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S. Ganguly and J. Kumar
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Role ofNutraceuticals
https://t.me/medicina_free
intheManagement ofLifestyle Diseases
VimalavathiniRamesh, KayalvizhieSubbarayan, SittarthanViswanathan, andKavimaniSubramanian
Abstract
Lifestyle disorders have become a global health burden in terms of money, morbidity, and mortality. Since time imme­morial, nutraceuticals had been a part of human life for its preventive and curative properties. The effectiveness of modern drug therapy has improved with the use of nutraceu­ticals, thus reducing its dosage and side effects. It includes vitamins, Prebiotics, probiotics, dietary bers, polyunsatu­rated fatty acids, minerals, proteins, herbs, amino acids, and phytoconstituents. They help in preventing lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, obesity, and osteoporosis owing to their antip­roliferative, anti- inammatory, antiapoptotic, antioxidant, antimetastatic, free radical scavenging, and hepatoprotec­tive effects. The following chapter discusses different types of nutraceuticals and its signicance in the management of various lifestyle disorders.
Keywords
Lifestyle diseases · Nutraceuticals · Disease prevention · Dietary bers · Herbs
1 Introduction
World Health Organization (WHO) states that lifestyle disor­ders are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and the most signicant barrier to global development. Moreover, lifestyle diseases are continuously rising throughout the third-world countries [1]. Human lifestyles have changed dra­matically due to industrialization, untimely and hectic work schedules, faster living conditions, and associated psychological stress, resulting in a high prevalence of diabetes
V. Ramesh · K. Subbarayan · S. Viswanathan K. Subramanian (*) Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, Puducherry, India
mellitus, obesity, hypertension, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Controlling the associated risk factors is a crucial component in the management of lifestyle diseases. Nutritional therapy is a comprehensive approach for disease prevention and treat­ment that employs complementary therapeutics or nutraceuti­cals as dietary therapies. The effectiveness of nutraceuticals as natural nutritional supplements aids in holistic detoxica­tion, prevents mineral and vitamins insufciency, and rees­tablishes more biofriendly dietary habits to go a long way to maintain health, improve disease prognosis, and abate adverse effects of modern medicines taken concurrently in these dis­orders. An added advantage is that they are readily available and cost-effective [2]. Nutraceuticals are essential when it comes to warding off and treating various lifestyle diseases. The following chapter denes different nutraceuticals and their prominence in alleviating various lifestyle diseases.
2 Types ofNutraceuticals
Nutraceuticals classication includes nontraditional, tradi­tional, and commercial nutraceuticals. These include dietary bers, prebiotics, probiotics, amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, enzymes, vitamins, proteins, herbs, and phytochemi­cals (Fig.1).
2.1 Dietary Fibers
Dietary bers are dened as food material that can be digested by gut microora but cannot be digested by digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary bers are mainly divided into soluble and insoluble bers. Soluble dietary ber includes β-glucans, pectins, gums, mucilage, and hemicelluloses fer­mented in the colon. Research has revealed that certain solu­ble bers enhance immunity in humans. Insoluble dietary ber includes hemicelluloses, celluloses, and lignans, which are fermented to a limited extent in the colon. For example,
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 A. K. Dhara, S. C. Mandal (eds.), Role of Herbal Medicines, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7703-1_23
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Fig. 1 Types of nutraceuticals
fructooligosaccharide is a dietary ber obtained from toma­toes, bananas, chicory roots, and alliums that promote the growth of Bidobacteria in the gut and reduce the risk of gas­trointestinal disorders, hypertension, stroke, diabetes melli­tus, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity [3].
2.2 Prebiotics
Prebiotics are substances that are undigested by humans dur­ing consumption and act as nutrient source for probiotic bac­teria encouraging its growth which in turn prevents the growth of harmful microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. They also offer antitumor properties, neutralization of toxins, enhancement of the intestinal immune system, and lactose tolerance, along with reduction of constipation and blood cholesterol levels. Prebiotic, in addition, promotes the growth of symbiotic bacteria such as Bidobacteria and Lactobacillus in the gut, thus enabling biotransformation. For example, inulin is obtained from the roots of plants such as dandelions, Jerusalem artichoke, and chicory [3, 4].
2.3 Probiotics
According to WHO “probiotics are live strains of strictly selected microorganisms that, when administered in ade­quate quantities, confer health benet on the host” [5]. Endogenously, probiotics are nonpathogenic, gastric acid­resistant, antimicrobial-producing microbes present in gut epithelium [6]. Studies have shown that the administration of probiotics decrease the risk of systemic conditions such as cancer, asthma, allergy, ear, and urinary tract infections. It forms a symbiotic relationship with the human gastrointesti­nal tract and has been part of our food culture in the form of curd, gruel, and batter. Probiotics include Bidobacteria such as Bidobacterium adolescentis, Bidobacterium bidum, Bidobacterium thermophilum, Bidobacterium longum, and Bidobacterium infantis; Gram-positive cocci such as
Streptococcus salivarius subsp. Thermophilus and Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis; Lactobacilli such as Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Lactobacillus acidophilus [3].
Role ofNutraceuticals intheManagement ofLifestyle Diseases
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2.4 Vitamins
Both fat and water-soluble vitamins are used as dietary sup­plements owing to their antioxidant properties, which are useful in preventing lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders [5, 6]. According to research studies, high intake of tocopherol prevents PD and dehydroascorbic acid crosses the blood-brain barrier, acts as antioxidants in the central nervous system abetting in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Vitamins C and E are useful in reducing lipid peroxidation and atherosclerosis [7]. Seaweed contains fat and water-soluble-like vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and K, which exerts anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antihyper­tensive, and antioxidant properties [8].
2.5 Minerals
Natural products and minerals obtained from plants, ani­mals, and dairy products are effective in managing disorders like osteogenesis imperfecta and anemia, which strengthen bones and muscles, sustain rhythmicity of heart muscles, and aid in neurotransmission [5, 6]. Genetically predisposed individuals with pancreatic cancer have low-serum selenium levels, and can be prevented by selenium supplementation. Zinc is essential for digestion, metabolism, and wound heal­ing [7]. Seaweeds contain minerals, such as uoride, potas­sium, iodine, zinc, magnesium, iron, manganese, phosphorus, copper, selenium, and calcium which can be helpful in reducing the incidence of various lifestyle disorders [8].
2.6 Fatty Acids
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are “essential fatty acids” consumed in diet. PUFAs are two types, omega-3fatty acids and omega­6fatty acids. Main omega-3-fatty acids are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), α-linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); Omega-6- fatty acids mainly consist of arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and γ-linolenic acid. Studies have sug­gested that omega-3 fatty acids have signicant effects in the therapy of arrhythmia, thrombosis, and diabetes mellitus [3].
2.7 Proteins andAmino Acids
Legumes and pulses are important ingredients of food and are main source of minerals and proteins (calcium, zinc,
iron), with a low amount of lipids. Legumes are also rich in vitamins like folic acid, riboavin, niacin, biotin, and thia­mine with low concentration of saturated fats [9]. Methionine, arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, threo­nine, valine, tryptophan, and lysine are the essential amino acids used as nutraceuticals [10]. Seaweed contains essential amino acids like threonine, valine, lysine, and leucine [8]. L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid and aids in produc­tion of nitric oxide which can be helpful in ameliorating neu­rodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases [7].
2.8 Enzymes
Nutraceutical enzymes derived from plant, animal, and microbial sources include, lactase, papain, xylanase, casein, and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). They are indicated in manage­ment of medical conditions such as digestive problems, obe­sity, diabetes mellitus, gastroesophageal reux disease, constipation, diarrhea, and ulcerative colitis [7].
2.9 Herbs
Herbs provide a complete storehouse of remedies to improve health, to prevent and cure acute and chronic diseases [7]. Examples include willow bark with the active component salicin, which has antiarthritic activity; lavender contains tannin, which helps cure depression, hypertension, and stress, cranberries contain proanthocyanidin which is found to be ulcer and anticancer therapy [6]. Condiments such as garlic, liquorice, ginger, buckwheat proteins, turmeric, thyme, and peppermint are effective in curbing diseases like hypertension, ulcer, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, obesity, cancer, abdominal distention, and gastrointestinal complaints [4]. Spirulina and chlorella are used as food supplements for their anticholesteremic, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic activities [5].
2.10 Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are plant nutrients which help in the main­taining healthy life, preventing, and treating various harmful diseases in humans. Phenolic compounds possess hepato­protective, antiallergic, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antivi­ral, anti-inammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects [7]. Flavonoids, exert antioxidant, anticancer (breast and pros­tate cancer), and antidiabetic properties and also help in cur­ing heart diseases and kidney problems. Nonavonoid
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