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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_4442_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Foreword 1
- •Foreword 2
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •About the Author
- •Contributors
- •Introduction
- •Nasal Components
- •The Nasal Tip
- •Internal Nose
- •Nasal Aesthetic Subunits
- •The Nasal Columella
- •Cartilaginous Framework
- •Overlaying Soft Tissues
- •The Nasal Vestibule
- •The Nasal Septum
- •Overlying Mucosa
- •Internal Lateral Wall
- •Overlying Mucosa
- •The Nasal Floor
- •Nasal Systems
- •Vascular System
- •Nervous System
- •Musculoaponeurotic System
- •Nasal Superficial Musculo Aponeurotic System (SMAS)
- •Nasal Physiology
- •References
- •Introduction
- •The Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity
- •The Bilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity
- •Postoperative Nasal Conformers
- •Recent Advances
- •References
- •3: Classification
- •Introduction
- •Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip Nose
- •Bilateral Complete Cleft Lip Nose
- •The Cleft Code
- •Surgical Timing
- •Primary Cleft Rhinoplasty
- •Intermediate Cleft Rhinoplasty
- •Definitive Rhinoplasty
- •References
- •4: Presurgical Management
- •Introduction
- •Nonsurgical Orthopedics
- •Lip Taping
- •Alveolar Molding Using Plates
- •Surgical Orthopedics
- •Surgical Technique
- •The Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM)
- •The Three-Dimensional CAD-CAM Presurgical Orthopedics
- •Labial Component (Lip Taping)
- •Rhinoplasty Appliance System (RAS) Nasal Component
- •CAD CAM Workflow
- •Alveolar Component (SAAS)
- •Clinical Cases RAS
- •Associated Poor Outcomes and Complications
- •References
- •5: The Unilateral Cleft Lip Nose Deformity
- •Introduction
- •Surgical Protocol
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Presurgical Considerations
- •Preoperative Evaluation
- •Instruments
- •Anesthesia
- •Mc Comb Modified Technique
- •Surgical Technique
- •The Composite Rotational Flap Rhinoplasty
- •Surgical Technique
- •Markings
- •Nasal Septum
- •Nasal Tip Reconstruction
- •Nasal Floor
- •The V-Y-Z Cleft Rhinoplasty (Video 6.1)
- •Surgical Technique
- •Markings
- •Lateral Z Plasty Dissection
- •Nasal Septum
- •Nasal Tip Reconstruction
- •Nasal Floor
- •References
- •7: The Bilateral Cleft Lip Nose Deformity
- •Introduction
- •Surgical Protocol
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Presurgical Considerations
- •Preoperative Evaluation
- •Instruments
- •Anesthesia
- •Mc Comb Modified Technique
- •Surgical Technique
- •Surgical Technique
- •Markings
- •Nasal Floor
- •Nasal Septum
- •Nasal Tip Reconstruction
- •Surgical Technique
- •Markings
- •Lateral Z Plasty Dissection
- •Nasal Septum
- •Nasal Tip Reconstruction
- •Columellar Lateral Z Plasty
- •Nasal Floor
- •References
- •9: Postoperative Management
- •Introduction
- •Immediate Postoperative Care
- •PACU Monitoring
- •Wound Care
- •Feeding
- •Pain Management
- •Agitation Control
- •Short-Term Postoperative Care
- •Postoperative Nasal Conformers
- •Acrylic Custom-Made Nasal Stent
- •Three-Dimensional Printer Rhinoplasty Appliance System (RAS)
- •Orthonostric Appliance
- •Cases
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Nasal Bleeding
- •Associated Infections
- •Children’s Stress
- •Postoperative Bleeding
- •Hypertrophic Scarring
- •Postoperative Wound Infection
- •Granulomas
- •Foreign Body
- •Skin Necrosis
- •Suture Allergic Reaction
- •Dimples
- •Notching (Pinched nose)
- •Lateral Web
- •Nasal Tip
- •Nasal Ala
- •Columella
- •Nasal Sill: Wider Nasal Sill
- •Narrower Nasal Sill
- •Nasal Vestibule
- •Nasal Tip
- •Nasal Ala
- •Nasal Ala Asymmetry
- •Alar Nose Shortening
- •Columella
- •Short Columella
- •Wide Columella
- •Nasal Sill: Wider Nasal Sill
- •Narrower Nasal Sill
- •Nasal Vestibule
- •References
- •Index

246
P. Rossell-Perry
vestibule of the nose in a similar form as the presurgical orthopedic (NAM) is doing;
this is the reason why the method was published by the author as the surgical nasoalveolar molding [3]. This is indicated for complete bilateral cleft lip nose cases
because it is creating a columellar lengthening by alar cartilage medial displacement and nasal vestibule expansion; however, the use of bilateral postoperative
nasal conformers is mandatory because of the risk of scar contracture and synechia
development. It is important to consider that the use of this method as a secondary
procedure requires lateral cartilage graft in order to replace the donor area after
medial displacement of alar cartilage. This cartilage graft prevents the development
of notch or pinched nose. This complication is not observed frequently after using
the VYZ technique for primary cleft lip nose repair; however, it may be developed
after long term requiring cartilage graft for its correction.
Surgical Technique
Markings
The V-Y advanced composite ap is designed following two lines: the inferior
curved line following the lower border of the alar cartilage (line of the marginal
incision) and the superior line located at the intercartilaginous border in both sides.
The marginal line starts from the intercartilaginous border laterally and nishes
before the medial wall of the nasal vestibule (Fig.8.36). The intercartilaginous line
is performed in continuity with the lateral side of the marginal marking and follows
the intercartilaginous border (limit between the upper and lower lateral cartilages of
the nose) until its medial end (before the internal nasal valve) (Fig.8.37). Both
markings are creating a V form advanced composite ap, and this triangular ap is
easily designed observing the change of color; above the marginal line is red and
below is the same color as the nasal skin. The lateral Z plasty is designed using two
transpositional branches located at the lateral end of the V composite ap. This lateral design continues with the lip marking through the alar base. The main benet
of the lateral Z plasty is the prevention of lateral scar contractures. These markings
are performed in both sides in bilateral cleft lips (Fig.8.38). Finally, an additional
marking is performed at the base of the columella, a Z plasty is designed bilaterally,
the lower arm is composed by lateral prolabium aps, and the upper arm is located
at the lateral side of the base of the columella (Fig.8.39). This Z plasty helps to
enhance the angle between the lip and columella.
Incisions. After local anesthetic inltration and supercial lip incisions following
lip markings using an 11-blade scalpel, the incisions are performed following vestibular markings (marginal and intercartilaginous) around the alar cartilage of the
cleft side using a 15-blade scalpel to create the advanced V composite ap. Then the
lateral Z plasty is incised and continues with the lip through the alar base in both
sides. The use of small skin excision above the marginal incision may be used in
severe forms of nose deformity in bilateral cleft lips. Lateral Z plasties used to
improve labial columellar angle are performed during prolabium incisions.

tilaginous
king
Prolabium
Mar
king
Int
Prolabium
Mar
8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
247
Alar
cartilages
ginal marking
Nasal vestibule
Intercartilaginous
border
Lateral lip
Nasal
tip
Marginal mar
Nasal vestibule
Intercar
border
Columella
Lateral lip
Fig. 8.36 Diagram of marginal marking during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair
Alar
cartilage
Nasal
tip
ginal marking
Nasal vestibule
ercartilaginous
marking
Advance
composite flap
Lateral lip
Marginal mar
Nasal vestibule
Intercartilaginous
marking
Advance
composite flap
Lateral lip
Columella
Fig. 8.37 Diagram of intercartilaginous marking during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip
nose repair

248
tilaginous
Int
Prolabium
)
(lat
Lat
P. Rossell-Perry
Alar
cartilages
Nasal vestibule
Lateral Z plasty
ercartilaginous
border
Lateral lip
Nasal
tip
Nasal vestibule
Lateral Z plasty
Intercar
border
Lateral lip
Columella
Fig. 8.38 Diagram of lateral Z plasty marking during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip
nose repair
Ala
Z plasty
eral limb
Prolabium
eral flap)
Nasal tip
Prolabium
(central flap
Prolabium
vermillion
Fig. 8.39 Diagram of columellar base lateral Z plasty marking during VYZ technique for bilateral
cleft lip nose repair

le
Prolabium
Nasal
8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
249
V Advancement Flap andNasal Tip Dissection
Using a semiopen approach through the bilateral vestibular incisions the anterior
surface of the alar cartilages is exposed on the supracartilaginous plane in both
sides, elevating the advanced V composite ap which includes alar cartilage and
vestibular skin. This dissection continues over the upper lateral cartilages (Figs.8.40,
Alar
cartilage
vestibule
Composite flap
Lateral lip
Fig. 8.40 Diagram of nasal tip dissection during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair
Nasal
tip
Nasal vestibu
Composite flap
Columella
Lateral lip

250
s
Int
P. Rossell-Perry
8.41 and 8.42). Both alar domes are separated from the overlaying skin in order to
facilitate the reposition of the structures from the cleft side. Interdomal fatty tissue
is preserved.
Lateral Z Plasty Dissection
Transpositional aps are elevated at the subcutaneous level. Then the alar base is
released using a supraperiosteal dissection in both sides.
Nasal Septum
The septal deviation associated with the bilateral cleft lips is less frequently observed
in comparison with unilateral forms; therefore, its early correction is not necessary;
however, it may be considered in asymmetrical forms. In these cases, the caudal
septum is dissected in the same form as described for unilateral cleft lips.
Nasal Tip Reconstruction
After elevation, the composite ap is advanced medially and sutured using transcutaneous 5/0 PDS stitches. The medial advancement of the composite ap leaves a
donor site which is closed using the vestibular skin and creates the V-Y form. The
use of transcutaneous stitches allowed us to achieve the following two objectives:
1. Repositioning the alar cartilage at the cleft side
2. Decreasing the space created by surgical dissection, which reduces the risks of
postoperative bleeding and hematoma formation.
Alar
cartilages
Composite flap
Nasal vestibule
Z-plasty
ercartilaginous
border
Lateral lip
Fig. 8.41 Diagram of bilateral V composite ap elevation during the bilateral VYZ cleft rhinoplasty for the bilateral cleft lip
Nasal
tip
Composite flap
Nasal vestibule
Z-plasty
Intercartilaginou
border
Lateral lip
Columella
Prolabium

8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
Fig. 8.42 Bilateral V
composite ap elevation
during VYZ cleft
rhinoplasty for bilateral
cleft lip. 1. V composite
ap elevated. 2. Alar dome.
3. Alar medial crus. 4.
Premaxilla. 5. Lateral lip
segments
251
Stitches are placed through the skin, starting from inside the nose and then exiting the skin at the level of the supraalar crease; the needle then returns through the
same hole and nally enters the inside of the nose, where the sutures are tied (Figs.
6.32, 6.33, 6.34 and 6.35).
This is the recommended sequence (Figs.8.43):
First stitch: The alar cartilage dome of the composite ap is medially displaced and
xed using oblique transcutaneous stitch. All these sutures leave and return the
skin at the level of the medial end of supraalar crease.
Second stitch: Placed at the level of the lateral corner of the triangular composite
ap and using a vertical stitch at the level of the supraalar crease in both sides.
These two initial stitches mobilize the ap medially and leave a triangular donor
site laterally.
Third stitch: Between the two alar domes using a transcutaneous stitch at the level
of the anterior border of the alar domes.
Fourth stitch: Used to close the donor area of the composite ap by advancement of
the vestibular skin in a V-Y form nally.
Fifth stitch: The suture enters through the caudal septum and exits at the same level
on the opposite side, and then the needle enters through the columella (alar
medial crus and skin) in both sides; nally the sutures are tied.
Sixth stitch: Used to correct the position of the alar cartilage in relation to the upper
lateral cartilage. This is repositioned using a vertical transcutaneous stitch placed
lateral to the internal nasal valve in both sides.
Lateral stitches: They are placed to transpose the branches of the lateral Z plasty as
in Fig. 8.43 in both sides. The suture enters through the lateral wall of the nasal
vestibule and exits at the level of the alar facial groove returning and then through

252
First stitch
Second stitch
Second stitch
P. Rossell-Perry
Sixth stitch
Fourth stitch
Fig. 8.43 Sequence of transcutaneous stitches used during cleft rhinoplasty for bilateral cleft lip
Sixth stitch
Third stitch
Fourth stitch
Fifth stitch
the same hole and exits at the lateral wall of the vestibule to be tied. Finally, few
simple stitches may be used to align correctly the borders of the V-Y and lateral
Z plasty (Figs. 8.44 and 8.45). A similar recommendation should be taken in
consideration to prevent not to exceed the number of these transcutaneous
stitches in order to prevent alar necrosis and also the development of granulomas.
Columellar Lateral Z Plasty
A z plasty is used in both sides of the columellar base to address the lack of denition of the labial columellar angle. This angle is not clearly dened and often obtuse
in bilateral cleft lip in special in cases with more hypoplasia of the prolabium
(Fig.8.46). A cephalad rotation of the c aps (lateral aps of the prolabium) (Figure)
is used as a Z plasty form to obtain a better denition of this angle. These aps represent the lower arm of the Z plasty. These aps are transposed into the nostril performing 90–120° of rotation and creating a more acute angle between the lip and the
prolabium. The upper arm of the Z plasty is designed bilaterally from the lateral side
of the base of the columella and transposed down resembling the medial base of the

8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
Fig. 8.44 Comparative
view between both sides
after using the VYZ cleft
rhinoplasty on the right
side in a patient with
incomplete bilateral
cleft lip
Fig. 8.45 Final
appearance of the nose
after using the bilateral
VYZ cleft rhinoplasty for
bilateral cleft lip
253
columella. This design may be limited to be used in cases with very small prolabium; however, these cases are more associated with complete bilateral cleft lips
than incomplete cases.
Nasal Floor
The nasal oor reconstruction is performed during the cleft lip repair, and this is
involving the use of two aps: a medial cutaneous ap lateral to the base of the columella and a lateral ap, which is composed of the base of the ala in both sides. A
suture of prolene is used through the alar base dermis of each side, passing beneath
the philtral ap and tied in midline narrowing the interalar distance and minimizing
the postoperative nasal widening. The lateral aps (alar bases) are advanced and
sutured side to end to the medial ap. The role of muscular repair in bilateral forms
supporting the anterior nasal oor is less relevant because of the muscular hypoplasia observed in lateral cleft sides. Skeletal base is nally repaired using the alveolar
bone graft later during mixed dentition period (Fig.8.47).

254
P. Rossell-Perry
Fig. 8.46 Labio nasal columellar angle improvement after using columellar base lateral Z plasty
transposition during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair [12]
Fig. 8.47 Surgical
technique for vestibular
segment of nasal oor
repair. Flap A (lateral):
Alar segment of the lateral
advancement cutaneous
ap. Flap B (medial):
Columellar base ap. The
nasal fascicle of levator
labii superioris alaeque
nasi muscle is used to
provide structural support
for the vestibular nasal
oor
AABB

8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
Cases (Figs.8.48, 8.49, 8.50, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53, 8.54, 8.55, 8.56, 8.57,
8.58, 8.59 and8.60)
Fig. 8.48 Case 1.
Preoperative view of a
3-month-old infant with
complete bilateral cleft lip
255
Fig. 8.49 Case 1. A
1-year postoperative view
of the infant shown in
Fig.8.48 after undergoing
nasal repair using the VYZ
technique without
presurgical orthopedics
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