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V. Ramesh et al.
Fig. 4 Role of nutraceuticals for the management of cancer
3.5.2 Minerals andVitamins
Minerals such as selenoprotein, zinc, germanium, magnesium, and vanadium potentially act against cancer.
Selenoprotein, represses p53, acts as thioredoxin reductase
by reducing NADPH of thioredoxin, decreasing the nucleotides in DNA synthesis, regenerating the antioxidant system,
and regulating gene expression. Zinc exerts prophylactic
anticancer activity by lower HDL and inhibiting free radicalinduced DNA damage in cancer cells [43].
Organogermanium compounds like germanium sesquioxide and spirogermanium are effective in treating cancer.
Germanium acts as a powerful antioxidant and anticancer
agent by inhibiting the tumors’ growth, metastasis, and
immunomodulating interferon-α and natural killer cell.
Magnesium decreases the risk of colorectal cancer.
Vanadium shows antitumor effect by stimulating tyrosine
phosphorylases and/or blocking the cellular tyrosine phosphatases which trigger the signal transduction pathways
leading to activation of tumor suppressor gene and apoptosis.
Lipoperoxidation, DNA fragmentation, and cleavage lead to
cell arrest and also regulate cellular adhesive molecules by
exhibiting antimetastatic action and revert chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Vitamin E, L-glutamine, and omega-3
may help to prevent chemotherapy-induced peripheral
neuropathy [44].
3.5.3 Herbs andPhytoconstituents
Herbs such as turmeric, black cumin, ginger, garlic, saffron,
red chili pepper, rosemary, clove, galangal, black pepper,
cinnamon, and oregano exhibit anticancer activity. Turmeric
(curcumin) targets the androgen receptor with minimizes
cytotoxicity on normal cell and induces apoptosis, inhibits
growth and proliferation, cell invasion, and angiogenesis in
breast and liver cancer cells. It also inhibits G1/S phase transition, by suppressing the action of cyclin-D1 and p21activated kinase. Black cumin (thymoquinone) induces
apoptosis, suppresses growth and proliferation, migration,
and cancer cell invasion. Ginger (6-shogaol) decreases
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tumorigenesis, proliferation, metastasis, and cell viability by
stimulating apoptosis. Garlic (S-allyl mercaptocysteine, diallyl disulde, triacremonone, diallyl sulde, diallyl trisulde)
inhibits tumor growth, metastasis, proliferation, DNA damage, and estrogen receptor-α activity by causing G2/M arrest,
induces immunomodulation, promotes apoptosis, and suppresses xenograft tumors [45].
Saffron (Crocetin and crocin) induces cell death and
apoptosis, inhibits cell invasion and migration, and exhibits
antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Red chili pepper
(Capsaicin), a radio-sensitizing agent, induces apoptosis,
oxidative DNA damage, and cell death, inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
Rosemary (carnosic acid) modulates apoptosis and is
autophagic by degradation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and estrogen receptor-α, and also downregulates androgen receptor, suppresses cell migration and
tumor growth size. Eugenol in clove suppresses cell growth
and proliferation, enhances cell cycle arrest, anti-inammatory, apoptosis, cytochrome P450 drug metabolism enzymes
activity, and improves synergistic activity with gemcitabine.
Galangal (Galangin) blocks the cancer cells proliferation
and stimulates cell death. Black pepper (Piperine) suppresses cell growth, proliferation, and motility, produces
apoptosis, enhances the efcacy of tumor necrosis factorrelated apoptosis- inducing ligand TRAIL, and reduces
androgen- dependent and independent tumor growth.
Cinnamon (Cinnamaldehyde) regulates drug-metabolizing
genes, thus decreasing chemotherapeutic toxicity. Carvacrol
in oregano induces apoptosis and prevents proliferation in
cancer cell. Boswellia serrata (boswellic acid) exhibits
anticancer by enhancing G1 phase cell cycle arrest in colon
cancer cells [45].
Phytochemicals like alkaloids, polyphenols (avonols,
avones, isoavones, stilbenes, ellagic acid, and anthocyanins), and terpenoids play an essential role as nutraceuticals
in the alleviation of cancer. Resveratrol, phytoalexin, and
polyphenol stimulate proapoptotic effect and reduce NF-κB
activation in breast and pancreatic cancer cells. Caffeic acid
phenethyl ester acts as chemotherapeutic adjuvant and
upregulates sodium channels, inhibits cell proliferation,
invasiveness, viability, and metastasis in colorectal cancer.
Moreover, it blocks binding between DNA and p65–p50
complex, which suppresses the transcription of target genes
that are regulated by NF-B.Limonene exhibits synergistic
anticancer activity with docetaxel in prostate cancer.
Carotenoids have oxygen quenching, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activity and prevent like the onset of several
types of cancer [46].
3.6 Role ofNutraceuticals inOsteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder, characterized by increase in
bone loss causing bone fragility and increase in fractures
risk. The etiological factors include age, race, height, gender, genetics, hormonal status, alcohol consumption, diet,
smoking, and insufcient physical activity. Nutraceuticals
such as prebiotics, probiotics, vitamins, minerals, dairy
products, herbs, and phytoconstituents are benecial for
general bone health and the treatment of osteoporosis [47]
(Table2).
Table 2 Role of nutraceuticals for the management of osteoporosis [47–49]
Sl. no Nutraceuticals Mechanism of action
1 Prebiotics (nondigestible oligosaccharides,
galacto-oligosaccharides)
2 Probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bidobacteria) Formation of a vitamins C, D, K, and folate, which become crucial for bone
3 Calcium Reduce bone loss
4 Magnesium Improves ATP production and acts as enzyme cofactor
5 Boron Enhance half-life of estrogen and vitamin D
6 Copper Increase cross-linking of lysine in elastin and collagen by activating lysyl oxidase
7 PUFA Increase calcium absorption
8 Herbaepimedii (icariin)
Improves mineral absorption to promote bone mineralization
Enhances magnesium and calcium assimilation in long bone
development and related to calcium metabolism
SCFAs reduce PTH which increases mineral absorption
Antioxidant activity thus decreasing osteoclast differentiation
Increase calcium absorption
Modulate turnover rate in bones
Mobilized by PTH-mediated bone breakdown if loss of calcium from the
extracellular uid exceeds its intake via the gut
Decrease inammatory cytokines
Activates PPAR-δ
Blocks COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2
Suppress inammatory bone loss
(continued)
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(continued)
Table 2
Sl. no Nutraceuticals Mechanism of action
9 Horse tail Equisetum arvense (silica) Collagen formation promotes bone mineralization
10 Quercetin, rutin, organosulfur avonoids,
11 Alfalfa (Ipriavone) Enhancement of type 1 collagen and alkaline phosphatase by enhancing
12 Red clover (Genistein, daidzein) Inhibits topoisomerase II and tyrosine kinase
13
14 Resveratrol Reduce oxidative stress
15 Berries, plums, black cohosh (polyphenols,
16 Kaempferol and quercetin Suppress inammatory pathway
17 Basic milk protein Increases osteoblast differentiation and proliferation
18 Cystatin C Suppress cysteine protease
19 Lactoferrin (glycoprotein) Prevent osteoblast apoptosis
20 Melatonin Antioxidant activity
and limonoids
Green tea (epigallocatechin-3- gallate) Enhances osteoblast synthesis and alkaline phosphatase
25-acetylcimigenol xylopyranoside)
Antioxidant activity
Decreases osteoclast activity
osteoblastogenesis
Modulates secretion of β-glucuronidase and cathepsin K and L
Inhibits osteoclastogenesis
Suppress osteoclast activity
Inhibit TNF-α
Activates caspase-3
Suppress matrix metalloproteinase-9
Suppress IL-6 activity and RANKL expression
Block osteoclast synthesis and differentiation
Reduce inammatory cytokines
Modulates osteoblast and enhances osteoblastogenesis
Change the expression of osteoclast genes to inhibit osteoclastogenesis
Reduce osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting RANKL and TNF-α
Osteoclast-mediated bone loss
Suppress osteoclast genesis leading to bone loss
Inhibits prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1, and thrombin- dependent release of
calcium from bones
Decreases osteoclast genesis
Enhance bone formation
Stimulates MAPK to confer rapid cell mitogenesis
Increase osteoclast metabolism
Increase serum corticosteroid levels
Suppress osteoclast differentiation by enhancing osteoprotegerin
V. Ramesh et al.
Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bidobacteria promote the production of vitamins C, D, K, and folic acid,
which boost calcium metabolism, lower PTH by increasing
mineral and calcium absorption in the bone, and decrease in
osteoclast differentiation. Prebiotics such as indigestible oligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides improve magnesium absorption and promote bone mineralization. Omega-3
fatty acids affect bone remodeling via calcium uptake,
inammatory cytokines, and PPAR-γ. Melatonin increases
serum corticosteroid levels and procollagen type I c-peptide.
Minerals such as calcium, magnesium, boron, and copper
protect the neuromuscular system, stabilize the half-life of
estrogen and vitamin D by triggering lysyl oxidase, which
causes the cross-linking of lysine into elastin. Dairy products
such as milk protein, cystatin C, and lactoferrin promote
osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, prevent osteoclast formation and bone resorption, and stimulate MAPK to
cause rapid cell mitogenesis. Flavonoids such as ipriavone,
genistein, daidzein, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin,
epigallocatechin-3-gallate, icariin, anthocyanidin, polyphenols, 25-acetylcimigenol, xylopyranoside, resveratrol, and
limonoids exhibit antiosteoporotic activity. They increase
alkaline phosphatase, inhibit tyrosine kinase, topoisomerase
II, β-glucuronidase, and cathepsin (K and L), suppress oxidative stress, inammation, caspase-3, bone marrow mononuclear cell differentiation, and downregulate receptor
activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL) and
TNF-α [48, 49].
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4 Conclusion
In conclusion, nutraceutical is an effective way to prevent
lifestyle diseases and improve overall health prole of an
individual. Nutraceuticals are the fastest growing industry
which have a bright future as therapeutic agents. Many of the
nutraceuticals discussed in this chapter have been shown to
be not only preventive but also therapeutic for numerous lifestyle diseases. Nutraceuticals frequently have an advantage
over synthetic medications in that they have the potential to
alleviate and prevent lifestyle disorders. Phytochemicals like
avonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and tannins
exhibit plethora of pharmacological activities such as hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, hypotensive, antidiabetic, antiinammatory, antioxidant, and antiosteoporosis. They
exhibit synergistic action with clinical drug therapy and act
at multiple targets and bring about a holistic approach rather
than targeted treatment thus minimizing dosage and adverse
effects contemporary drug. However, in current scenario the
role of nutraceuticals is undermined due to insufcient data
on various pharmaceutical aspects. There is a need to establish a nutraceutical research community to transform natural
nutraceuticals into authenticated ones by addressing their
enormous benets to humans as their prominence in the
nutraceutical industry grows. Extensive and elaborate
research on most of the nutraceuticals has mandatory to
establish its effectiveness as novel treatment and prophylactic strategies to alleviate various lifestyle disorders.
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Eating andHealing: Traditional Food
https://t.me/medicina_free
asMedicine
SparshaSureshBandekar andAjayGajananNamdeo
Abstract
Food being the basic building block of biology, consists
of vital micronutrients that furnish energy for different
life processes. In addition, foods also contain phytochemicals responsible for their medicinal use. The integrative
nature of foods as medicine has been explored and utilized in their indigenous habitats. Food when consumed
adequately and essentially can serve as powerful medicine promoting health and preventing diseases through
good nutrition. But the consumption of medicinal plants
or traditional foods cannot be generalized because a plant
showing benecial effects can also contain toxic phytochemicals and the amount of food should be considered
for optimal effects. Also, this should not affect the sustainability of wild plants by overextraction. Contributions
of Ayurveda and traditional systems of medicine to Food
& Nutrition can help in exploring traditional foods with
medicinal benets. The food resources providing nutrients as well as phytochemicals namely Spices,
Condiments, Grains, Pulses, Vegetables, Herbs, Fruits,
Berries, Teas, and Extracts can be explored with a
literature- based approach to bring out the facts about the
traditional foods with medicinal benets. This chapter
presents a narrative about such facts supporting the theory
of eating and healing with traditional foods.
Keywords
Traditional food · Phytochemicals · Health benets
S. S. Bandekar
Satara College of Pharmacy, Satara, Maharashtra, India
A. G. Namdeo (*)
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan
Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University),
Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
1 Introduction
Eating could be considered one of the most signicant
actions of one’s everyday routine. Apart from the two other
basic needs of life, food can be unarguably regarded as the
top need for survival. As it is evident that deprival of food or
starvation has led to health conditions, food is the rst contributor to health. With the advent of science, many medicines have been discovered that aided in health and cure for
sickness. Over the past years of research in the eld of science and medicine, we have a pool of chemicals used in the
mitigation or cure of various diseases and ailments.
As said earlier that food is the rst contributor to health,
and ensuring the consumption of food that provides sufcient nutritional value has proved to prevent illness in the
rst place. Healthy eating is an alternative, but there are
foods that provide medicinal value and have been consumed
during health conditions to get rid of the disease. Such traditional foods are a treasure for the health care sector as it leads
to healing from eating.
What is food? Food can be considered the basic building
block of biology consisting of vital micronutrients in the
form of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins
that furnish energy for different life processes. It can be
added now that food also consists of phytochemicals
(Phyto—meaning from plant origin, chemical—here means
medicinal component from the plant) that contribute to
mechanisms that are responsible for the cure of diseases
[1,2].
Integrative tools based on scientic evidence such as food
pyramids have been suggestive of the relative consumption
patterns for various foods based on the bodily requirements
of humans. As this approach expands to healing foods, such
tools can be suggestive of the foods essential for the human
body and their serving sizes [3]. But a question that arises
here is whether a single pyramid tool is suggestive of foods
for all people across the globe. The Answer could be “NO”
since the food availability varies across the geographical
regions as well as the seasons. And especially while consid-
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. K. Dhara, S. C. Mandal (eds.), Role of Herbal Medicines, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7703-1_24
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S. S. Bandekar and A. G. Namdeo
ering healing foods, should be more integrative to incorporate other considerable factors like the time of consumption
and the incompatibility concerns.
The indigenous people around the world do not discriminate between food & medicine. There is a continuum in the
use of certain foods as medicine, especially the wild and
semi-domestic ones. The integrative nature of food as medicine is evident in the plant as well as the animal kingdom.
Though the availability of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, the wholesome approach of utilizing the miraculous
foods gifted to us by nature is extremely benecial [4].
Food can serve as a powerful medicine if consumed adequately and essentially, thus promoting health and preventing diseases through good nutrition. Proper nutrition is of
utmost necessity especially when a patient is sick or
recovering from a disease, thus food plays its role here by
contributing its bit in treating a disease. The lacuna over here
is the lack of inclusion of nutrition as a prime topic in the
training and practice of doctors and nurses. A sound healthcare system can support the impact of food as medicine on
proper healthcare management [5].
The interventions of food as medicines can be integrated
with the healthcare systems through the active participation
of healthcare providers in considering the impact of food
recommendations to the patients and concepts like medically
tailored meals and medically tailored groceries. This would
lead to increased awareness among society as doctors are
most trusted by the community among healthcare providers
[6].
Nutritionally adequate diet plans have supported the
healthcare systems for better outcomes for their patients and
this has resulted in the acceleration of the “Food and
Medicine” movement across the world. But there came some
limitations to these initiatives due to food insecurities which
have also led to the consideration of food as the basic right of
humans [7].
The consumption of medicinal plants or traditional foods
cannot be generalized, as certain points are necessary to be
considered before their public announcement:
affect the overall health of the human [8]. Overall if we consider, which food is eaten and what it is composed of has the
most alarming implication on health.
This chapter presents a wholistic scientic literaturebased approach to bring out the facts about the traditional
foods with medicinal benets which can be consumed by
humans in their routine diet or otherwise under certain manageable circumstances. Such foods will help a healthy society that would reduce the burden on the medical sector.
2 Contributions ofAyurveda toFood
andNutrition
As per the concept of Ayurvedic nutrition, all bodily constituents like dosha, dhatu, and mala are formed in balance
with an appropriate and wholesome diet as widely said, “we
are what we eat.” As per these theories, nutrition is considered to be essential for the mind as well. Ayurveda considers
the consumption of three types of foods for the mind functions and also prescribes different diets (ahara) for the dosha
constitution like Vatta, Pitta, and Kapha. There is an empha-
sis on the consideration of sleep (nidra) for human wellbeing and the concept of Dinacharya is important for
understanding the best routine for health as per Ayurveda.
Ayurveda evolved as an ancient art of healing and living a
healthy life from Indian Vedic Literature and has been
believed in, today over the world. Indian Traditional foods
have been considered to contain the necessary functional
components and healing phytochemicals that translate their
health benets upon consumption. Foods are classied based
on their nature as cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables, milk,
alcoholic beverages, and animal products. For effective consumption of food, the seasonal study also makes a difference
[9].
3 Traditional Systems ofMedicines
andFood
1. A plant showing benecial effects can also contain toxic
phytochemicals.
2. There are cultural prescriptions that need to be considered for optimal effects.
3. Promoting wild foods can affect their sustainability by
overextraction [4].
Traditional and modern eating is comprised of different
facets based on which an eating habit can be regarded as traditional or modern. Some of the important facets include the
food itself, and food composition. The secondary facets
include methods of preparation, the origin of food, etc. Other
facets may be mealtime and coadministered foods which can
From the time of history, natural sources of medicine are
prevalent in various systems of medicine. Plant- and animalbased products have been used to treat or prevent diseases.
Systems such as Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine,
Unani, traditional Japanese medicine, Homeopathy, etc.,
commonly used nature-based healing. Such other traditional
systems are seen in countries like Korea, Australia, Africa,
and Russia. Medicines from natural sources have been
researched over time and it is evident that different medicinal
plants such as turmeric also have a place in the kitchen and
can be administered as food without the need fora prescription from a doctor. The phytochemicals from medicinal
foods and herbs are responsible for the healing properties of
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medicinal foods since human history. There is a huge development in concepts to develop drug discovery from such
medicinal foods in recent years and there is the success of the
researchers. Although the fact medicinal food itself is an
alternative, medicine method further supports the treatments
by modern medicine with a complementary approach [10,
11].
4 Medicinal Foods
Due to the use of certain foods with medicinal properties by
communities for ages, it is considered safe and alongside has
also led to growth in the use of functional foods and phytopharmaceuticals. Due to lifestyle changes and perspectives
toward food processing and diet, it is necessary to collaboratively understand the use of such medicinal foods in today’s
era. Intake of food as medicine can also have the consequences like the interaction of the medicinal components of
food and medicinal agents. Risks of food-drug and nutrientdrug interaction need to be anticipated and studied by experts
before considering the generous use of such foods in patients
[12].
5 Food, Nutrition, Energy, andHealth
The basic requirement of well-being is the fulllment of the
bodily needs of energy through food. The secondary requirement is to get our body ready to ght against bodily ailments
through preventive medicine that ensures well-being. Tertiary
to this is the cure of any disease or ailment contracted, with
the use of appropriate medicine.
It is proven that the energy generated and spent in our
body is associated with food intake and nutrition therein. The
balance in energy in the human body is diet, nutrition, and
other human factors. Foods are not just responsible for
energy generation but also energy expenditure. The energy
balance of foods can be in the form of different mechanisms.
Foods like turmeric, ginger, green tea, cinnamon, and chili
pepper are responsible for enhanced thermogenesis. Ginger,
green tea, chili pepper, nuts, and cinnamon increase energy
expenditure. Others like Green tea, bitter orange, and cocoa
enhance oxidative metabolism. The human gut also plays an
important role in the overall process of metabolism and
energy generation [13].
The energy needs of the human body are incurred by the
different types of foods that humans consume. Over a while,
there is very little evolution or change in the foods which can
sufce the needs of energy and nutrition for the human body.
A study showed that of ancient diets showed that the maximum energy needs of humans are obtained from Fats (35%),
Carbohydrates (35%), and Proteins (30%). The maximum fat
intake and energy supply were from poly-unsaturated fatty
acids, followed by saturated fats and negligible amounts of
trans-fatty acids. Carbohydrate energy supply came more
from uncultivated (naturally grown/organic) fruits and vegetables (>50% carbs) and minimal amounts of grains and
dairy consumption. Sugar intake was from honey or jaggery
ranging to 2%. High-ber intake was there but was kept to a
bare minimum of the total food. Vitamins, Minerals, and
Phytochemicals intake was as high as eight times than
today’s human consumption [14]. Today the scenario of the
human diet has changed to a drastic level with the consumption of processed foods, junk, alcohol, imbalance in diet, and
lifestyle changes. Minute things like freezing food items or
articial methods of ripening or cultivational changes affect
the overall nutrition that human receives through foods.
In addition to the physical health of humans, it is evident
that food plays a vital role in the mental, emotional, and psychological well-being of the human. Nutrition has shown
positive implications in the elevation of behavior and mood,
thus in the mitigation and treatment of mental disorders. In a
conference proceeding the topic of “Diet, nutrition, mental
health, and well-being” was reviewed to unwind the association of food with the mental health of humans. The universality of food has been considered as a modiable risk factor
with which even a minute modication in the nutritional
environment can be translated into larger gains in positive
outcomes for the mental health and well-being of society
[15]. It has been the truth of the past and from time immemorial, food was associated with the mental well-being of
humans and thus there were etiquettes maintained in food
regimes from traditional times to ensure healthy mental
well-being.
6 The Food Nutrients
Major energy sources or nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats which are obtained from grains and pulses,
meat, sh, eggs, etc. These are required for the major energy
supply of the human body and to perform the vital life process within the human body.
Micronutrients like vitamins, amino acids, and minerals
are obtained from various plant, animal, and mineral sources
and are responsible to support the vital process of life as
supplementary needs. They are required in smaller amounts
and affect the overall functionality of the human body.
Apart from these, the foods provide phytochemicals that
aid in the prevention and cure of diseases in humans and play
a role in the maintenance of overall health. Certain classes of
phytochemicals that are obtained from food resources and
play a major role in the health of humans can be named
Polyphenols, Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Aromatic
Compounds, lower Terpenoids, certain Alkaloids, and
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S. S. Bandekar and A. G. Namdeo
Essential Fatty acids. Other medicinally important phytochemicals, like steroids, higher terpenoids, saponins, many
alkaloids, glycosides, etc. are not obtained from food
resources by the human body. They need to be administered
in the form of medicines under the guidance of medical
professionals.
The food resources can be regarded as sources of nutrients as well as phytochemicals can be classied into the
following:
1. Spices and Condiments
2. Grains and Pulses
3. Vegetables and Herbs
4. Fruits and Berries
5. Teas and Extracts
The major source of phytochemicals can be attributed to
spices and condiments followed by vegetables, herbs, fruits,
berries, teas, and extracts. Since spices, condiments, and certain herbs are used in minor quantities in foods and are found
to be an ingredient of different medicinal preparations, this
has been discussed separately with detailed emphasis.
Furthermore, the phytochemical classes that have majorly
been obtained from foods and are responsible for medicinal
activities are avonoids and polyphenols. Flavonoidcontaining foods come from all the abovementioned
resources and this again has been discussed separately.
alleviate headaches and neuralgia. Cinnamon is often combined with ginger to stimulate circulation and digestion. It
has been regarded as a folk remedy for indurations (of the
spleen, breast, uterus, liver, and stomach) and tumors (especially of the abdomen, liver, and sinews) [16].
Clove got its name from the term nail “clou” due to its
shape. The spice is used in Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and
Western herbalism and dentistry, where the essential oil is
used as an anodyne (painkiller) for dental emergencies.
Cardamom mixed with neem and camphor, is used as a nasal
preparation to treat colds. An infusion of cardamom can be
used as a gargle to relieve sore throats, which has led to its
use in cough sweets. Cardamom pods, fried and mixed with
mastic and milk, are used for bladder problems. Coriander,
Fenugreek, Ginger, Garlic, and Chili are some of the traditional medicines that are used for their benecial effects on
health. Mint and rosemary are among the herbs and kokum
fruit has also shown use traditionally [16].
Many spices and condiments have shown to provide different medicinal benets from the foods in which they are
used. Some of the important ones along with their biological
source, usability in foods, phytochemical composition, and
medicinal use have been provided in Table1.
Apart from Spices and Condiments, which form a major
source of distinct variety of phytochemicals, the other foods
also contain bioactive phytochemicals which give benecial
health effects in humans. These are
7 Spices, Condiments, andHerbs
withMedicinal Value
Spices are used in cuisines in small quantities for avor,
color, or as preservatives. They have a place in traditional
medicine and are historically proven to be used for their
medicinal benets. Spices are native to various places of the
globe and are now available worldwide due to better logistics
and globalization [16].
The Spices have a major place in curing and medicinal
benets incurred upon them. Traditions have shown the use
of spices in controlled quantities in certain foods thus obtaining maximum medicinal benets from them. These are
among those foods which contain phytochemicals other than
the basic nutrients which are responsible for medical benets
and not the best nutritional benets.
Turmeric is a yellow color spicy rhizome used traditionally in cookery and for the cure and mitigation of various
ailments. It is also known as Indian saffron and is an alternative to expensive saffron. Pepper is known as the king of
spices, has originated in South India, and gets its name from
the Sanskrit word pipalli (for long pepper). Pepper powders
can be obtained from black pepper, white pepper, red pepper,
and green pepper. Cinnamon powder in water is applied to
1. Grains and Pulses
2. Vegetables and Herbs
3. Fruits and Berries
4. Teas and Extracts
One of the phytochemical classes majorly responsible for
biomedical effects is Polyphenolic compounds like
Flavonoids. Different avonoids and its derivatives are present in each of these food categories.
8 Foods withFlavonoids Responsible
forHealth Benets
The one prominent activity that every researcher would carry
out on a new plant drug or any natural or semisynthetic drug
while researching is the antioxidant activity. The in vitro
antioxidant activities are carried out to test every herbal drug
sample or formulation since the antioxidant potential of a
drug can be a guide that the sample might show other benecial biological activities.
What accounts for the antioxidant activity of any plant?
The major credit for the antioxidant activity in plants can be
due to the polyphenolics and the avonoids or some plant
pigments. Flavonoids are among those polyphenolics which
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Table 1 Spices and condiments with medicinal benets
Sr.
no. Name Biological source Usability as food Type of phytochemical Medicinal use Reference
1 Turmeric Rhizomes of
2 Pepper Dried fruits of Piper
3 Long
pepper
4 Clove Flower buds of
5 Cinnamon Bark of
6 Green
cardamom
7 Black
cardamom
8 Ginger Rhizomes of
9 Garlic Bulbs of Allium
10 Coriander Dried ripe fruits and
11 Cumin Dried ripe fruits of
Curcuma longa
(Zingiberaceae)
nigrum (Piperaceae)
Dried fruits of Piper
longum (Piperaceae)
Eugenia
caryophyllus
(Myrtaceae)
Cinnamomum
verum, C cassia, C
zeylanicum, C
loureirii (Lauraceae)
It consists of dried
pods of Elettaria
cardamomum
(Zingiberaceae)
It consists of dried
pods of Amomum
subulactum
(Zingiberaceae)
Zingiber ofcinalis
(Zingiberaceae)
sativum (Liliaceae)
leaves of
Coriandrum sativum
(Umbelliferae)
Syzygium cumuni
(Umbelliferae)
In powdered form
added to Indian
cuisines as a
condiment, and to
sweet preparations
as a coloring agent
In powdered form
or as a whole
added to Indian
cuisines as a spice,
and also used as a
avor enhancer
In powdered form
or as a whole
added to Indian
cuisines as a spice,
and also used as a
avor enhancer
In powdered form
or as a whole
added to Indian
cuisines as a spice,
and also used for
avoring
In powdered form
or as a whole
added to Indian
cuisines as a spice,
and also used for
avoring
It is used as a spice
powder in south
Indian foods
It is used in spice
powders in Bengal
foods
Used in paste form
or crushed form
for avoring foods
and cuisines, and
also used in
avored teas and
sweets
As a whole or in
paste or the
crushed form used
in seasoning
Used as a
condiment in
Indian foods
Indian spice Ellagic acid, gallic acid,
Curcuminoids Antioxidant, anticancer,
Piperine Antiproliferative, antitumor,
Piperine, piperidine, caffeic
acid, quercetin, kaempferol
Phenolic compounds like
eugenol, eugenol acetate,
β-caryophyllene, α-humulene,
gallic acid
Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamate,
cinnamyl acetate,
b-caryophyllene, and even
some amount of eugenol
Essential oils and
monoterpenes
Essential oils and
monoterpenes
Gingerol, zingiberene,
geranial, ar-curcumene, and
b-bisabolene starch, lipids,
proteins, and inorganic
compounds
Allicin, allyl-alcohols,
phenolics
Linalool Antimicrobial [18]
cuminaldehyde
Quercetin, Kaempferol
antibacterial, anti-inammatory,
neuroprotective,
hepatoprotective,
cardioprotective
antioxidant, antidiabetic,
anti-obesity, cardioprotective,
antipyretic and antiinammatory, antimicrobial,
antiaging, and
immunomodulatory effects
Digestive, appetizing agent,
stomachic, antidiarrheal, in the
lung, and live problems
Antimicrobial, larvicidal,
antiviral, anesthetic,
insecticidal, antioxidant, and
anticancer
Antimicrobial, antioxidant,
anti-inammatory, blood
purifying, and blood thinning
properties
Carminative, diuretic,
stomachic and digestive,
gastroprotective, antiinammatory, antibacterial,
aphrodisiac
Anti-inammatory, antiasthmatic, digestive,
aphrodisiac
Aphrodisiac, digestive,
antibacterial, antifungal, in
nausea and vomiting, metabolic
syndrome, and pain
Antibacterial, antifungal,
anticancer, antioxidant
Antioxidant, antimicrobial [18, 20]
483
[17, 18]
[18, 19]
[16, 20]
[18, 21]
[18, 22]
[16]
[16]
[18, 23]
[16, 18]
(continued)
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