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MuhammadZia-Ul-Haq
ArwaAbdulkreemAL-Huqail
MuhammadRiaz
UmarFarooqGoharEditors
Essentials
ofMedicinal
and Aromatic
Crops

Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops

Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
Arwa AbdulkreemAL-Huqail
Muhammad Riaz • Umar FarooqGohar
Editors
Essentials of Medicinal
and Aromatic Crops

Editors
Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
Ofce of Research, Innovation
and Commercialization
University of Engineering and Technology
Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Riaz
Department of Pharmacy
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University
Sheringal Dir Upper, Pakistan
Arwa AbdulkreemAL-Huqail
Department of Biology, College of Science
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Umar FarooqGohar
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology
Government College University, Lahore
Lahore, Pakistan
ISBN 978-3-031-35402-1 ISBN 978-3-031-35403-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Paper in this product is recyclable.

I dedicate this book to my honorable parents
https://t.me/medicina_free
who instilled in us the love of science,
discovery, and writing since childhood. I also
dedicate it to my husband, children, and
family who supported and encouraged me so
that this work could be completed and see the
light. And I dedicate it to my university,
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman
University, who taught us that fullling wishes
for achievements is not impossible with
patience and perseverance. I also dedicate
this book to my country, the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, which seeks to meet the challenges of
climate change with its pioneering
environmental initiatives (the Saudi Green
Initiative and the Green Middle East
Initiative), which gave us all opportunities to
cooperate with scientists and researchers in
the world for the good of humanity and the
protection of the planet. I am also pleased to
dedicate this book to all ofcial national and
international bodies concerned with plants, as
well as to everyone who loves plants and
knows their role in the reconstruction of the
planet, their solution to all environmental
problems and issues of all kinds, and the
achievement of environmental sustainability,
God willing, in the whole world.
Dr. Arwa Abdulkreem Al-Huqail
Family and friends
Dr. Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
Committed to expressing my gratitude to my
family, parents, and friends for their
unwavering support and motivating words
throughout this journey.
Dr. Muhammad Riaz
Dr. Umar Farooq Gohar

Contents
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1 Tissue Culture of Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Isha Fatima, Muhammad Akram, Hamid Mukhtar,
Umar Farooq Gohar, Zahoor Ahmad Sajid, and Uzma Hameed
2 Mentha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar, Fatima Akram,
and Umar Farooq Gohar
3 Amla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Sadia Javed, Tooba Nasim, and Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
4 Belladonna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Sadia Javed, Asmara Ahmad, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash,
Kanwal Rehman, and Arwa A. Al-Huqail
5 Babchi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Muhammad Azeem, Sadia Javed, and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
6 Ashwagandha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Sadia Javed, Ayesha Nazir, Ameer Fawad Zahoor,
and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
7 Cowhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Sana Aslam, Ayesha Raq, Matloob Ahmad, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi,
and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
8 Costus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Sana Aslam, Matloob Ahmad, Salma Shahid, Ameer Fawad Zahoor,
and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
9 Coleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Sana Aslam, Marriam Shahid, Matloob Ahmad,
Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
vii

viii
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Contents
10 Cinchona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Sana Aslam, Tooba Jabeen, Matloob Ahmad,
and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
11 Patchouli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Muhammad Umar Ijaz, Ali Akbar, Haseeb Anwar, Sana Inam,
Asma Ashraf, and Muhammad Riaz
12 Black Pepper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Muhammad Umar Ijaz, Muhammad Faisal Hayat, Asma Ashraf,
and Ishrat Rahman
13 Wild Marigold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Hammad Majeed, Tehreema Iftikhar, Syeda Shehwar Zahra,
Muhammad Waheed, Mubashir Niaz, Samar Bashir, Faizah Altaf,
and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
14 Vanilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Tehreema Iftikhar, Hammad Majeed, Muhammad Waheed,
Syeda Shehwar Zahra, Mubashir Niaz, and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
15 Tuberose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Tehreema Iftikhar, Hammad Majeed, Muhammad Waheed,
Syeda Shehwar Zahra, Mubashir Niaz, Bushra Bilal, and
Muhammad Riaz
16 Thyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Tehreema Iftikhar, Hammad Majeed, Syeda Shehwar Zahra,
Muhammad Waheed, Mubashir Niaz, and Naheed Bano
17 Onion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Sara Zafar, Nazia Aslam, Abida Kausar, Shagufta Perveen,
and Muhammad Riaz
18 Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Sara Zafar, Nazia Aslam, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq,
Shagufta Perveen, and Naeem Iqbal
19 Fennel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Sara Zafar, Muhammad Kamran Khan, Shagufta Perveen,
Muhammad Iqbal, and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
20 Henbane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Sara Zafar, Khalid Sultan, Shagufta Perveen, Abida Parveen,
Naeem Iqbal, and Umar Farooq Gohar
21 Holy Thistle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Shagufta Perveen, Khalid Sultan, Abida Parveen, Sara Zafar,
Naeem Iqbal, and Arwa A. AL-Huqail

Contents
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22 Guggul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Khalid Sultan, Shagufta Perveen, Sara Zafar, Abida Parveen,
Naeem Iqbal, and Arwa A. AL-Huqail
23 Glory Lily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Khalid Sultan, Shagufta Perveen, Sara Zafar, Abida Parveen,
Naeem Iqbal, and Muhammad Riaz
24 Aniseed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Huma Umbreen, Razia Noreen, Mahr Un Nisa, Hamna Saleem,
and Umar Farooq Gohar
25 Sacred Basil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Huma Umbreen, Kainat Khalid, Aqsa Khalid, Razia Noreen,
and Romina Alina Marc
26 Khus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Sadia Zafar, Inam Mehdi Khan, Muhammad Muddasar,
Rehman Iqbal, and Umar Farooq Gohar
27 Isabgol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Zainab Maqbool, Zubaida Yousaf, Arusa Aftab, Zainab Shahzadi,
and Umar Farooq Gohar
28 Kalonji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Zainab Shahzadi, Zubaida Yousaf, Arusa Aftab, Mehwish Riaz,
and Shadma Wahab
ix
29 Licorice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Zainab Maqbool, Mahnoor Amir, Arifa Zereen, Ghufrana Abid,
and Shadma Wahab
30 Brahmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Hina Qaiser, Roheena Abdullah, Mehwish Iqtedar, Afshan Kaleem,
and Bayan Hussein Sajer
31 Buckwheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Hina Qaiser, Roheena Abdullah, Afshan Kaleem, Mehwish Iqtedar,
and Bayan Hussein Sajer
32 Tianma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Laiba Ahmed, Maham Saeed, Khaqan Zia, Sahar Nazeer,
Ayoub Rashid Ch, Shahzad Sharif, and Saima Muzammil
33 Chili Pepper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Sahar Nazeer, Tayyaba Tur Rehman Afzal, Sana, Maham Saeed,
Shahzad Sharif, and Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
34 Kewda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Amna Rana, Shagufta Kamal, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq,
Ismat Bibi, Saima Rehman, and Maryam Rehman

x
https://t.me/medicina_free
Contents
35 Jasmine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
Sheeza Shoukat, Shagufta Kamal, Ismat Bibi, Naheed Akhter,
Saima Rehman, and Mohammad Khalid
36 Opium Poppy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
Muhammad Tahir Hayat, Uzma Hameed,
and Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
37 Lavender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Hammad Salahudin, Shagufta Kamal, Naheed Akhter, Ismat Bibi,
Kanwal Rehman, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash,
and Umar Farooq Gohar
38 Tulsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Abida Parveen, Shagufta Perveen, Mobeen Ahmad, Farah Naz,
and Muhammad Riaz
39 Chamomile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
Abida Parveen, Shagufta Perveen, Farah Naz, Mobeen Ahmad,
and Mohammad Khalid
40 Bhumyamalaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Misbah Hameed, Haza Nasreen Aslam, Romina Alina Marc,
and Marius Irimie
41 Moringa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Shahzeena Arshad, Bazghah Sajjad, Arusa Aftab, Zubaida Yousaf,
and Modhi O. Alotaibi
42 Saffron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091
Sana Javed, Samina Hanif, Arusa Aftab, Zubaida Yousaf,
and Marius Moga
43 Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Adeeba Mushtaq, Nayyab Naeem, Zubaida Yousaf, Arusa Aftab,
and Modhi O. Alotaibi
44 Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141
Rabia Sabri, Mahwish Hussain, Shadma Wahab,
and Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
45 Celery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165
Mahwish Hussain, Rabia Sabri, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq,
and Muhammad Riaz
46 Dioscorea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191
Muhammad Zulqurnain Haider, Asia Shaheen, Saqib Mahmood,
Aisha Tariq, Hira Raque, and Umar Farooq Gohar
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223

About the Editors
https://t.me/medicina_free
Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq is working in the Ofce of
Research, Innovation and Commercialization at
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore,
Pakistan. Besides PhD, he has an LLB from Punjab
University, Pakistan, and LLM-IP from Turin University,
Italy. He served Ofce of Research, Innovation and
Commercialization, Lahore College for Women
University as Senior Manager. Previously he served as
Patent Examiner in The Patent Ofce, IPO Pakistan
(Ministry of Commerce) for 8 years. He received patent
trainings from Japan, Korea, Malaysia, USA and France.
He has published 4 books with Springer and more than
120 research and review papers with total IF of 120 and
total Google Scholar Citations of 7000. He is peer
reviewer of many journals published by Elsevier and
Springer. He won RPA from Pakistan Council for
Science and Technology (PCST), Ministry of Science
and Technology (MOST) from 2010 to 2015.
Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail is a Distinguished
Associate Professor of Ecology (since 2021) at the
Department of Biology, College of Science at Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia. She is an environmental and community service activist having more than 65 publications in prestigious international scientic journals (web of
science). She has more than 26years of experience in
university teaching and research. She has organized,
attended and participated in many initiatives, seminars,
workshops and scientic meetings at the national and
regional level. She was the Vice Dean of the College of
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