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Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_4442_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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246
P. Rossell-Perry
vestibule of the nose in a similar form as the presurgical orthopedic (NAM) is doing; this is the reason why the method was published by the author as the surgical naso­alveolar molding [3]. This is indicated for complete bilateral cleft lip nose cases because it is creating a columellar lengthening by alar cartilage medial displace­ment and nasal vestibule expansion; however, the use of bilateral postoperative nasal conformers is mandatory because of the risk of scar contracture and synechia development. It is important to consider that the use of this method as a secondary procedure requires lateral cartilage graft in order to replace the donor area after medial displacement of alar cartilage. This cartilage graft prevents the development of notch or pinched nose. This complication is not observed frequently after using the VYZ technique for primary cleft lip nose repair; however, it may be developed after long term requiring cartilage graft for its correction.

Surgical Technique

Markings
The V-Y advanced composite ap is designed following two lines: the inferior curved line following the lower border of the alar cartilage (line of the marginal incision) and the superior line located at the intercartilaginous border in both sides. The marginal line starts from the intercartilaginous border laterally and nishes before the medial wall of the nasal vestibule (Fig.8.36). The intercartilaginous line is performed in continuity with the lateral side of the marginal marking and follows the intercartilaginous border (limit between the upper and lower lateral cartilages of the nose) until its medial end (before the internal nasal valve) (Fig.8.37). Both markings are creating a V form advanced composite ap, and this triangular ap is easily designed observing the change of color; above the marginal line is red and below is the same color as the nasal skin. The lateral Z plasty is designed using two transpositional branches located at the lateral end of the V composite ap. This lat­eral design continues with the lip marking through the alar base. The main benet of the lateral Z plasty is the prevention of lateral scar contractures. These markings are performed in both sides in bilateral cleft lips (Fig.8.38). Finally, an additional marking is performed at the base of the columella, a Z plasty is designed bilaterally, the lower arm is composed by lateral prolabium aps, and the upper arm is located at the lateral side of the base of the columella (Fig.8.39). This Z plasty helps to enhance the angle between the lip and columella.
Incisions. After local anesthetic inltration and supercial lip incisions following
lip markings using an 11-blade scalpel, the incisions are performed following ves­tibular markings (marginal and intercartilaginous) around the alar cartilage of the cleft side using a 15-blade scalpel to create the advanced V composite ap. Then the lateral Z plasty is incised and continues with the lip through the alar base in both sides. The use of small skin excision above the marginal incision may be used in severe forms of nose deformity in bilateral cleft lips. Lateral Z plasties used to improve labial columellar angle are performed during prolabium incisions.
tilaginous
king
Prolabium
Mar
king
Int
Prolabium
Mar
8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
247
Alar
cartilages
ginal marking
Nasal vestibule
Intercartilaginous
border
Lateral lip
Nasal
tip
Marginal mar
Nasal vestibule
Intercar border
Columella Lateral lip
Fig. 8.36 Diagram of marginal marking during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair
Alar
cartilage
Nasal
tip
ginal marking
Nasal vestibule
ercartilaginous
marking
Advance
composite flap
Lateral lip
Marginal mar
Nasal vestibule
Intercartilaginous marking
Advance composite flap
Lateral lip
Columella
Fig. 8.37 Diagram of intercartilaginous marking during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair
248
tilaginous
Int
Prolabium
)
(lat
Lat
P. Rossell-Perry
Alar
cartilages
Nasal vestibule
Lateral Z plasty
ercartilaginous
border
Lateral lip
Nasal
tip
Nasal vestibule
Lateral Z plasty
Intercar border Lateral lip
Columella
Fig. 8.38 Diagram of lateral Z plasty marking during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair
Ala
Z plasty
eral limb
Prolabium
eral flap)
Nasal tip
Prolabium (central flap
Prolabium vermillion
Fig. 8.39 Diagram of columellar base lateral Z plasty marking during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair
le
Prolabium
Nasal
8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
249
V Advancement Flap andNasal Tip Dissection
Using a semiopen approach through the bilateral vestibular incisions the anterior surface of the alar cartilages is exposed on the supracartilaginous plane in both sides, elevating the advanced V composite ap which includes alar cartilage and vestibular skin. This dissection continues over the upper lateral cartilages (Figs.8.40,
Alar
cartilage
vestibule
Composite flap
Lateral lip
Fig. 8.40 Diagram of nasal tip dissection during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair
Nasal
tip
Nasal vestibu
Composite flap
Columella
Lateral lip
250
s
Int
P. Rossell-Perry
8.41 and 8.42). Both alar domes are separated from the overlaying skin in order to
facilitate the reposition of the structures from the cleft side. Interdomal fatty tissue is preserved.
Lateral Z Plasty Dissection
Transpositional aps are elevated at the subcutaneous level. Then the alar base is released using a supraperiosteal dissection in both sides.
Nasal Septum
The septal deviation associated with the bilateral cleft lips is less frequently observed in comparison with unilateral forms; therefore, its early correction is not necessary; however, it may be considered in asymmetrical forms. In these cases, the caudal septum is dissected in the same form as described for unilateral cleft lips.
Nasal Tip Reconstruction
After elevation, the composite ap is advanced medially and sutured using transcu­taneous 5/0 PDS stitches. The medial advancement of the composite ap leaves a donor site which is closed using the vestibular skin and creates the V-Y form. The use of transcutaneous stitches allowed us to achieve the following two objectives:
1. Repositioning the alar cartilage at the cleft side
2. Decreasing the space created by surgical dissection, which reduces the risks of
postoperative bleeding and hematoma formation.
Alar
cartilages
Composite flap
Nasal vestibule
Z-plasty
ercartilaginous
border
Lateral lip
Fig. 8.41 Diagram of bilateral V composite ap elevation during the bilateral VYZ cleft rhino­plasty for the bilateral cleft lip
Nasal
tip
Composite flap
Nasal vestibule
Z-plasty
Intercartilaginou border
Lateral lip
Columella
Prolabium
8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
Fig. 8.42 Bilateral V composite ap elevation during VYZ cleft rhinoplasty for bilateral cleft lip. 1. V composite ap elevated. 2. Alar dome.
3. Alar medial crus. 4. Premaxilla. 5. Lateral lip segments
251
Stitches are placed through the skin, starting from inside the nose and then exit­ing the skin at the level of the supraalar crease; the needle then returns through the same hole and nally enters the inside of the nose, where the sutures are tied (Figs.
6.32, 6.33, 6.34 and 6.35).
This is the recommended sequence (Figs.8.43): First stitch: The alar cartilage dome of the composite ap is medially displaced and
xed using oblique transcutaneous stitch. All these sutures leave and return the
skin at the level of the medial end of supraalar crease. Second stitch: Placed at the level of the lateral corner of the triangular composite
ap and using a vertical stitch at the level of the supraalar crease in both sides.
These two initial stitches mobilize the ap medially and leave a triangular donor
site laterally. Third stitch: Between the two alar domes using a transcutaneous stitch at the level
of the anterior border of the alar domes. Fourth stitch: Used to close the donor area of the composite ap by advancement of
the vestibular skin in a V-Y form nally. Fifth stitch: The suture enters through the caudal septum and exits at the same level
on the opposite side, and then the needle enters through the columella (alar
medial crus and skin) in both sides; nally the sutures are tied. Sixth stitch: Used to correct the position of the alar cartilage in relation to the upper
lateral cartilage. This is repositioned using a vertical transcutaneous stitch placed
lateral to the internal nasal valve in both sides. Lateral stitches: They are placed to transpose the branches of the lateral Z plasty as
in Fig. 8.43 in both sides. The suture enters through the lateral wall of the nasal
vestibule and exits at the level of the alar facial groove returning and then through
252
First stitch
Second stitch
Second stitch
P. Rossell-Perry
Sixth stitch
Fourth stitch
Fig. 8.43 Sequence of transcutaneous stitches used during cleft rhinoplasty for bilateral cleft lip
Sixth stitch
Third stitch
Fourth stitch
Fifth stitch
the same hole and exits at the lateral wall of the vestibule to be tied. Finally, few
simple stitches may be used to align correctly the borders of the V-Y and lateral
Z plasty (Figs. 8.44 and 8.45). A similar recommendation should be taken in
consideration to prevent not to exceed the number of these transcutaneous
stitches in order to prevent alar necrosis and also the development of granulomas.
Columellar Lateral Z Plasty
A z plasty is used in both sides of the columellar base to address the lack of deni­tion of the labial columellar angle. This angle is not clearly dened and often obtuse in bilateral cleft lip in special in cases with more hypoplasia of the prolabium (Fig.8.46). A cephalad rotation of the c aps (lateral aps of the prolabium) (Figure) is used as a Z plasty form to obtain a better denition of this angle. These aps rep­resent the lower arm of the Z plasty. These aps are transposed into the nostril per­forming 90–120° of rotation and creating a more acute angle between the lip and the prolabium. The upper arm of the Z plasty is designed bilaterally from the lateral side of the base of the columella and transposed down resembling the medial base of the
8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
Fig. 8.44 Comparative view between both sides after using the VYZ cleft rhinoplasty on the right side in a patient with incomplete bilateral cleft lip
Fig. 8.45 Final appearance of the nose after using the bilateral VYZ cleft rhinoplasty for bilateral cleft lip
253
columella. This design may be limited to be used in cases with very small prola­bium; however, these cases are more associated with complete bilateral cleft lips than incomplete cases.
Nasal Floor
The nasal oor reconstruction is performed during the cleft lip repair, and this is involving the use of two aps: a medial cutaneous ap lateral to the base of the colu­mella and a lateral ap, which is composed of the base of the ala in both sides. A suture of prolene is used through the alar base dermis of each side, passing beneath the philtral ap and tied in midline narrowing the interalar distance and minimizing the postoperative nasal widening. The lateral aps (alar bases) are advanced and sutured side to end to the medial ap. The role of muscular repair in bilateral forms supporting the anterior nasal oor is less relevant because of the muscular hypopla­sia observed in lateral cleft sides. Skeletal base is nally repaired using the alveolar bone graft later during mixed dentition period (Fig.8.47).
254
P. Rossell-Perry
Fig. 8.46 Labio nasal columellar angle improvement after using columellar base lateral Z plasty transposition during VYZ technique for bilateral cleft lip nose repair [12]
Fig. 8.47 Surgical technique for vestibular segment of nasal oor repair. Flap A (lateral): Alar segment of the lateral advancement cutaneous ap. Flap B (medial): Columellar base ap. The nasal fascicle of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle is used to provide structural support for the vestibular nasal oor
AABB
8 Surgical Techniques forBilateral Cleft Lip Nose Repair
Cases (Figs.8.48, 8.49, 8.50, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53, 8.54, 8.55, 8.56, 8.57,
8.58, 8.59 and8.60)
Fig. 8.48 Case 1.
Preoperative view of a 3-month-old infant with complete bilateral cleft lip
255
Fig. 8.49 Case 1. A 1-year postoperative view of the infant shown in Fig.8.48 after undergoing nasal repair using the VYZ technique without presurgical orthopedics