(Persian rose)
Terminalia bellirica
(beleric)
Terminalia chebula
(haritaki or chebulic
myrobalan)
Trigonella foenum-
graceum
(fenugreek)
Viola odorata
(violet)
Ziziphus jujuba
(jujube)
Loz Tree gum Polysaccharides Anti-inflammatory and
antibacterial activity for
Rats Promotion of neo-blood vessels
and collagen formation
Bouaziz etal.
(2014)
wound healing
Ravand Rhizome Raspberry ketone Depigmentation activity Zebrafish ↓ Skin melanin content Lin etal.
(2011)
Vard-e-
ahmar
Balilaj Fruits Ethanol extract Hepatoprotection, is effective
Ehlilaj-e-
kaboli
Fixed oil Geraniol Anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive
potential
against CCl
and kidney damage
-induced liver
4
Rats ↑ Colon/spleen mass indices;
↓ Wnt/β-catenin, p38MAPK,
NF-κB, PPAR-γ, and caspase-3
Female
Serum biochemical parameter
albino
against CCl4-induced toxicity
rats
Fruits Polyphenols Hepatoprotection Mice Protects the liver against acute
and severe injury by reducing
Soubh etal.
(2015)
Jadon etal.
(2007)
Choi etal.
(2015)
oxidative stress and the
inflammatory reaction via
activation of pro-inflammatory
cytokines
Holbah Seeds Ethanol extract Hepatoprotection and
reduces liver cirrhosis
Rats Inhibiting the activity of certain
enzymes, mainly xanthine
Zargar (2014)
oxidase, and scavenging free
radicals
Benafsej Aerial part Total phenols Hepatoprotective, and
vasculoprotective potential
Rats Limiting hepatic damage by
lowering AST, ALT, and GGT ;
Jamshed etal.
(2019)
protecting against vascular
damage by preventing
hyperuricemia and
hyperphosphatemia
Onab Fruits Polysaccarides Immunomodulation Mice Spleen and thymus index assays
indicated the immunomodulator
Zou etal.
(2018)
activity
Treatment of Various Skin Diseases 365
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL,
interleukin; LOX, lipoxygenase; LPO, lipid peroxidation; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NO, nitric oxide; p38MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator
activated receptor-γ; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
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