Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5327_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
1 Tissue Culture ofMedicinal Plants
https://t.me/medicina_free
61. Mulla, M. S., & Su, T. (1999). Activity and biological effects of neem products against
arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. Journal of the American Mosquito Control
Association, 15(2), 133–152.
62. Sarmiento, W.C., Maramba, C.C., & Gonzales, M.L. M. (2011). An in-vitro study on the
antibacterial effect of neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extract on methicillin-sensitive and
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. PIDSP Journal, 12, 6.
63. Kashif, M., Hwang, Y., Hong, G., & Kim, G. (2017). In vitro comparative cytotoxic effect of
Nimbolide: A limonoid from Azadirachta indica (neem tree) on cancer cell lines and normal
cell lines through MTT assay. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30(3(Suppl.)),
967–973.
64. Harish Kumar, G., Chandra Mohan, K.V. P., Jagannadha Rao, A., & Nagini, S. (2009).
Nimbolide a limonoid from Azadirachta indica inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis
of human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. Investigational New Drugs, 27(3), 246–252.
65. Brandt, G.E. L., Schmidt, M.D., Prisinzano, T.E., & Blagg, B.S. J. (2008). Gedunin: A
novel hsp90 inhibitor: Semisynthesis of derivatives and preliminary structure-activity relationships. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 51(20), 6495–6502.
66. Priyadarsini, R. V., Murugan, R. S., Sripriya, P., Karunagaran, D., & Nagini, S. (2010).
The neem limonoids azadirachtin and nimbolide induce cell cycle arrest and mitochondriamediated apoptosis in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Free Radical Research, 44(6),
624–634.
67. Sharma, C., Vas, A. J., Goala, P., Gheewala, T. M., Rizvi, T. A., & Hussain, A. (2014).
Ethanolic neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract prevents growth of MCF-7 and HeLa cells
and potentiates the therapeutic index of cisplatin. Journal of Oncology, 321754.
68. Uddin, S.J., Nahar, L., Shilpi, J.A., Shoeb, M., Borkowski, T., Gibbons, S., Middleton, M.,
Byres, M., & Sarker, S.D. (2007). Gedunin, a limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum, inhibits
the growth of CaCo-2 colon cancer cell line invitro. Phytotherapy Research, 21(8), 757–761.
69. Vidya Priyadarsini, R., Senthil Murugan, R., Maitreyi, S., Ramalingam, K., Karunagaran,
D., & Nagini, S. (2010). The avonoid quercetin induces cell cycle arrest and mitochondriamediated apoptosis in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells through p53 induction and NF-κB
inhibition. European Journal of Pharmacology, 649(1–3), 84–91.
70. Zhang, W., & Zhang, F. (2009). Effects of quercetin on proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion
and migration, and invasion of HeLa cells. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology,
30(1), 60–64.
71. Kaushik, D., Kumar, A., Kaushik, P., & Rana, A.C. (2012). Analgesic and anti-inammatory
activity of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 245431.
72. Smaleh, M., Sharma, O.P., & Dobhal, N.P. (1976). Chemical composition of turpentine oil
from pleoresin (Pinus roxburghii Sargent) Indian oerfumer. Chemistry of Forest Products
Branch, 20, 15–19.
73. Arya, A., Kumar, S., & Kasana, M.S. (2012). Effect of plant growth regulators and pH of
medium on invitro regeneration of Pinus roxburghii. Sarg, 2, 10.
74. Naeini, A., Khosravi, A., Tadjbakhsh, H., Ghazanfari, T., Yaraee, R., & Shokri, H. (2009).
Evaluation of the immunostimulatory activity of Ziziphora tenuior extracts. Comparative
Clinical Pathology, 19, 459–463.
75. Pirbalouti, A.G., Malekpoor, F., & Hamedi, B. (2012). Ethnobotany and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants of Bakhtiari Zagross mountains, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research, 6(5), 675–679.
76. Mahboubi, M., Bokaee, S., Dehdashti, H., & Mehdi, F. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of
Mentha piperitae, Zhumeria majdae, Ziziphora tenuior oils on ESBLs producing isolates of
Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biharean Biologist, 6, 5–9.
77. Safa, O., Soltanipoor, M. A., Rastegar, S., Kazemi, M., Nourbakhsh Dehkordi, K., &
Ghannadi, A. (2013). An ethnobotanical survey on Hormozgan province, Iran. Avicenna
Journal of Phytomedicine, 3(1), 64–81.
29
30
https://t.me/medicina_free
78. Dakah, A., Zaid, S., Suleiman, M., Abbas, S., & Wink, M. (2014). In vitro propagation of the
medicinal plant Ziziphora tenuior L. and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Saudi Journal
of Biological Sciences, 21(4), 317–323.
79. Hamayun, M., Afzal, S., & Khan, M.A. (2006). Ethnopharmacology, indigenous collection
and preservation techniques of some frequently used medicinal plants of Utror and Gabral,
district Swat, Pakistan. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative
Medicines, 3(2), 2.
80. Kuria, K. A., De Coster, S., Muriuki, G., Masengo, W., Kibwage, I., Hoogmartens, J., &
Laekeman, G. M. (2001). Antimalarial activity of Ajuga remota Benth (Labiatae) and
Caesalpinia volkensii Harms (Caesalpiniaceae): In vitro conrmation of ethnopharmacological use. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74(2), 141–148.
81. Njoroge, G.N., & Bussmann, R.W. (2006). Diversity and utilization of antimalarial ethnophytotherapeutic remedies among the Kikuyus (Central Kenya). Journal of Ethnobiology and
Ethnomedicine, 2(1), 8.
82. Al Muqarrabun, L. M. R., Ahmat, N., Ruzaina, S., Ismail, N.H., & Sahidin, I. (2013).
Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: A
review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150(2), 395–420.
83. Lloyd, G., & McCown, B. (1980). Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. Commercially-Feasible Micropropagation of
Mountain Laurel, Kalmia Latifolia, by Use of Shoot-Tip Culture, 30, 421–427.
84. Tan, S.N., Tee, C.S., & Wong, H.L. (2018). Multiple shoot bud induction and plant regeneration studies of Pongamia pinnata. Plant Biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan), 35(4), 325–334.
85. Khan, I., Khan, M.A., Shehzad, M.A., Ali, A., Mohammad, S., Ali, H., Alyemeni, M.N., &
Ahmad, P. (2020). Micropropagation and Production of Health Promoting Lignans in Linum
usitatissium. Plants, 9(3), 495–499.
86. Janowicz, J., Niemann, J., & Wojciechowski, A. (2012). The effect of growth regulators on
the regeneration ability of ax (Linum usitatissimum L.) hypocotyl explants in invitro culture. Biotechnologia, 93(2), 135–138.
87. Burbulis, N., & Blinstrubien, A. (2009). Regeneration of adventitious shoots of linseed (Linum
usitatissimum L.) from hypocotyl explants. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 96(3), 168–175.
88. Chen, J., Wang, L., & Thompson, L.U. (2006). Flaxseed and its components reduce metastasis after surgical excision of solid human breast tumor in nude mice. Cancer Letters, 234(2),
168–175.
89. Khan, I., Khan, M.A., Shehzad, M.A., Ali, A., Mohammad, S., Ali, H., Alyemeni, M.N., &
Ahmad, P. (2020). Micropropagation and production of health promoting lignans in Linum
usitatissimum. Plants, 9(6), 728.
90. Anjum, S., Abbasi, B.H., & Hano, C. (2016). Trends in accumulation of pharmacologically important antioxidant-secondary metabolites in callus cultures of Linum usitatissimum
L. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 1(129), 73–87.
91. Hano, C., Addi, M., Bensaddek, L., Crônier, D., Baltora-Rosset, S., Doussot, J., Maury, S.,
Mesnard, F., Chabbert, B., Hawkins, S., Lainé, E., & Lamblin, F. (2006). Differential accumulation of monolignol-derived compounds in elicited ax (Linum usitatissimum) cell suspension cultures. Planta, 223(5), 975–989.
92. Szewczyk, M., Abarzua, S., Andr, S., Nebe, B., Piechulla, B., Volker, B., & Dagmar-Ulrike,
R. (2014). Effects of extracts from Linum usitatissimum on cell vitality, proliferation and
cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cell lines. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 8,
237–245.
93. Desmawati, D. & Sulastri, D. (2019). Phytoestrogens and Their health effect. Open Access
Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(3), 237–245.
94. Katare, C., Saxena, S., Agrawal, S., & Prasad, G. (2012). Flax seed: A potential medicinal
food. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences, 02, 01.
95. Sen, C.K., Khanna, S., & Roy, S. (2006). Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols. Life
Sciences, 78(18), 2088–2098.
I. Fatima etal.
1 Tissue Culture ofMedicinal Plants
https://t.me/medicina_free
96. Morris, M.C., Evans, D.A., Tangney, C.C., Bienias, J.L., Wilson, R.S., Aggarwal, N.T., &
Scherr, P. A. (2005). Relation of the tocopherol forms to incident Alzheimer disease and to
cognitive change. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(2), 508–514.
97. Lochynska, M. (2015). Energy and nutritional properties of the white mulberry (Morus alba
L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 5.
98. Vijayan, K. (2014). Biotechnology of mulberry (Morus L.)– A review. Emeritus Journal of
Food and Agriculture, 26, 472–496.
99. Dubey, V., Khan, D.S., Shah, D.K. W., & Raghuwanshi, D.R. K. (2020). Standardization
of protocol for invitro micropropagation of Morus alba L. An Important Economical and
Medicinal Plant. Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Journal, 46–51.
100. Annan, K., Jackson, N., Dickson, R. A., Sam, G. H., & Komlaga, G. (2011). Acaricidal
effect of an isolate from Hoslundia opposita vahl against Amblyomma variegatum (Acari:
Ixodidae). Pharmacognosy Research, 3(3), 185–188.
101. Prakash, S., & Staden, J. (2007). Micropropagation of Hoslundia opposita Vahl– A valuable
medicinal plant. South African Journal of Botany, 73, 60–63.
102. Pfab, M.F., & Victor, J.E. (2002). Threatened plants of Gauteng, South Africa. South African
Journal of Botany, 68(3), 370–375.
103. George, J., Laing, M.D., & Drewes, S.E. (2001). Phytochemical research in South Africa:
Review article. South African Journal of Science, 97(3), 93–105.
104. Cock, I. E. (2015). The genus aloe: Phytochemistry and therapeutic uses including treatments for gastrointestinal conditions and chronic inammation. Progress in Drug Research.
Fortschritte Der Arzneimittelforschung. Progres Des Recherches Pharmaceutiques, 70,
179–235.
105. Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D.G. (2008). Aloe vera: a short review. Indian Journal of
Dermatology, 53(4), 163–166.
106. Yao, H., Chen, Y., Li, S., Huang, L., Chen, W., & Lin, X. (2009). Promotion proliferation
effect of a polysaccharide from Aloe barbadensis Miller on human broblasts in vitro.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 45(2), 152–156.
107. Grace, O. M. (2011). Current perspectives on the economic botany of the genus Aloe
L. (Xanthorrhoeaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 77(4), 980–987.
108. Dwivedi, N.K., Indiradevi, A., Asha, K.I., Nair, R.A., & Suma, A. (2014). A protocol for
micropropagation of Aloe vera L. (Indian Aloe) a miracle plant. Research in Biotechnology.
https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/rib/article/view/2447
109. Zakia, S., Zahid, N.Y., Yaseen, M., Abbasi, N.A., Haz, A.A., & Mahmood, N. (2013).
Standardization of micropropgation techniques for Aloe vera: A pharmaceutically important
plant. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 26(6), 1083–1087.
110. Nayanakantha, N.M. C., Singh, B. R., & Kumar, A. (2011). Improved culture medium for
micropropagation of Aloe vera L. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 13(4), 87–93.
111. Lobine, D., Soulange, J. G., Sanmukhiya, M. R., & Lavergne, C. (2015). A tissue culture
strategy towards the rescue of endangered mascarene aloes. ARPN Journal of Agricultural
and Biological Science, 10(1), 28.
112. Hailu, A., Sbhatu, D.B., & Abraha, H.B. (2020). In vitro micropropagation of industrially
and medicinally useful plant aloe trichosantha Berger using offshoot cuttings. The Scientic
World Journal, e3947162.
113. Gupta, S., Sahu, P.K., Sen, D.L., & Pandey, P. (2014). In-vitro propagation of Aloe vera (L.)
Burm. F. Biotechnology Journal International, 806–816.
114. Khanam, N., & Sharma, G. K. (2014). Rapid in vitro propagation of Aloe vera L. with
some growth regulators using lateral shoots as explants. World Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(3), 2005–2018.
115. Scambia, G., Panici, P.B., Ranelletti, F.O., Ferrandina, G., De Vincenzo, R., Piantelli, M.,
Masciullo, V., Bonanno, G., Isola, G., & Mancuso, S. (1994). Quercetin enhances transforming growth factor beta 1 secretion by human ovarian cancer cells. International Journal of
Cancer, 57(2), 211–215.
31
32
https://t.me/medicina_free
116. Gao, X., Wang, B., Wei, X., Men, K., Zheng, F., Zhou, Y., Zheng, Y., Gou, M., Huang, M.,
Guo, G., Huang, N., Qian, Z., & Wei, Y. (2012). Anticancer effect and mechanism of polymer
micelle-encapsulated quercetin on ovarian cancer. Nanoscale, 4(22), 7021–7030.
117. Hlatshwayo, N. A., Amoo, S.O., Olowoyo, J.O., & Doležal, K. (2020). Efcient micropropagation protocol for the conservation of the endangered Aloe peglerae, an ornamental
and medicinal species. Plants, 9(4), 506.
118. Niguse, M., Sbhatu, D.B., & Abraha, H.B. (2020). In vitro micropropagation of aloe adigratana Reynolds using offshoot cuttings. The Scientic World Journal, e9645316.
I. Fatima etal.
Chapter 2
https://t.me/medicina_free
Mentha
MuhammadAkram, MuhammadTayyabAkhtar, FatimaAkram,
andUmarFarooqGohar
2.1 Introduction
The family Lamiaceae is a large group of plants with annual and perennial basils,
thymes and sages. These plants have been used by man for pharmaceutically important compounds for many years in life saving medicines and to create aroma and
taste in food. Amongst the group, the genus Mentha also known as mint comprised
of well-known plants for essential oil production in varying composition. Essential
oils in pure forms have a worldwide demand in trade. They are cultivated for highly
valuable monoterpene present in their essential oils [1]. The most cultivated forms
of the genus are Mentha arvensis, M. aquatica, M. saveolense, M. piperita and
Oscimum bacilicum, O. sanctum, etc. are the other species of this family.
The extract of mint leaves and inorescence may be known as mint oil or essential oil. The term essential oil is derived from aroma chemicals and is used as a avoring, fragrance and preservative agent in various food items obtained from large
number of plant species [2]. The chemical composition of mint oil is determined
through chromatographic techniques, where menthol is the chief component along
with carvone, menthone, pulegone are the other components in varying composition. Peppermint has been reported to be in use in China and Japan at least 2000
years ago [3] and value of menthol is also very old (200 years ago) in Japan where
they kept menthol with them in silver boxes for regular use hanging from their belts.
Mint oil is used for indigestion, nausea, sore throat, diarrhea, cold, headache and
used in toothpastes for cooling sensation and fresh breath, confectionaries, cosmetics and pesticides also prefer for their products synthesis. Menthol is widely used
M. Akram (*)
Department of Biology, Government Shalimar Graduate College, University of the Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
M. T. Akhtar · F. Akram · U. F. Gohar
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
M. Zia-Ul-Haq et al. (eds.), Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8_2
33
34
https://t.me/medicina_free
M. Akram et al.
for the treatment of burns, sunburns, poison ivy rash and athlete’s foot [4].
Peppermint essential oil is used to kill pathogens of 21 human and plants [5]. Later
on, Salehi etal. [6] described the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the
genus Mentha. Zhao etal. [7] elaborated and explained the applications of biological activities of peppermint essential oil as an anti-inammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, scolicidal and for many more problems.
Mints are generally cultivated in moist sub-tropical and tropical areas. The damp
conditions are not tolerated by mints due to plant damage by root rot. It is generally
propagated by vegetative methods by creeping stolons, suckers or shoot cuttings.
Stolons are obtained from previous year planting. However, these vegetative methods of propagation require considerable time and therefore limit the speed of plant
propagation. Moreover, the method of propagation by cutting is not a reliable
method for production of good planting material because these are prone to attack
by variety of pathogens that cause many fungal (rust, powdery mildew and stolon
rot) and viral (spot wilt) diseases, which reduce the yield and also cause the gradual
degeneration of cultivar. Quality of plant is very important to get high yielding plant
material and for maximum oil extraction. In this scenario, plant tissue culture offers
for quality oil biosynthesis in micropropagated plants, breeding and disease eradication has been recognized as potentially valuable tools in crop improvement programs. Since last decades this technique has gained momentum on commercial
application in the eld of plant propagation. Improvement in terpenoids biosynthesis and production especially menthol is delimited in invitro differentiation of mint
plants [1]. Once invitro plants get maturation, the origin and biosynthesis of terpenoids started in leucoplasts of secretory cells and stored in specialized nonphotosynthetic cells of glandular trichomes [8, 9].
Due to highly valuable monoterpenes, mint is subjected to steam distillation and
solvent extraction. For callus and invitro plants having little raw material, solvent
extraction cum distillation method is used to minimize the evaporation of volatile
substances in the oil. For whole plant material having hard texture steam distillation
method is used or depending upon the nature of the plant material for extraction of
essential oils. Mint oil has been obtained by steam distillation for the extraction of
essential oil and the techniques Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
[10] and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [11] are used for the
detection of constituents present in mint oil. Later on, super critical uid extraction
(SCFE) has been used along with previously described methods [12, 13].
Thus, in this chapter a comparative study of different mint species and the available propagation methods have been described. Moreover, biotechnological interventions have also been given to elucidate secondary metabolites enhancement,
extraction and analysis of mint oil by different chromatographic techniques.
2 Mentha
https://t.me/medicina_free
35
2.2 Habit andHabitat
Mint is a common herb that can easily be distinguished by its aromatic smell. It
grows vertically as well as has creeping habit. The size of plants varies depending
upon the environmental conditions of habitat. The trailing habit of mint saves itself
from herbivory and other adverse environmental conditions. Commonly it is cultivated in small ponds, damp places, ditches, pots and on the agricultural land atmosphere. It grows under mesophytic and in a small drought condition can also
withstand plenty of water and damp places [14].
2.3 Morphological Characters
The genus Mentha has variable forms on the basis of its species and environmental
conditions (Table2.1). The plant is erect and sometimes likes to run on the ground,
tender rhizomatic growth. The size of the plant ranges from few inches to one foot
in height. Stems are herbaceous, green and purple due to lack of acquisition of water
or deciency of phosphorus. The leaves of mint are simple, petiolate, hairy in few
species, elliptic, dentate and serrate. Leaves have opposite phyllotaxy with dark
green color and highly aromatic. The size of the mint leaves is different according
to the species and variety [15].
2.4 Plant Propagation andMultiplication
Plant multiplication is an important step in plant germplasm conservation. Due to
high economic value of M. arvensis, its multiplication has been carried by various
methods.
2.4.1 Conventional Propagation
The propagation methods of plants adopted by localized people of the specic area
may be termed as conventionally multiplication strategies.
Stem Cutting Stem cutting is used for direct initiation of adventitious roots [19] for
clonal multiplication in a suitable potting media that may be a soil enriched with
organic matter. For this purpose, mature stems with single, double or multiple leafy
nodes may be used and lay down or stick erect on the medium. Plant growth regulators (PGRs), for example, auxins (IAA or IBA) are commonly applied at the cut side
for root induction and elongation and for healthy growth [20]. Due to the exible
36
https://t.me/medicina_free
M. Akram et al.
Table 2.1
Morphological and reproductive characters of mints
Mint
species
Mentha
arvensis
M. spicata Spear mint 300–600mm
M. piperita Peppermint Erect, branched,
M.
longifolia
M. royleana Royle’s
M ×
rotundifolia
M. aquatica Water mint Perennial 3 feet
Common
name Stem Leaves Inorescence Reference
Wild mint Simple straight
Silver mint Branching habit
mint
Apple mint 1–1.5 foot long
stems or
sometimes may
be branched,
often purplish
below
long straight
stems, bear leaves
and sometime
branched and
glabrous
leafy stems
800mm long,
glabrous, sparse
eglandular
indumentum
having leaves,
strait, vertical,
length 300–1200
mm, profuse
branched, tender
hairs present
Just like above
but slenderer in
habit
generally
short-hairy
long
The leaves are
ovate, the size of
petiole is 10mm
and lamina is
12–20 mm,
margins are
serrate, acute
Green leaves are
ovate lanceolate,
20 to 60mm × 5
to 15 mm, serrate
margins,
glabrous
Petiole are
ranged from 10
to 15 mm, 30 to
80mm long &
width 15 to 40
mm, lamina is
ovate
Different sized
and color,
profuse hairs,
size 20–80 ×
5–30 mm, ovate,
lanceolate,
coarsely dentate
Usually narrowly
oblong-elliptic,
frequently
discolorous,
clearly or shortly
petiolate
Size 26–60 mm,
2mm long
petiole, ovate,
indent, base
pointed
Ovate-lanceolate
20–60mm long,
10–40mm
width, green
opposite, toothed
Verticillasters
distantly present,
group of owers,
15mm in
diameter
Petals are white
and pink,
verticillaster spike
Rectangle spikes
of 50 to 70 × 15
mm, verticillaster
Verticillasters,
spikes terminal
Spikes slenderer
with verticillasters
generally
separated and
calyces usually
1.5–2mm
Forms a spike at
3–5 nodes,
delimiting bracts
Small, dense
group, purple
some time pink to
lilac in color
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[17]
[18]
2 Mentha
https://t.me/medicina_free
37
nature of mint, it may also be grown in all types of soil provided with high moisture
contents. Mint cannot grow under drought conditions.
Grafting Method This is useful for the acquisition of hybrid varieties. For example, seedling production M. piperita and M. spicata may be an alternative system for
high yielding seedlings [21].
2.4.2 In Vitro Propagation
For disease free and true to type plants production, modern techniques are used to
get desired characteristics and for enhanced metabolite production in Mentha
species.
Callus Induction Callus is an amorphous irregular mass of parenchymatous tissue
(Table2.2) having meristematic regions [22]. Shoot regeneration from callus cultures is a useful method for healthy invitro plant propagation, conservation and for
isolation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants [23–27]. Vegetative or
somatic tissues like mature and immature leaf, stem or ower explants are generally
used for culture on the basal growth medium supplemented with PGRs. Rigorous
work has been carried out on invitro callus induction from different explants of
Mentha [28–35]. Akram etal. [29] obtained callus from leaf, internode and nodal
explants on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D + BAP of M. arvensis cv.
Japanese mint. Similarly, callus from two cv of M. haplocalyx has been achieved by
Yu etal. [30] from leaf explants.
Except traditional methods, cell culture technology is quite a novel way for direct
plant formation via organogenesis to boost up the internal metabolism for enhanced
metabolite production in mint.
Shoot Organogenesis
embryos are formed under the inuence of chemically controlled environment in
tissue culture medium. The organogenic development from the callus tissues
(Fig.2.1, Table2.3), a piece of any tissue is cultured on shoot regeneration medium
with or without plant growth regulators to get such response. The later response of
somatic embryogenesis leads to the phenomenon of tissue habituation [36]. This
doesn’t mean tissue lose insensivity to PGRs [37]. Somatic cells sensitive to PGRs
may only be achieved by adjusting the level of both cytokinins and auxins in tissue
culture medium which subsequently governs organogenesis [38–40]. Organogenesis
is a chemically controlled phenomenon [41] conceptualized in tobacco organogenesis by adjusting the relative levels of kinetin and indole acetic acid and providence
of organogenesis in culture is determined by two hormones is controlled by multistep process [22]. At rst stage, cells acquire ability or competence to get hormonal
signals. Secondly, the competent cells become able to develop the organ.
Organogenesis is a process by which shoot, root or somatic
38
https://t.me/medicina_free
M. Akram et al.
Table 2.2
Formation of callus from different explants of mint
Mint
species
Mentha
spicata
M. spicata MS+4 mg/L
M. arvensis
Japanese
mint
M.
haplocalyx
M. arvensis MS+1.5 mg/L
M.
pulegium
M.
pulegium
M. spicata MS + 2 ng/μL
M. piperita MS+ 1.5 mg/L
M
×piperita
M. pulgium
M.
longifolia
Optimum culture
medium Explant Callus response Purpose Reference
0.2% (w/v)
Casein
hydrolysate +
2 ppm 2,4-D
TDZ+25%
coconut water
MS+13.5 μM
2,4-D+0.8 μM
BAP
B
+0.5 mg/L
5
BAP+1.5 mg/L
NAA
2,4-D
MS+1 mg/L
2,4-D
MS+ 0.5 mg/L
BA and 1 mg/L
NAA
BAP + 1 ng/μL
NAA
NAA+ 0.2 mg/L
BAP
MS+100 μL
NAA + 600 μ
IBA
Modied MS +
BAP + 2,4-D
Stem
Leaf
Leaf Morphogenic Shoot regeneration [42]
Leaf +++ Secondary
Leaf Morphogenic Biomass
Leaf 93.8% Bio-efcacy
Leaf 12.35mm
Hypocotyl 92% Shoot regeneration [33]
Cotyledon
node
Leaf disc Greenish,
Node Morphogenic Shoot regeneration [44]
L
Young
leaves
+
+++
diameter
Morphogenic Shoot regeneration [43]
organogenic and
nodular
Friable Secondary
Determination of
lipid constituents
metabolites
determination
production
against bacteria
Production of
chemical drugs
Shoot regeneration [34]
metabolite
production
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[35]
This tactic has extensively been practiced to get organogenesis in M. arvensis
[45], M. piperata [34, 46], M. spicata [47] and large number of other plant species
[48–50].
Micropropagation Axenic shoots either derived from invitro cultures or surface
sterilized shoot buds are usually used for culture to establish axillary shoots on the
culture medium. Such phenomenon for clonal propagation is termed as micropropagation (Fig.2.2, Table2.4). This is very useful method to achieve true to type, disease free woody and non-woody herbaceous crops including medicinal and
non-medicinal plants. Most of the plants of family lamiaceae are medicinal in nature
which have been cultivated by various means to get essential oil production.
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана