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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5578_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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96 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Fig. 2.61. Rheum officinale Baill. (By Kurt Stueber, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_
officinale#/media/File:Rheum_officinale1.jpg.)
Shrub, up to 3.5 m. Young branches
densely brownish-tomentose. Leaves with
9–15, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, serrate
to deeply serrate leaflets, sparsely pilose
above and beneath, with small setae
along the veins beneath. Petals greenishwhite, 3–4.5 mm. Drupe globose, villose,
reddish (Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis,
1965–1988; Ghahreman, 1978; Assadi
etal., 1989).
Morphology
Ruta graveolens L., Sp. Pl.: 383 (1753)
Synonyms: Ruta altera Mill., R. ciliata Mill.,
R. crithmifolia Moric. ex DC., R. divaricata
Ten., R. diversifolia Wender., R. holopetala
Kitt., R. hortensis Mill., R. intermedia Steud.,
R. macrophylla Sol., R. officinalis Pall., R. sub-
tripinnata Miq.
Family: Rutaceae.
Arabic name: Sodāb bostāni.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 97
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Fig. 2.62. Rhus coriaria L. (By Dedda 71, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/c0/Sommacco.jpg.)
Persian name: Sodāb.
the capsule; bracts lanceolate, leaflike.
Sepals lanceolate, acute. Petals oblong-ovate,
English name: Rue, Common rue (Fig. 2.63).
denticulate, undulate. Capsule glabrous;
segments somewhat narrowed above to
Distribution
obtuse apex (Tutin et al., 1964; Davis, 1965–
1988; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Africa: Algeria. Asia: Turkey, Vietnam. Europe:
Albania, Austria, Canary Islands, Belgium,
Bulgaria, France, Germany, Great Britain,
Greece (Aegean Islands), Hungary, Italy,
Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine.
Styrax officinalis L., Sp. Pl.:
444 (1753)
Americas: Canada, Columbia, Ecuador, USA.
Synonyms: Styrax cotinifolius Salisb., S. offici-
Morphology
Strongly odoriferous evergreen herb or
narum Crantz.
Family: Styracaceae.
small shrub, stems 14–45 cm, rigid, densely
foliose. Lower leaves more or less long-
Arabic name: Mayaʿh yābesah.
petiolate, the uppermost subsessile; ultimate segments 2–9 mm wide, lanceolate to
Persian name: Mayaʿh khoshk.
narrowly oblong or obovate. Inflorescence
rather lax; pedicels as long as or longer than
English name: Storax (Fig. 2.64).
98 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Fig. 2.63. Ruta graveolens L. (By Pelenuska, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/6/66/Die_Weinraute%2C_lat._Ruta_graveolens%2C_Pflanze_mit_den_gelben_
Bl%C3%BCten.jpg.)
Distribution
Asia: Lebanon, Syria, Turkey. Europe: Albania,
Cyprus, France, Greece (Aegean Islands), Italy.
Morphology
Much branched, round-headed deciduous
shrub (rarely tree) up to 6 m tall. Young shoots
and buds stellate-pubescent. Leaves broadly elliptic to ovate, entire, 3.7–6.5 cm × 4.5–9.5 cm,
with 5–7 pairs of lateral veins, bright green
and sparingly stellate-pubescent above (later
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. &
L.M. Perry, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts,
n.s., 18: 196 (1939)
Synonyms: Caryophyllus aromaticus L., C.
hortensis Noronha, C. silvestris Teijsm. ex
Hassk., Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill., E. caryophyllata Thunb., E. caryophyllus (Spreng.)
Bullock & S.G. Harrison, Jambosa caryophyllus (Thunb.) Nied., Myrtus caryophyllus
Spreng.
glabrous), densely stellate-tomentose beneath,
obtuse. Flowers in clusters of 3–6, fragrant.
Family: Myrtaceae.
Calyx densely stellate-tomentose. Corolla
lobes 5–8, oblong-lanceolate, white, c.0.6 cm ×
Arabic name: Qaranfol.
1.5 cm. Stamens 12, as long as petals. Fruit
globose, tough, 1.2–1.4 cm diameter densely
Persian name: Mikhak.
stellate-tomentose, dehiscent above (Boissier,
1867–1888; Davis, 1965–1988).
English name: Clove (Fig. 2.65).
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 99
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Fig. 2.64. Styrax officinalis L. (By Eitan f, CC BY 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/
ee/Styrax_officinalis_flowering.jpg.)
Distribution
Africa: Comoros, Madagascar, Seychelles,
inside. Fruit matures approximately 9 months
after flowering (Soepadmo etal., 2011).
Tanzania. Asia: Borneo, India, Indonesia.
Americas: Trinidad and Tobago.
Morphology
A bushy, evergreen tree with a medium-sized
crown, growing 8–20 m tall. Several parts of
the tree are aromatic, including the leaves
and bark, but it is most valued for the aromatic flower buds, which are usually harvested by hand. Leaves are simple, bright
green, and glossy, lower surface is covered in
aromatic oil glands, elliptical leaves with
petioles (leaf stalks) grow up to 13 cm long
in opposite pairs along numerous short
branches. Flowers developing in small clus-
Tamarix gallica L., Sp. Pl.: 270 (1753)
Synonyms: Tamariscus gallicus (L.) All., T.
narbonensis Garsault, T. pentander Lam.,
Tamarix aegyptiaca Bertol., T. anglica Webb,
T. brachylepis Sennen, T. ehrenbergii C. Presl
ex Bunge, T. esperanzana Pau & Villar, T. gallica f. divaricata Ehrenb., T. gallica f. effusa
Ehrenb., T. gallica var. heterophylla Ehrenb.,
T. gallica var. nannifera Ehrenb., T. gallica var.
narbonensis Ehrenb., T. gallica var. subtilis
Ehrenb., T. libanotica K. Koch, T. matritensis
Pau & Villar, T. narbonensis Garsault, T. rioja-
na Sennen & Elías, T. sireti Sennen.
ters; buds are initially pale with a glossy,
fleshy appearance, turning green and then
Family: Tamaricaceae.
bright red as they mature; consist of a long,
narrow ovary, approximately 1.5–2.0 cm in
Arabic name: Gaz angabin.
length, with 4 small triangular sepals projecting outwards at one end. Sepals sur-
Persian name: Tarfā.
round a small ball of 4 overlapping petals
that protect the developing flower parts
English name: French tamarisk (Fig. 2.66).
100 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Fig. 2.65. Syzygium aromaticum L. (By Chen Hualin, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/3/35/The_flowers_of_clove_tree_in_Pemba_island.JPG.)
Fig. 2.66. Tamarix gallica L. (By Teun Spaans, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.
php?curid=167002.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 101
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Distribution
Africa: Morocco. Asia: Bangladesh, Myanmar. Europe: Great Britain, France, Hungary,
Italy, Spain. Americas: Argentina, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico,
Trinidad and Tobago, USA.
Morphology
Shrub or bushy tree with dark brown to
dark purple bark, entirely glabrous. Leaves
1–3 mm; racemes rather lax, 15–45 mm ×
3–5 mm, dense, with papillose axis; bracts
± erose-denticulate, not exceeding the calyx,
entire. Pedicel equaling calyx. Flowers
pink; sepals 0.75–1.25 mm, entire; petals
1.5–2 mm, elliptical to elliptic-obovate;
disk less fleshy; filaments expanded at
the base and confluent with the lobes of
the disk but disk much smaller (Sell and
Murrell, 2006).
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Pl.
Coromandel 2: t. 198 (1805)
Synonyms: Buceras bellirica (Gaertn.) Lyons,
Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn., M. punctata
(Roth) Kuntze, Terminalia attenuata Edgew.,
T. belirica Wall., T. biticaria Roxb., T. eglandu-
losa Roxb. ex C.B. Clarke, T. gella Dalzell,
T. laurinoides Teijsm. & Binn., T. moluccana
Roxb., T. myrobalana B. Heyne ex Roth,
T. punctata Roth.
Family: Combretaceae.
Arabic name: Balilaj.
Persian name: Balileh.
English name: Baheda, Bahera, Beleric myrobalan (Fig. 2.67).
Distribution
Africa: Mauritius. Asia: Bangladesh, Borneo,
Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Americas: Trinidad and Tobago.
Fig. 2.67. Terminalia bellirica. (By Mark Marathon,
CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
index.php?curid=23476344.)
Morphology
Trees deciduous, to 35 m tall; trunk to 1 m
diameter at breast height, with large but-
tresses. Bark gray, longitudinally ridged.
Branchlets with conspicuous, spirally as-
cending leaf scars. Leaves spiraled, crowded
into pseudowhorls at apices of branchlets;
petiole 3–9 cm, glabrous but ferruginous to-
mentose when young, especially at base,
with 2 glands above middle; leaf blade glossy,
obovate, 18–26 cm × 6–12 cm, both surfaces
glabrous except ferruginous tomentose
when young, base obtuse-rounded or at-
tenuate, apex obtuse or mucronate; lateral
veins in 5–8 pairs. Inflorescences axillary,
simple spikes, 5–18 cm, often grouped at
branchlet apex and forming a panicle; axis
densely ferruginous tomentose. Calyx tube
distally shallowly cupular, 4–5 mm, abaxially
tomentose, adaxially long villous; lobes 5.
Stamens 10, exserted, 4–5 mm. Fruit shortly
stipitate, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, or
ovoid, weakly to strongly 5-ridged, 2–3 cm ×
1.8–2.5 cm, densely and finely velutinous or
sericeous; stipe c.2 mm (eFloras, 2008).
102 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Terminalia chebula Retz., Observ.
Bot. 5: 31 (1788)
Synonyms: Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons,
Combretum argyrophyllum K. Schum., Myrobalanifera citrina Houtt., Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn., M. gangetica (Roxb.) Kos-
tel., M. tomentella Kuntze, Terminalia acuta
Walp., T. argyrophylla King & Prain, T. aruta
Buch.-Ham. ex G. Don, T. gangetica Roxb.,
T. glandulipetiolata De Wild., T. reticulata
B. Heyne ex Roth, T. tomentella Kurz.
Family: Combretaceae.
Arabic name: Ihlilaj kābuli.
Persian name: Halileh siāh.
Common name: Myrobalan, Black myrobalan,
Chebulic myrobalan (Fig. 2.68).
Distribution
Africa: Congo. Asia: Bangladesh, Cambodia,
China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Morphology
Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 1 m diameter.
Bark grayish-black to gray, coarsely split,
and thick. Branchlets conspicuously white
or yellowish long lenticellate, glabrous, or
tomentose or appressed villous at least when
young, hairs tawny, rarely silvery. Leaves alternate or subopposite, spaced along branchlets; petiole 1–3 cm, moderately stout, with
2(–4) glands 1–5 mm below apex; leaf blade
elliptic, 7–18 cm × 4.5–10 cm, both surfaces
glabrous, or appressed (and rarely silvery)
villous at least when young, base obtuse-rounded or cuneate, oblique, apex mucronate; lateral veins in 6–12 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, simple spikes,
5–10 cm, numerous flowered, sometimes
grouped at branchlet apex and forming a
panicle; axis glabrous or sparsely hairy, with
denser hairs near base of flowers. Flowers
slightly fragrant, bisexual. Calyx tube distally cupular, 2.5–3.5 mm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially tawny tomentose; lobes 5,
apex mucronate to aristate. Stamens 10,
exserted, 3–4 mm. Fruit not stipitate,
blackish-brown when ripe, ovoid or broadly
so, ellipsoid, or cylindric-ovoid, obtusely
Fig. 2.68. Terminalia chebula Retz. (By Delonix, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_
chebula#/media/File:Terminalia_chebula_-_flowers.JPG.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 103
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5-ridged, 2–4.5 cm × 1.2–2.5 cm, rigid, becoming deeply wrinkled when dry, glabrous
(eFloras, 2008).
Rosa × damascena Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8:
Rosa no. 15 (1768)
Synonyms: Rosa belgica Mill., R. calendarum
Münchh., R. calendarum Münchh. ex Borkh.,
R. centifolia var. bifera Poir., R. gallica var.
damascena Voss, R. polyanthos R, R. × bifera
(Poir.) Pers., R. × damascena var. trigintipetala Dieck, R. × damascena var. variegata Keller.
This species is the hybrid between R. gallica
L. and Rosa moschata Herrm. It was originated in Iran and then has been cultivated in
European countries.
Family: Rosaceae.
Arabic name: Ward juri.
Persian name: Gole mohamadi.
English name: Damask rose (Fig. 2.69).
Distribution
Asia: Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Transcaucasus,
Turkey, Turkmenistan. Europe: Bulgaria.
Morphology
Perennial bushy shrub, deciduous, up to 1.5 m,
erect, densely armed with stout prickles.
Prickles small, 0.3–0.6 cm, straight to
hooked, interspersed with glandular acicles
or bristles, with a broad dilated base, ± uni-
form. Leaflets 3 or 5, ovate to suborbicular
to elliptic, 2–5 cm × 1.5–2.5 cm, obtuse to
subacute with rounded base, coriaceous,
uni- or biserrate, teeth numerous, 10–17 on
each side, rather short, blunt, glabrous and
dull, bluish-green above, glabrescent to pu-
bescent and pale gray-green beneath, nerves
Fig. 2.69. Rosa × damascena. (By Farsad Nadjafi.)
104 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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elevated and distinct beneath; rachis prickly,
glabrous to pubescent; stipules rather broad,
glandular-serrate, auricles short, ± straight.
Flowers solitary or 2–4(–10) together, bracteate, strongly scented. Pedicels 1.5–5 cm,
densely glandular-setose. Outer sepals pinnatifid or lobed, lobes glandular-marginate,
broadly lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 cm, apiculate or
with a dilated tip, reflexed after anthesis and
soon deciduous. Petals 1.5–3.5 cm × 1.5–3
cm, emarginate, thick in texture, deep pink
to light red. Styles lanate, stigma head compact, semiglobose, disk conoidal, broad with
a wide orifice. Hypanthia globose to ovoid,
up to 1–1.3 cm long, densely glandularsetose, bright red (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Davis, 1965–1988).
Teucrium polium L., Sp. Pl.: 566 (1753)
Synonyms: Chamaedrys polium (L.) Raf.
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae).
Arabic name: Misk el jin.
Persian name: Kalpureh.
English name: Germander, Cat thyme, Felty
germander, Poley germander (Fig. 2.70).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Iran,
Iraq, Turkey. Europe: France, Spain.
Morphology
Dwarf shrub. Stems 6–45 cm, covered with
white, greenish, or golden branched hairs,
often densely so. Leaves 7–27 mm, narrowly
oblong to narrowly obovate, flat or with
revolute margins, with 2–5(9) crenations,
often in fascicles. Flowers in a simple or
compound head. Bracts leaflike to entire.
Calyx (2.5–)3–5 mm, densely and evenly
hairy. Corolla white or red; proximal lobes
rounded or triangular (Rechinger, 1963–
2001; Davis, 1965–1988).
Fig. 2.70. Teucrium polium L. (By Petr1888, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/5/52/Plants_in_Gorges_de_Ardeche1.JPG.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 105
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Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Elench. Pl.
Horti Matr.: 37 (1803)
Synonyms: Coridothymus capitatus (L.)
Rchb.f., Origanum capitatum (L.) Kuntze, Sa-
tureja capitata L., Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link, Th. creticus Brot.
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae).
Arabic name: Zoufā.
Persian name: A kind of Zoufā, a kind of
Marzanjoush.
Common name: Conehead thyme, Spanish
oregano (Fig. 2.71).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Lebanon, Syria, Turkey. Europe:
Albania, Cyprus, France, Greece (Aegean Islands), Italy, Portugal, Spain.
Morphology
Dwarf shrub 20–50(–150) cm, with ascend-
ing to erect woody branches bearing axillary
leaf clusters (often the only leaves during the
dry season). Leaves of long shoots 1.1–2 mm ×
6–10 mm, sessile, linear, acute, subglabrous,
sparsely ciliate at base; lateral veins not vis-
ible. Inflorescence oblong-conical; bracts c.
6 mm × 2 mm, imbricate, ovate to lanceolate,
greenish, ciliate; bracteoles c.6 mm, similar
to the leaves. Calyx c.5 mm, the upper lip
shorter than the lower, all the teeth ciliate.
Corolla up to 10 mm, purplish-pink, the upper
lip bifid (Engler and Prantl, 1897–1915;
Davis, 1965–1988).
Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Sp. Pl.: 777
(1753)
Synonyms: Buceras foenum-graecum (L.) All.,
B. odoratissima Medik., Foenum-graecum
officinale Moench, Foenum-graecum sativum
Medik., Folliculigera graveolens Pasq., Medicago
Fig. 2.71. Thymbra capitata L. (By Lapplaender, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/a/a3/Thymus_capitatus_in_Crete.jpg.)
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