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26 Seyed Ahmad Emami
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2 Botany, Collection, and Cultivation of
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Some Medicinal Plants used in Traditional
Medicine of Iran
1
Shahid Beheshti University, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute,Tehran,
Iran; 2MateriaMed GmbH, Vienna, Austria; 3Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research
Institute of Shahid Beheshti University, Department of Botany,Tehran, Iran
Abstract
e cultivation and collection of mdicinal and aromatic plants have a long tradition in Iran. is chapter presents extensive information on the botany, taxonomy, and individual occurrence of some selected medicinal plants that are dealt with in more detail in the following chapters. In addition,
important notes on the cultivation of the most signicant species and the sustainable collection of
numerous aromatic and medicinal plants in Iran are described in detail.
Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy of
In determining Persian and Arabic names,
two references, Mozaffarian (2008) and
Ghahreman and Okhovvat (2008), are used.
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb
Synonyms: Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile,
Gumifera nilotica (L.) Raf., Mimosa nilotica L.
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Arabic name: Sant.
Persian name: Karat.
Farsad Nadjafi
Medicinal Plants
1,2
* and Mohammad Reza Kanani
English name: Egyptian acacia, Gum arabic
tree, Babul, Thorn mimosa (Fig. 2.1).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana,
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad,
Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya,
Libya, Malawi, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iran, Iraq, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri
Lanka, Yemen. Americas: Argentina, Bahamas,
Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico,
Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago.
3
*Email: md@materiamed.at
© CAB International 2023. Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Persian Medicine
(eds. H. Schulz, Seyed Ahmad Emami and Farsad Nadjafi)
DOI: 10.1079/9781800621671.0002
27
28 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51605008.)
Oceania and Australasia: Australia, Galápagos, New Guinea.
Morphology
Perennial plant, shrub, or tree 2.5–10 m
high with a dense spherical crown, stems
and branches usually dark to black-colored,
branchlets purple-brown, bark thin, rough,
fissured, shortly or densely pubescent, with
lenticels, exuding a reddish low-quality gum.
Thorns thin, straight, light gray, usually in
3–12 pairs, 5–7.5 cm long in young trees,
mature trees commonly without thorns.
Leaves bipinnate, 3–4 cm long, often with
1–2 petiole glands and other glands between
all or only the uppermost pinnae, pinnae 2–11
pairs, with 7–25 pairs of leaflets (1.5–7 mm
long) per pinnae, tomentose, rachis with a
gland at the bottom of the last pair of pinnulae. Peduncles clustered at nodes of leafy and
leafless branchlets. Flowers in globulous
heads 1.2–1.5 cm in diameter, goldenyellow, set up either axillary or whorly on
peduncles 2–3 cm long located at the end of
the branches. Pods straight or lightly curved,
5–15 cm long, 0.5–1.2 cm wide, strongly
constricted, white-gray, thick, and softly
tomentose, fleshy when young, indehiscent,
becoming black and hard at maturity. Seeds
deep blackish-brown, smooth, subcircular,
compressed, areole 6–7 mm long, 4.5–5 mm
wide (Engler and Prantl, 1897–1915; Liogier, 1985–1997; Rechinger, 1963–2001).
Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton, N.L.
Britton & P. Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto
Rico & Virgin Islands 6: 538 (1930)
Synonyms: Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., A. cufodontii Chiov., A. glaucophylla Brenan, A.
kinionge Brenan, A. oliveri Vatke, A. oxyosprion Chiov., A. platyosprion Chiov., A. pseudoglauca Chiov., A. pseudoglaucophylla
(Chiov.) Chiov., A. rostrata Sim, A. rupestris
Stocks, A. rupestris Stocks ex Boiss., A. spi-
nosa Marloth & Engl., A. thomasiae Brenan,
A. trispinosa Stokes, A. unispinosa (Fiori)
Chiov., A. verek Guill. & Perr., A. virchowiana Vatke & Hildebrandt, A. volkii Suess.,
Mimosa senegal L., M. senegalensis Houtt.,
Senegalia oliveri (Vatke) Kyal. & Boatwr.,
S. retusa Raf.
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 29
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Arabic name: Qathād.
Persian name: Qivand, Qhatād, Hashāb.
Common name: Senegal-gum, Kher, Threethorn acacia (Fig. 2.2).
Distribution
Africa: Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Chad, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia,
Ghana, Congo, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania,
Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria,
Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania,
Uganda. Asia: India, Oman, Pakistan. Amer-
icas: Puerto Rico.
Morphology
Low branching shrub or small tree to 7 m
high (maximum 15 m). The tree flowers during the rainy season and loses its leaves during the dry season. When water is available
only at great depth, deeply penetrating tap
roots can develop, and the tree will grow
considerably larger than normal. The bark of
A. senegal is yellow to brown and smooth in
young trees, becoming dark gray, gnarled,
and cracked on older trees. It is armed with
recurved prickles just below the nodes, in
pairs or in groups of 3. The leaves are 3.5–8 cm
long, with 3–8 pairs of pinnae. The rachis
(main stem of the compound leaf) sometimes bears prickles. The pinnae are 1.5–2.5
cm long with 5–25 pairs of leaflets per pinna.
The leaflets are 1–9 mm long, 0.5–3 mm
wide, elongated-oval shape, sparsely hairy or
smooth on both surfaces. The flowers are
borne on spikes 3–8.5 cm long. The hairy
fruits are yellow-brown, flat, and papery,
1.8–9 cm long, 1.2–3.4 cm wide, 2 mm thick,
and open on maturity to discharge the seeds
(Engler and Prantl, 1897–1915; Liogier,
1985–1997).
Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Sp. Pl.
[Linnaeus] 2: 1096 (1753)
Synonyms: Adiantum affine Willd., A. africanum R. Br., A. capillaceum Dulac, A. capillus
Sw., A. coriandrifolium Lam., A. cuneifolium
Stokes, A. emarginatum Bory, A. emarginatum
Bory ex Willd., A. fontanum Salisb., A. formo-
sum J. Rémy, A. formosum J. Rémy ex Gay,
A. fumarioides Willd., A. lingii Ching, A. maderense Lowe, A. marginatum Schrad., A. michelii
Fig. 2.2. Senegalia senegal. (By NehaVindhya, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.
php?curid=14951148.)
30 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Christ, A. modestum Underw., A. moritzianum
Link, A. paradiseae Baker, A. pseudocapillus
Fée, A. remyanum Esp. Bustos, A. remyanum
Espinosa, A. repandum Tausch, A. rimicola
Sloss., A. schaffneri E. Fourn., A. subemargin-
atum Christ, A. tenerum Buchanan, A. trifidum Willd. ex Bolle, A. visianii Schloss & Vuk.
Family: Pteridaceae.
Arabic name: Shaʿr el ard, Shaʿr el kenzir.
Persian name: Paresiavoshān.
English name: Venus’s hair fern (Fig. 2.3).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Angola, South Africa, Chad,
Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan,
Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia,
China, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Myanmar,
Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan,
Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Yemen. Europe:
Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Great
Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal,
Spain, Americas: Bahamas, Brazil, Chile,
Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,
Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela.
Oceania and Australasia: Fiji, Samoa, Tonga.
Morphology
Epilithic or terrestrial plant, 10–40 cm.
Rhizomes creeping, slender, scales dense,
lanceolate, brown, margins entire. Fronds
2-pinnate, closely spaced or remote; stipe
castaneous-black, glossy, distally glabrous,
6–25 cm × 8–16 cm, base cuneate, apex
acute; rachises, costae, and stalks same color
as stipes, slightly zigzag, color passing into
lamina base; pinnae from second pair upward all similar but progressively smaller;
pinnules 2–4 pairs per ultimate pinna, obliquely ascending, alternate; stalk castaneous-black, 1–2 mm, slender; blade 12–20
mm × 10–15 mm, thinly herbaceous, dark
brown-green or green, glabrous, base cuneate, upper margin rounded, 2–4-lobed or divided into twiglike segments; sterile pinnules
with apex obtuse, with marginal teeth
broadly erose or triangular; fertile segments
with apex truncate, slightly depressed or
straight, entire or with erose teeth on both
sides; terminal pinnules flabellate, usually
larger, base narrowly cuneate, stalks up to 1
cm. Veins multidichotomously forked, reaching margins, visible on both surfaces. Sori
3–10 per pinnule, on apices of lobes of upper
margin. Perispore thickly granular (Tristram,
1884; Post, 1896; Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Davis, 1965–1988; Castroviejo et al., 1980,
Liogier, 1985–1997; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Fig. 2.3. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (By tato
grasso, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.
org/w/index.php?curid=1451833.)
Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Scherb., Pl.
Verticill. Unilab. Gen. Sp.: 24 (1774)
Synonyms: Ajuga rechingerae Bilik, A. chamaepi-
tys Guss, Bugula arvensis Gray, B. chamaepithys
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 31
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(L.) Scop., B. chamaepitys (L.) Kuntze, Chamaepitys vulgaris Link, Teucrium chamaepitys L.
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae).
Arabic name: Kamāfitus .
Persian name: Labdisi hamedani.
English name: Yellow bugle (Fig. 2.4).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia.
Asia: Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan,
Lebanon, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria,
Transcaucasia, Turkey, Turkmenistan. Eur-
ope: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine.
Morphology
Perennial, biennial, or annual herb; stems
prostrate or ascending, glabrous to densely
lanate-villous, 5–30 cm. Cauline leaves cuneate to cuneate-oblong, 3(–5)-partite with
linear segments 0.5–3(–4) mm wide, the
segments sometimes 3-fid, hirsute, villous,
lanate or subglabrous. Bracts similar to the
leaves. Verticillasters 2–4-flowered. Calyx
4–6 mm, the teeth as long as or shorter than
the tube, teeth 0.5–1(–2) × tube. Corolla
yellow sometimes drying pinkish, rarely
entirely purple, 8–30 mm. Stamens exserted;
filaments hairy. Nutlets 2.5–4 mm (Engler
and Prantl, 1897–1915; Bobrov et al.,
1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis,
1965–1988; Assadi etal., 1989).
Alpinia officinarum Hance, J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 13: 6 (1871)
Synonyms: Languas officinarum (Hance)
Far w.
Family: Zingiberaceae.
Arabic name: Kholanjān.
Persian name: Kholanjān.
English name: Chinese ginger.
Fig. 2.4. Ajuga chamaepitys. (By Saphon A, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.
php?curid=2082847.)
32 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Distribution
Asia: Cambodia, China, Myanmar, Vietnam.
Morphology
Rhizomes elongate, terete. Pseudostems
35–115 cm. Leaves sessile; ligule lanceolate,
membranous, entire, 2–3(–5) cm; leaf blade
linear, 20–30 cm × 1.2–2.5 cm, glabrous,
apex caudate, base attenuate. Racemes
erect, 6–10 cm; rachis tomentose; bracteoles small, ≤ 1 cm. Pedicel 1–3 mm. Calyx
7–10 cm, puberulent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube slightly shorter than calyx; lobes
oblong, 1.5 cm, central one hoodlike. Labellum ovate, white with red streaks, 2 cm.
Filament 1 cm; anther 6 mm. Ovary tomentose. Capsule red, globose, 1 cm in diameter
(eFloras, 2008).
Althaea officinalis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 686 (1753)
Fig. 2.5. Althaea officinalis L. (CC BY SA 4.0,
Synonyms: Althaea balearica J.J. Rodr., A.
Kragujevacensis Pancic ex Diklic & Stevan.,
A. micrantha Borbás, A. pulchra Klotzsch,
A. sublobata Stokes, A. taurinensis DC., A. villosa Blatt., A. villosoides Blatt., A. vulgaris
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guimauve_
officinale_dans_les_pr%C3%A9s_sal%C3%A9s_
de_la_plage_de_Donnant.JPG#/media/
File:Guimauve_officinale_dans_les_prés_salés_
de_la_plage_de_Donnant.JPG.)
Bubani, Malva maritima Salisb., M. officinalis
(L.) K.F. Schimp. & Spenn.
Family: Malvaceae.
Perennial herb, erect, up to 2 m, densely
Morphology
gray-pubescent; velutinous indumentum of
Arabic name: Khat mi bostāni.
densely stellate hairs. Leaves triangularovate or rhomboid-triangular, acute, cren-
Persian name: Charme giāh.
ate-serrate petiole 1–4 cm, stellate tomentose; leaf blade ovate-orbicular or cordate,
English name: Common marshmallow (Fig. 2.5).
3–8 cm × 1.5–6 cm, 3-lobed or not lobed, papery, densely stellate tomentose, base cord-
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan,
Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Tajikistan, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: Albania, Belarus,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine.
Americas: USA.
ate or rounded, margin bluntly dentate,
apex acute. Flowers solitary or clustered in
axillary and terminal inflorescences, borne
in fascicles in the leaf axils, peduncle of axillary inflorescences shorter than the subtending leaf. Epicalyx lobes 9, linear-lanceolate,
4 mm, densely stellate strigose. Calyx persistent, cup-shaped, 5-parted, longer than
epicalyx, densely stellate hirsute, lobes
lanceolate. Sepals ovate, acute, curved over
the fruit. Petals white to pinkish white, 1.5–
2 cm, obovate-oblong. Anthers purplish-red.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 33
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Staminal column c8mm. Ovary 15–25-loculed.
Mericarps rugose, stellate-pilose, 8 mm in
diameter, enclosed by calyx, puberulent.
Seeds reniform (Boissier, 1867–1888;
Bobrov etal., 1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–
2001; Davis, 1965–1988; Castroviejo etal.,
1980; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch
Synonyms: Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb,
P. stocksiana (Boiss.) Brandis, P. stocksiana
(Boiss.) Burkill, P. korshinskyi Hand.-Mazz.,
P. ramonensis (Danin) Eisenman, P. communis
Fritsch, P. communis (L.) Arcang., Druparia
amygdalus (Batsch) Clairv., Amygdalus stock-
siana Boiss., A. sativa Mill., A. microphylla
(Post) Browicz, A. fragilis F. Heller, A. fragilis
Borkh., A. elata Salisb., A. dulcis Mill.,
A. decipiens Poit. & Turpin, A. communis L.,
A. amygdalus (Batsch) Frye & Rigg, A. amygdalina Oken ex M. Roem., A. amara Du-
hamel, A. amara (C.F. Ludw.) Hayne.
Family: Rosaceae.
Arabic name: Lawz.
Persian name: Bādām.
English name: Almond (Fig. 2.6).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan,
Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, France,
Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland. Americas: USA.
Fig. 2.6. Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch. (By Manfred Heyde, CC BY-SA 3.0-migrated, https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Almond_Prunus_dulcis.jpg.)
34 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Morphology
Tree or shrub, 2–6(–8) m tall, branches erect
or horizontally spreading, spiny but young
shoots glabrous, previous year’s branchlets
brownish, grayish-brown to grayish-black
with age. Leaves variable, 2–9(–12) cm ×
1.5–3 cm, elliptic, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, glabrous;
petioles 10–20(–30) mm, dentate-serrate,
glandular, entirely glabrous or pubescent,
leathery, with 2–4 nectaries at apex or at
base of leaf blade. Flowers solitary or pairs
opening before leaves, up to 4 cm diameter;
pedicel 3–5 mm, 4–10 mm in fruit, glabrous;
hypanthium broadly campanulate or cylindrical, outside glabrous, 6–8 mm × 2–5 mm;
sepals tomentose at least on the margin,
broadly oblong to broadly lanceolate, margin
pubescent, outside glabrous, apex obtuse,
5–6 mm; petals c.20 mm, white or pinkish,
obovate-oblong to oblong, 1.2–2 cm × 0.5–
1.2 cm; stamens unequal; ovary tomentose;
style longer than stamens. Fruit 3–6 cm,
ovoid-oblong to oblong-ovoid, compressed,
densely pubescent, olive-green; mesocarp
thin, coriaceous, eventually splitting at maturity; endocarp yellowish-white to brown,
broadly ellipsoid or shortly oblong, ovoid,
asymmetric, 2–3(–4) cm, stone pitted and ±
grooved, keeled, dorsal suture generally
straight, base obliquely truncate to orbicular-truncate. Seed sweet or bitter (Rechinger,
1963–2001; Davis, 1965–1988; Castroviejo
et al., 1980; Assadi et al., 1989; Sell and
Murrell, 2006).
Distribution
Asia: Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria,
Transcaucasia, Turkey.
Morphology
Rootstock cylindrical, 80–100 cm long and
2 cm thick. Stems erect, 20–40 cm, hirtellous,
branched. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute to obtuse, often 2–8(–10) cm ×
1.5–6 cm, puberulous, mucronate, base
widely subhastate, oblong-spathulate, widely
divaricate with tips ± incurved; petiole
2–10 mm. Peduncles 2.5–7 cm. Perianth 4–8 cm
long, glabrous to puberulous, pale brown or
greenish-brown outside; utricle ovoid to
ovoid-oblong, 8–20 mm × 7–18 mm; tube 4–9
mm broad at base, gradually dilated above to
6–12 mm broad; limb ovate, acute, or obtuse,
rarely retuse, 1.8–4.5 cm × 2–3.5 cm, hairy
at throat, obtuse, auricles rounded. Ovary
tomentose. Capsule obovoid, 4–7 cm ×
2–3.5 cm (Tristram, 1884; Post, 1896;
Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis, 1965–1988;
Ghahreman, 1978).
Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Reut.,
Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 108 (1852)
Synonyms: Aristolochia atlantica Pomel, A.
attica Orph. ex H. Duch., A. longa L., A. mult-
inervis Pomel, A. pallida Salzm. ex Ball, A. rotunda Bové, A. rotunda Bové ex Duch.
Family: Aristolochiaceae.
Aristolochia bottae Jaub. & Spach, Ill. Pl.
Orient. 1(10): 173, t. 98 (1844)
Synonyms: Aristolochia maurorum subsp.
bottae (Jaub. & Spach) Bornm., A. maurorum
var. latifolia Boiss.
Family: Aristolochiaceae.
Arabic name: Aristolochia.
Persian name: Zaravand-chopoghak.
English name: Dutchman’s pipe, Birthwort.
Arabic name: Zarāvand t awil.
Persian name: Zarāvande darāz.
English name: Long aristolochia (Fig. 2.7).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria. Europe: Albania.
Morphology
Usually branched, glabrescent, 20–80 cm;
tuber cylindrical. Leaves 2–6(–9) cm,
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 35
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Fig. 2.8. Aristolochia rotunda L. (By Hectonichus,
CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Aristolochiaceae_-_
Aristolochia_rotunda.JPG.)
Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey.
Distribution
Fig. 2.7. Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Reut. (By
Said Zidat, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/
Aristolochia_fontanesii.jpg?uselang=de.)
ovate-triangular; petioles up to 1(1.5) cm.
Flowers 3–5(–6) cm, brownish or yellowishgreen, limb brownish-purple; pedicels about
equaling petioles. Capsule 1.5–3 cm, globose
to pyriform (Tutin etal., 1964).
Aristolochia rotunda L., Sp.
Pl.: 962 (1753)
Synonyms: This species has no synonyms.
Family: Aristolochiaceae.
Arabic name: Zarāwand modahraj.
Persian name: Zarāvande gerd, Nakhode
alwand.
English name: Snakeroot (Fig. 2.8).
Morphology
Rootstock globose or ovoid, often irregular,
simple or rarely branched, glabrescent;
stems 20–60 cm tall. Tuber ovoid or globose. Leaves 3–8(–10) cm × 3–7 cm, cordate-ovate or ovate-orbicular, amplexicaul.
Petiole subsessile, not more than 0.4 cm.
Perianth 3.5 cm, yellowish or brownish-pink outside. Flowers (2–)3–5 cm, yellow, limb dark brown; utricle 4–7 mm × 3–4
mm; tube straight, 2–3 mm broad at base,
scarcely dilated above; limb as long as tube,
oblong, to 5 mm broad, obtuse, dark brown,
with purple striations in throat; ovary puberulous to pubescent; capsule globose,
1–1.5 cm in diameter (Davis, 1965–1988;
Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Artemisia absinthium L., Sp. Pl.: 848
(1753)
Synonyms: Absinthium bipedale Gilib., A. majus
Garsault, A. officinale Brot., A. vulgare Lam.,
Artemisia absinthia St.-Lag., A. albida Willd.
ex Ledeb., A. baldaccii Degen, A. doonense
Royle, A. inodora Mill., A. pendula Salisb., A.
rehan Chiov., A. rhaetica Brügger.
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