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76 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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C. Presl, M. racemosa J. Presl, M. recta Opiz,
M. rotundifolia Cav., M. ruderalis Salisb., M.
silvestris, M. sylvestris f. albiflora Matvejeva,
M. sylvestris f. vestita Pamp., M. sylvestris
subsp. ambigua (Guss.) P. Fourn., M. sylvestris
subsp. ambigua (Guss.) Thell., M. sylves-
tris subsp. erecta (C. Presl) Nyman, M. sylves-
tris subsp. erecta (J. Presl) Slavik, M. sylvestris
subsp. vivianiana (Rouy) P. Fourn., M. sylvestris var. ambigua (Guss.) Batt., M. sylvestris
var. ambigua (Guss.) Samp., M. sylvestris var.
angustiloba Celak., M. sylvestris var. erecta
Opiz, M. sylvestris var. erecta Wirtg., M. syl
vestris var. hirsuta (J. Presl) Rouy, M. sylves-
tris var. incanescens Griseb., M. sylvestris var.
latiloba Celak., M. sylvestris var. orbicularis
Dethard., M. sylvestris var. parviflora J.J.
Schmitz & Regel, M. sylvestris var. polymor-
pha (Guss.) Parl., M. sylvestris var. procumbens Wirtg., M. sylvestris var. recta Vollm., M.
sylvestris var. tomentella C. Presl, M. sylvestris var. tomentella J. Presl, M. tomentella C.
Presl, M. tomentella J. Presl, M. veneta hort.,
M. veneta hort. ex DC., M. vivianiana Rouy,
M. vulgaris Gray, M. vulgaris Ten.
Family: Malvaceae.
Arabic name: Khubbazah barriah.
Persian name: Panirak.
Mexico, Peru, USA, Venezuela. Oceania and
Australasia: Australia, New Zealand.
Morphology
Perennial to biennial plant, stems erect or
ascending, spreading pilose with tuberculate
hairs. Leaves ± orbicular, 5–7-lobed, crenate,
sparsely pilose to glabrous. Flowers in fascicles in the leaf axils, and in clusters at the
branch apices. Epicalyx segments ± linear to
oblong or narrowly ovate. Sepals broadly triangular, 3–7 mm. Petals 18–25 mm, 4 or
-
more times longer than the sepals, mauve to
pink, emarginate or shallowly 3–5-fid. Mericarps glabrous or hairy (var. eriocarpa
Boiss.), ± flat on the back, rugose (Bobrov
et al., 1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Tutin et al., 1964; Davis, 1965–1988; Sell
and Murrell, 2006).
Marrubium vulgare L., Sp. Pl.: 583 (1753)
Synonyms: Marrubium album Garsault, M.
apulum Ten., M. ballotoides Boiss. & Balansa,
M. germanicum Schrank ex Steud., M. hamatum Kunth, M. hyperleucum Candargy, M.
uncinatum Stokes, M. vaillantii Coss. &
Germ., M. vulgare subsp. apulum (Ten.) H.
Lindb., Prasium marrubium E.H.L. Krause.
English name: Common mallow, Cheeses,
Wood mallow, Tall mallow (
Africa: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya,
Morocco, Tunisia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Caucasus, Iran, Iraq,
Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Vietnam. Europe: Albania, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cyprus, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain,
Greece (Aegean Islands), Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. Americas: Argentina, Brazil,
Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae).
Fig. 2.45).
Arabic name: Farāsyun abyad.
Distribution
Persian name: Gandnāye koohi.
English name: White horehound, Marrubium
(Fig. 2.46).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
Asia: Afghanistan, Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Kaz-
akhstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia,
Syria, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: Albania, Austria,
Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canary Islands, Cyprus, Denmark, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Greece (Aegean
Islands), Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands,
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 77
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Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. Americas:
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, USA, Venezuela.
Perennial herb to 0.5 m tall. Leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, 20–30(–50) mm × 20–
30(–50) mm, crenate, tomentose to lanate.
Inflorescence lax with verticils manyflowered, dense. Calyx 10-veined; teeth 10, main
5 long, alternate with to 5 accessory teeth,
1–4 mm, subulate, hooked. Corolla white,
c.9 mm; tube c.6 mm, densely pubescent
Morphology
outside, pilose annulate inside; upper lip as
long as or slightly shorter than lower lip,
straight or spreading, 2-lobed; middle lobe
of lower lip reniform, undulate, 2-cleft. Nutlets triquetrous, ovoid, warty (Bobrov etal.,
1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–2001; Tutin
etal., 1964; Davis, 1965–1988; Assadi etal.,
1989; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Myrtus communis L., Sp. Pl.: 471 (1753)
Synonyms: Myrtus boetica Mill., M. commu-
nis f. baetica (L.) Cout., M. buxifolia Raf.,
78 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Teodoro, M. latifolia (Willk.) Sennen, M.
sparsiflora O. Berg, M. tarentina Bertol.
Family: Myrtaceae.
Arabic name: Ās.
Persian name: Murd.
English name: Common myrtle (Fig. 2.47).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq,
Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen.
Europe: Albania, Canary Islands, Cyprus,
France, Greece (Aegean Islands), Italy, Portugal, Spain. Americas: Cuba, Puerto Rico, USA.
Morphology
Shrub about 1–5 m tall. Leaves ovatelanceolate, 2–5 cm, coriaceous, glabrous,
BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/7/72/Marrubium_alysson_2.JPG.)
M. communis f. lusitanica (L.) Cout., M. communis f. tarentinus (L.) Cout., M. communis
subsp. lusitanica (L.) Arcang., M. communis
var. acuminata Rouy & E.G. Camus, M. com-
munis var. adrianii Sennen, M. communis var.
punctate-glandular, aromatic when crushed,
entire; petiole c.2 mm. Flowers up to 3 cm
diameter, white; pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm;
petals orbicular, 7–15 mm. Berry subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 7–10 mm, usually
bluish-black on ripening (Rechinger, 1963–
2001; Davis, 1965–1988; Ghahreman,
1978).
augustinii Sennen & Teodoro, M. communis
var. balearicus Sennen, M. communis var. baui
(Sennen & Malag.) Sennen, M. communis var.
Nymphaea alba L., Sp. Pl.: 510 (1753)
baui Sennen & Teodoro, M. communis var.
bercialis Sennen, M. communis var. camboanus Sennen, M. communis var. communis,
Synonyms: Castalia alba (L.) Greene, Leuco-
nymphaea alba (L.) Kuntze.
M. communis var. eugeniae Sennen, M. communis var. gallachi Sennen, M. communis var.
Family: Nymphaeaceae.
gausseni Sennen, M. communis var. gibertii
Sennen, M. communis var. jonssetii Sennen,
Arabic name: Nilufar abyad.
M. communis var. latifolia Willk., M. communis var. leucocarpa DC., M. communis var.
Persian name: Nilufar ābi.
macrocarpa Sennen, M. communis var. melanocarpa DC., M. communis var. microphylla
Willk. & Lange, M. communis var. morawieski-
English name: White water-lily, White nenuphar (Fig. 2.48).
ana Sennen, M. communis var. petri-ludovici
Sennen & Teodoro, M. communis var. rodesii
Sennen & Malag., M. communis var. soleri
Sennen, M. communis var. theodori Sennen &
Malag., M. communis var. theodori Sennen &
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Bangladesh, Caucasus, China, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon,
Distribution
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 79
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Fig. 2.47. Myrtus communis L. (By Giancarlo Dessi, CC BY-SA 3.0-migrated, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Myrtus_communis1.jpg.)
Fig. 2.48. Nymphaea alba L. (By Peter Haas, Wikimedia Commons, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/8/81/Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg.)
Myanmar, Syria, Transcaucasus, Turkey. Europe: Albania, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden,
80 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Switzerland, Ukraine. Americas: Chile. Oceania
and Australasia: Australia, New Zealand.
Morphology
Rhizomes repent, sparsely branched, but
not stoloniferous. Leaf blade suborbicular,
10–25 cm in diameter, papery, abaxially
glabrous, scarcely peltate, base deeply cordate and basal lobes subparallel or spreading,
margin entire. Flower floating, (7–)10–20 cm
in diam. Calyx insertion on receptacle circular; sepals lanceolate, 3–5(–8) cm, obscurely
veined, caducous or decaying after anthesis.
Petals (1.2–)2–2.5(–3.3) cm, white, ovateoblong, transition to stamens gradual. Filament of inner stamens ± as wide as anther;
connective apically unappendaged. Carpels
completely united, walls between locules
of ovary single. Stigma rays usually 14–20;
carpellary appendages triangular-tapered.
Fruit semiglobose, 2.5–3 cm. Seeds ellipsoid, 2–3(–5) mm, smooth (Bobrov et al.,
1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–2001; Tutin
et al., 1964; Davis, 1965–1988; Sell and
Murrell, 2006).
Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb., Spic. Fl.
Rumel. 1: 378 (1843)
Synonyms: Ferula hispida Friv., F. opopanax
Spreng., Johrenia lycaonica Bornm., Opop-
anax chironius Guss., O. orientalis Boiss., O.
siculus A. Huet ex Nyman, O. syriacus
Boiss., Pastinaca hispida (Friv.) Fenzl, P. in-
volucrata Stokes, Peucedanum syriacum
(Boiss.) M. Hiroe.
Morphology
Erect, up to 3 m tall plant; stem stiff, ±
densely retrorse-hispid below, thinly hispid
or glabrous above, terete, finely striate, corymbosely branched above; branches also
terete and glabrous, upper commonly opposite or verticillate. Petioles and main axes
of leaves furnished with flattish papillate
hairs which are often hirtellous at apex;
leaves diminishing upwards, finally reduced
to sheaths. Leaves bipinnate, ovate in outline
with short but broad and inflated sheaths,
to 50 cm long and almost as wide, segments
ovate to oblong-lanceolate with regularly
serrate, cartilaginous borders, 1.5–10 cm ×
0.7–3 cm; lower pinnae with 2 or 3 or 4 pairs
of pinnules; at least the lower pinnules of
upper pinnae usually ± decurrent along the
main axis. Leaves with at least lower surface
furnished, frequently densely, more rarely
sparsely, with hispid hairs that are furcate or
stellate at the tips. Peduncles 2–13 cm; umbels several, with 12–20 glabrous rays, fruiting rays 1.6–7 cm. Partial umbels 8–12-flowered, flowers ± 2.5 mm in diameter, fruiting
pedicels 4–6 mm. Bracts and bracteoles 1–5,
usually small and caducous. Fruit ovoid,
7–12 mm × 6–8 mm, glabrous, valleculae
with 1 or 2 broad, dark vittae, those of the
commissural face 6–8 and more conspicuous. Disk much flattened and only slightly
convex, shallowly crenulate-edged, stylopodia very small. Styles very short, glabrous,
closely deflexed on to the disk and subequaling it (Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis, 1965–
1988; Ghahreman, 1978; Assadi eta l., 1989).
Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).
Arabic name: Jāwshir.
Persian name: Jāvshir.
English name: Opopanax.
Asia: Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transcaucasus, Turkey. Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Greece (Aegean Islands), Italy.
Distribution
Phoenix dactylifera L., Sp. Pl.: 1188 (1753)
Synonyms: Encephalartos pungens (L.f. ex
Aiton) Lehm., Palma dactylifera (L.) Mill.,
P. m a jo r Garsault, Phoenix chevalieri D. Rivera,
S. Ríos & Obón, Ph. excelsior Cav., Ph. iberica
D. Rivera, S. Ríos & Obón, Macrozamia tri-
dentata var. pungens J. Schust., Zamia pallida
Salisb., Z. pungens L.f. ex Aiton.
Family: Arecaceae (Palmae).
Arabic name: Nakhl.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 81
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Persian name: Nakhl.
English name: Date palm.
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Benin, Chad, Egypt, Gambia,
Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco,
Mozambique, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan,
Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Yemen.
Europe: Canary Islands, Dominican Republic,
France, Greece (Aegean Islands), Portugal,
Spain. Americas: Bolivia, El Salvador, Leeward Islands, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Trinidad
and Tobago, USA. Oceania and Australasia:
Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia.
Morphology
Stems solitary or clustered and then with few
shoots, to 30 m tall, to 50 cm in diameter,
rough with persistent, diamond-shaped leaf
bases. Leaves 3–5 m; sheath and petiole to
1 m; rachis 1–2 m; acanthophylls many per
side of rachis; pinnae to 200 per side of rachis, linear, irregularly arranged, and spreading in different planes; middle pinnae to
40 cm × 2 cm. Male inflorescences erect, to 1 m,
with many rachillae, these c.30 cm; female
inflorescences erect, becoming pendulous, to
2 m, with to 150 rachillae, these to 40 cm.
Fruits variable in shape, usually oblong, to
7 cm × 3 cm, brown or black; endosperm homogeneous (Engler and Prantl, 1897–1915;
Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis, 1965–1988).
Persian name: Chalghozah.
English name: Chilghoza pine (Fig. 2.49).
Distribution
Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet.
Morphology
Tree with white bark, fissured into irregular,
thin plates; 1st-year branchlets pale
green-yellow, glabrous, with projected leaf
scars. Needles 3 per bundle, triangularflabellate in cross section, 6–10 cm, stiff,
vascular bundle 1, resin canals 5–7, marginal, base with sheath shed. Seed cones
shortly pedunculate, almost brown at maturity, oblong or ovoid, 12–20 cm × 9–11 cm.
Seed scales 4–5 cm; apophyses broad, swollen, ± recurved, obviously ridged; umbo
dorsal, apex obtuse. Seeds cylindric, c.2.5 cm;
wing rudimentary, usually adhering to adjacent scale (Rechinger, 1963–2001).
Pinus pinea L., Sp. Pl.: 1000 (1753)
Synonyms: Apinus pinea (L.) Neck. ex Rydb.,
Pinea esculenta Opiz, Pinus africana
Münchh., P. aracanensis Knight ex Gordon &
Glend., P. a rc ti ca Carrière, P. fastuosa Salisb.,
P. fragilis Carrière, P. maderiensis Ten., P. s a tiva Garsault.
Family: Pinaceae.
Arabic name: Tanub.
Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D. Don, A.B.
Lambert, Descr. Pinus, ed. 3, 2: 144 bis
Synonyms: Pinus aucklandii Lodd. ex Gordon
& Glend., P. chilghoza Knight, P. gerardii J.
Forbes, P. neosa Gouan ex W.H. Baxter.
Family: Pinaceae.
Arabic name: Habb-ol sanawbar, Sanawbar
dakar.
(1832)
Persian name: Kāje bādāmi.
Common name: Stone pine, Umbrella pine,
Parasol pine (Fig. 2.50).
Distribution
Africa: Albania, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Lebanon, Syria, Turkey. Europe:
Canary Islands, Cyprus, France, Greece (Aegean Islands), Italy, Portugal, Spain. Oceania
and Australasia: Australia.
82 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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commons/c/c9/Pinus_gerardiana_India18.jpg.)
Morphology
The plant usually grows up to 20–25 m tall,
either with a single trunk up to 1 m in diameter, or a trunk that forks into multiple stems
not too far above the ground. The leaves (needles) have minutely toothed margins and are
borne in groups of 2, held by a basal sheath.
The leaves are covered with a dull grayish,
waxy coating when young, but become dark
green and glossy when mature. The pollen
cones are yellow and are short and cylindrical
in shape. The seed cones are borne singly, or
sometimes in groups of 2 or 3 on short stems,
and persist for several years, ripening in
the 3rd year. They are 9–13 cm long and up
to 13 cm wide. The egg-shaped seeds are
brown, 15–20 mm long and 8–10 mm wide,
with a rudimentary wing (Davis, 1965–1988).
Pistacia atlantica Desf., Fl. Atlant.
2: 364 (1799)
Synonyms: Lentiscus atlantica Kuntze, L.
mutica (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Kuntze, Pistacia
cabulica Stocks, P. chia Desf., P. choulettei
Gand., P. mutica Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Terebin-
thus atlanticus (Desf.) Dum. Cours.
Family: Anacardiaceae.
Arabic name: But m atlasi.
Persian name: Banah.
English name: Atlas pistachio, Atlantic pistacio, Atlantic terebinth, Cyprus turpentine, Persian turpentine tree (Fig. 2.51).
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 83
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5301388.)
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Sinai, Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan, Caucasus, Iran,
Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria,
Tajikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey. Europe:
Canary Islands, Cyprus, Greece (Aegean
Islands). Americas: USA.
Morphology
Deciduous tree up to 7 m tall, with a dense,
subglobose crown. Leaves imparipinnate;
leaflets 2–5-paired, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 2.5–8 cm × 0.8–2.2 cm, obtuse,
mucronate, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous except for ciliolate margin; rachis narrowly winged. Fruits paniculate, as long as or longer than broad,
5–8 mm × 5–6 mm (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Davis, 1965–1988).
Pistacia vera L., Sp. Pl.: 1025 (1753)
Synonyms: Lentiscus vera Kuntze, Pistacia
badghysi K.P. Popov, P. macrophylla Pers., P.
narbonnensis L., P. nemausensis Req. ex
Planch., P. nigricans Crantz, P. officinarum Ai-
ton, P. reticulata Willd., P. trifolia L., P. variifo-
lia Salisb., P. v era f. semidehiscens K.P. Popov,
Terebinthus pistacia Dum. Cours.
Family: Anacardiaceae.
Arabic name: Fustaq.
Persian name: Pesteh.
English name: Pistachio (Fig. 2.52).
Distribution
Africa: Libya, Morocco. Asia: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
84 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Fig. 2.51. Pistacia atlantica Desf. (By Eitan f, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/44/Pistacia_atlantica_%28Ein_Ovdat%29.JPG.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 85
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commons/f/ff/Pistacia_vera_Kerman.jpg.)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Turkey.
Europe: Bulgaria, France, Greece (Aegean Islands), Italy, Spain.
Morphology
Tree up to 10 m tall. Leaves deciduous, trifoliolate or imparipinnate; leaflets large, l–2(–
3)-paired, ovate or broadly lanceolate, acute
or obtuse, mucronulate, 5–10(–12) cm × 3–6
cm, conspicuously reticulate-veined, terminal leaflet as large or larger than lateral
ones, sparsely puberulent; rachis not winged,
hairy. Fruits paniculate, ovate-oblong, 16–29
mm × 9–12 mm, seed containing large green
cotyledons, edible (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Davis, 1965–1988; Ghahreman, 1978).
Plantago ovata Forssk., Fl. Aegypt. -Arab.:
31 (1775)
Synonyms: Plantago albicans Roem. &
Schult., P. argentea Desf., P. brunnea E. Morris,
P. declinata Roem. & Schult., P. decumbens
Forssk., P. fastigiata E. Morris, P. fastigiata
var. brunnea (E. Morris) Pilg., P. gooddingii A.
Nelson & P.B. Kenn., P. insularis Eastw., P. in-
sularis var. fastigiata (E. Morris) Jeps., P. insularis var. scariosa (E. Morris) Jeps., P. insularis var. typica Poe, P. ispaghul Roxb., P.
leiocephala Wallr. ex K. Koch, P. mauritii Sen-
nen, P. microcephala Poir., P. minima A.M.
Cunn., P. monspeliensis Willd., P. o va t a var.
fastigiata (E. Morris) S.C. Meyers & Liston,
P. o va ta var. insularis (Eastw.) S.C. Meyers &
Liston, P. ovatifolia Steud., P. scariosa E. Mor-
ris, P. trichophylla Nábelek, P. villosa Moench.
Family: Plantaginaceae.
Arabic name: Kabāsh.
Persian name: Esfarzah.
English name: Blond psyllium, Desert
Indianwheat, Blond plantain, Ispagul
(Fig. 2.53).
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