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HANDBOOK OF
VENOUS AND
LYMPHATIC
DISORDERS
HANDBOOK OF
VENOUS AND
LYMPHATIC
DISORDERS
FOURTH EDITION
Guidelines of the
American Venous Forum
Edited by
Peter Gloviczki MD FACS
Joe M. and Ruth Roberts Professor of Surgery, Consultant and Chair, Emeritus,
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Director, Emeritus, Gonda Vascular
Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Associate Editors
Michael C. Dalsing MD FACS
E. Dale and Susan E. Habegger Professor of Surgery and Chair, Division of Vascular
Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Bo Eklöf MD PhD
Clinical Professor, Emeritus, of Surgery, University of Hawaii, USA, and University of
Lund, Helsingborg, Sweden
Fedor Lurie MD PhD
Adjunct Research Professor University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, and
Associate Director, Jobst Vascular Institute, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Thomas W. Wakeeld MD FACS
Stanley Professor of Vascular Surgery and Head, Section of Vascular Surgery,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Assistant Editor
Monika L. Gloviczki MD PhD
Research Fellow, Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine and the Gonda Vascular
Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
CRC Press
https://t.me/med1917
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
Version Date: 20161004
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-2440-1 (Pack - Book and Ebook)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
is book is dedicated to
https://t.me/med1917
John J. Bergan, MD
FACS, FACPh, FRCS Hon. (Eng.)
1927–2 014
Founding Father and First President of the American Venous Forum,
Past President of the Society for Vascular Surgery,
President-Elect of the American College of Phlebology,
An inspiring mentor, innovating scholar, captivating speaker,
and prolic author and editor,
for his visionary leadership and for serving as an
international ambassador of venous and lymphatic disorders.
https://t.me/med1917
Contents
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Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Contributors xv
Evidence-based guidelines xxi
Abbreviations xxv
PAR T 1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS OF VENOUS DISORDERS 1
1 Venous and lymphatic disease: Ahistoricalreview 3
Christine M. Dubberke and Ruth L. Bush
2 Development and anatomy of thevenoussystem 15
Peter Gloviczki
3 The physiology and hemodynamics of the normal venous circulation 27
Frank T. Padberg Jr.
4 Classification and etiology of chronic venousdisease 39
Robert L. Kistner and Bo Eklöf
5 The pathophysiology and hemodynamics of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limb 51
John Blebea
6 Pathogenesis of varicose veins and cellular pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency 61
Deoranie N. Abdel-Naby, Walter N. Duran, Brajesh K. Lal, FrankT.PadbergJr.,and Peter J. Pappas
7 Venous ulcer formation and healing atcellularlevels 73
Joseph D. Raffetto
8 Acute and chronic venous thrombosis: Pathogenesis and new insights 91
Jose A. Diaz, Thomas W. Wakefield, and Peter K. Henke
9 Epidemiology and risk factors of acute venousthrombosis 107
Mark H. Meissner
10 Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders 121
Eberhard Rabe and Felizitas Pannier
PAR T 2 DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS AND VENOUS IMAGING STUDIES 129
11 Evaluation of hypercoagulable states and molecular markers of acute venous thrombosis 131
Diane M. Nitzki-George and Joseph A. Caprini
12 Duplex ultrasound scanning for acute venous disease 141
Timothy K. Liem
13 Duplex ultrasound scanning for chronic venous obstruction and valvular incompetence 151
Rafael D. Malgor and Nicos Labropoulos
14 Evaluation of venous function by indirect noninvasive testing (plethysmography) 165
Fedor Lurie and Thom W. Rooke
15 Direct contrast venography 169
Haraldur Bjarnason
vii
viii Contents
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16 Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in venous disease 177
Terri J. Vrtiska and James F. Glockner
PAR T 3 MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE THROMBOSIS 203
17 The clinical presentation and natural history of acute deep venous thrombosis 205
Mark H. Meissner
18 Diagnostic algorithms for acute deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 221
Joann Lohr
19 Medical treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 239
Andrea T. Obi and Thomas W. Wakefield
20 Catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and surgery for the treatment of
acuteiliofemoraldeep venous thrombosis 251
Arthur Delos Reyes and Anthony J. Comerota
21 Endovascular and surgical management of acute pulmonary embolism 265
Erin S. DeMartino and Randall R. DeMartino
22 Treatment algorithms for acute venous thromboembolism: Current guidelines 277
Andrea T. Obi and Thomas W. Wakefield
23 Current recommendations for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis 289
Robert D. McBane and John A. Heit
24 Axillo-subclavian venous thrombosis in the setting of thoracic outlet syndrome 309
Aurelia T. Calero and Karl A. Illig
25 Acute central venous thrombosis in the setting of central lines, pacemaker wires, and dialysis catheters 317
Syed Ali Rizvi, Anil Hingorani, and Enrico Ascher
26 Indications, techniques, and results of inferior vena cava filters 325
Scott T. Robinson, Venkataramu N. Krishnamurthy, and John E. Rectenwald
27 Superficial thrombophlebitis 343
Benjamin Jacobs and Dawn M. Coleman
28 Mesenteric vein thrombosis 349
Waldemar E. Wysokinski and Robert D. McBane
PAR T 4 MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC VENOUS DISORDERS 359
29 Clinical presentation and assessment of patients with venous disease 361
Sarah Onida, Tristan R. A. Lane, and Alun H. Davies
30 Diagnostic algorithm for telangiectasia, varicose veins, and venous ulcers: Currentguidelines 371
Robert B. McLafferty
31 Compression therapy for venous ulceration 379
Louise Corle, Hugo Partsch, and Gregory L. Moneta
32 Drug treatment of varicose veins, venousedema, and ulcers 391
Philip D. Coleridge Smith
33 Liquid sclerotherapy for telangiectasia andvaricose veins 399
Edward G. Mackay
34 Percutaneous laser therapy of telangiectasia and varicose veins 409
Thomas M. Proebstle
35 Foam sclerotherapy for ablation of the saphenous veins, varicose tributaries, andperforating veins 421
Huw Davies, Katy Darvall, and Andrew W. Bradbury
36 Techniques and results of the modern surgical treatment of the incompetent saphenous vein 429
Anjan Talukdar and Michael C. Dalsing
37 Radiofrequency treatment of the incompetent saphenous vein 443
Alan M. Dietzek and Stuart Blackwood
38 Laser treatment of the incompetent saphenousvein 455
Nick Morrison
39 Emerging endovenous technology for chronic venous disease: Mechanical occlusion chemically assisted
ablation (MOCA), cyanoacrylate embolization (CAE), and V block-assisted sclerotherapy (VBAS) 465
Steve Elias
Contents ix
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40 Phlebectomy 475
Lowell S. Kabnick and Omar L. Esponda
41 Recurrent varicose veins: Etiology andmanagement 485
Pamela S. Kim, Angela A. Kokkosis, and Antonios P. Gasparis
42 Treatment of varicose veins: Current guidelines 493
Jose I. Almeida
43 Surgical repair of primary deep vein valve incompetence 499
Ramesh K. Tripathi
44 Surgical treatment of post-thrombotic valvular incompetence 513
Oscar Maleti and Marzia Lugli
45 Endovascular reconstruction for primary iliac vein obstruction 523
Peter Neglén
46 Endovascular treatment of post-thrombotic iliofemoral venous obstruction 533
Erin H. Murphy and Seshadri Raju
47 Endovascular reconstruction of inferior vena cava obstructions 541
Young Erben and Haraldur Bjarnason
48 Open surgical reconstructions for non-malignant occlusion of large veins 553
Arjun Jayaraj, Peter Gloviczki, and Mark D. Fleming
49 The management of incompetent perforating veins with open and endoscopic surgery 563
Jeffrey M. Rhodes, Manju Kalra, and Peter Gloviczki
50 Radiofrequency and laser treatment ofincompetent perforating veins 577
Michael Harlander-Locke and Peter F. Lawrence
51 Local treatment of venous ulcers 585
William A. Marston and Thomas F. O’Donnell Jr.
52 Guidelines for the treatment of chronic venous disease in patients with venous ulcers 597
Thomas F. O’Donnell Jr. and Marc A. Passman
PAR T 5 SPECIAL VENOUS PROBLEMS 609
53 Surgical and endovenous treatment ofsuperiorvena cava syndrome 611
Manju Kalra, Haraldur Bjarnason, and Peter Gloviczki
54 Management of traumatic injuries of large veins 627
Micheal T. Ayad and David L. Gillespie
55 Primary and secondary tumors of the inferior vena cava and the iliac veins 635
Thomas C. Bower and Bernardo C. Mendes
56 Arteriovenous malformations: Evaluation andtreatment 649
Byung-Boong Lee, James Laredo, Richard F. Neville, and Anton N. Sidawy
57 The management of venous malformations 663
Jovan N. Markovic and Cynthia K. Shortell
58 The management of venous aneurysms 675
Heron E. Rodriguez and William H. Pearce
59 Management of pelvic congestion syndrome and perineal varicosities 685
John V. White, Lewis B. Schwartz, and Connie Ryjewski
60 The management of nutcracker syndrome 697
Young Erben and Peter Gloviczki
PAR T 6 LYMPHEDEMA 705
61 Lymphedema: Pathophysiology, classification, and clinical evaluation 707
Thom W. Rooke and Cindy L. Felty
62 Lymphoscintigraphy, lymphangiography, magnetic resonance imaging 713
Patrick J. Peller, Jeremy L. Friese, Elizabeth A. Lindgren, ClaireE.Bender,andPeter Gloviczki
63 Lymphedema: Physical and medical therapy 725
Steven M. Dean
64 Principles of the surgical treatment of chronic lymphedema 737
Yazan Al-Ajam, Anita T. Mohan, and Michel Saint-Cyr
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