Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5327_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
2 Mentha
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 2.1 Shoot organogenesis from callus tissues
Table 2.3 Different species of mint showing invitro formation of shoots (organogenesis)
Mint
species Optimum culture medium Explant Culture’s response Reference
M.
spicata
M.
arvensis
M.
arvensis
M. viridis MS+3 mg/L BAP Node Multiple shoots
M.
piperita
M.
piperita
M.
piperita
M.
piperita
MS+4 mg/L TDZ+25% coconut water Leaf 100% [42]
MS+5 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L NAA Leaf disc Direct shoot buds [45]
MS+8.9 μM BAP+4.4 μM IAA Node Direct multiple
½ MS+3 mg/L Zeatin Internode Multiple shoot
MS+1.5 mg/L kinetin Node Direct
+ 11.35 μM TDZ + Zeatin 4.54
MS, B
5
μM + 10% coconut water + 20g
sucrose
MS+2.0 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L NAA Callus Shoot
2nd
internode
shoots
Regeneration
Regeneration
organogenesis
100% shoot
regeneration
organogenesis
[51]
[52]
[53]
[46]
[54]
[34]
39
The cultivation of Mentha through micropropagation is very old [55] using different explants, culture vessels and variable temperature conditions [56], manipulation of PGRs [57] such as BAP, NAA [43], IAA and TDZ [58] for enhanced
metabolites production [59]. Ali etal. [60] used surface sterilized nodal explants of
M. arvensis var. Explants of Japanese mint collected from open environment and
cultured on MS agar-solidied medium supplemented with 1 μM BAP and 0.5 μM
NAA for invitro shoot proliferation, acclimatization and secondary metabolites
production by GC-MS in the same species and cv. [29].
Raja & Arockiasamy, [52] cultured nodal explants on MS medium supplemented
with BAP and Kinetin for micropropagation of M. viridis. Later on, Rahman etal.
[61] also clonally multiplied the same species (M. viridis) on solid MS medium
added with BA and IAA.Inspite of PGRs, endophytic fungi play signicant role in
40
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 2.2 Micropropagation
of M. arvensis [29]
M. Akram et al.
morphological and biochemical attributes and mutualistic effects on M. viridis [62].
Similarly, mycorrhizal fungi also play signicant role in micropropagation to get
long shoots and roots in M. piperita [63]. A multifactorial experimental design for
micropropagation of M. piperita in which Vaidya etal. [64] demonstrated a semisolid and liquid culture systems on MS or Chee and Pool (C2D) medium supplemented with different cytokinins and obtained highest number of shoots with liquid
medium for essential oil production.
Bird eye view the above-mentioned knowledge demonstrated micropropagation
is an essential protocol for clonal multiplication for healthy plant production ultimately synthesis of metabolites production. Several species of Mentha have been
researched but M. piperita has extensively been micropropagated for industrial
crops to produce natural products.
Cell Suspension Culture
individual cells in liquid medium or cells are suspended and cultured under the
sterile invitro conditions using divers type culture vessels (Fig.2.3). This is an
alternative method to produce menthol production [76]. For this purpose, friable
calluses are usually used and transfer on to the liquid medium fortied with previously used PGRs or addition/substitution of new PGRs are tested and agitated on
orbital shaker. The CSC of several medicinal plants has been reported for the production of secondary metabolites, somatic embryogenesis or regeneration purposes.
Several successful stories are there to achieve desired components of Mentha species and in its cultivars using liquid medium supplemented with PGRs or on the
simple basic media devoid of PGRs.
Cell suspension culture (CSC) is used for isolation of
2 Mentha
https://t.me/medicina_free
41
Table 2.4
Micropropagation from different explants of mint
Mint
species
Mentha sp. Various Shoot tip, node Multiple shoot formation [55]
M.
arvensis
M.
piperita
M.
arvensis
M.
piperita
M.
arvensis
M. viridis MS + 3mg/L BAP Node In vitro shoots [52]
M. spicata MS + 1 μM BAP + 0.5
M.
piperita
M. gracilis
Sole
M.
arvensis
M.
pulegium
M.
piperita
M.
piperita
M.
piperita
M.
piperita
M.
piperita
M.
piperita
Optimum culture
medium Explant Response/purpose Reference
MS + 40μM BAP + 0.5
μM NAA under red
light
Microgravity + 1μM
BAP
MS + 1 μM BAP + 0.5
μM NAA
MS + 4.4 μM BAP +
2.32 μM Kin
MS liquid + 4.4 μM
BAP + 3.48 μM kin
μM NAA
MS + 4.5BAP mg/L +
0.009 mg/L IBA
MS + 2 μM TDZ Node Micro-shoots [70]
MS + 15μM TDZ Pretreated nodal
MS + 0.5 mg/L BAP Shoot tip 100% with 14 shoots [71]
MS+ 2 mg/L BAP +
0.5 mg/L NAA + 1
mg/L GA
IAA producing
rhizobacteria
MS + 3 mg/L BAP Node 42 number of shoots [74]
C
0.5 mg/L IBA Shoot tip Lateral shoots formation,
MS + 1 mg/L BAP Node 7.12 shoots [75]
3
D + 4 μM BAP Shoot tips from
2
Node 200 multiple shoots [65]
Node Shoot curvature [66]
35 multiple shoots [60]
Node 4.1 shoots [67]
Node 38 multiple shoots [29]
Node Multiple shoots [68]
Shoot tip 4-fold [69]
23.7 multiple shoots [58]
explants with
TDZ
Node from
invitro plants
In vitro plant Improved growth
eld-grown
plants
Shoot multiplication [72]
[73]
parameters
40.7 number of shoots [64]
[59]
rooting and odor-active
compounds
The precursor feeding in the CSC is favorable to get improved concentration of
the desired compound. Addition of precursors in the form of chemical compounds
participate in different reactions and enhance its production. Addition of menthone
of 35 μM improves the yield of menthol in CSC of M.Piperita [76]. When they used
42
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 2.3 Cell suspension culture derived from calluses
M. Akram et al.
γ-cyclodextrin (60 μM) alone or in combination with 35 μM menthone yielded up
to 92 and 110 mg/L menthol, respectively as compared to control (77 mg/L).
The elicitors have also been reported such as Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate have profound effect triggered Rosmarinic acid production in CSC of M. piper-
ita [77]. They used 200 μM jasmonic acid in CSC allowed for 24 h produced highest
rosmarinic acid (117.95 mg/g dry weight) as compared to control however, it
decreased the total biomass. Due to chemical nature and variation in compound
physical structure does not allow to isolate under the conditions of CSC.Such compounds may be extracted out with simple solvents system. Agar, liquid, glass gravel
are the physical factors as well as replacement incidence of media, capacity of culture vessels greatly affected on the growth and carvone metabolite production in
M. spicata [78]. Their results demonstrated that with low carvone treatment (mg
carvone g/FW) produced higher vegetative growth however total carvone ((mg carvone g-FW−1) × g culture FW) increased due to greater vegetative biomass accumulation per vessel.
2.4.3 Essential Oil andTerpenoid Production
Mint cultivation is to get essential oil rich in terpenoids used in pharmaceutical and
in confectionaries. A schematic representation of mint oil extraction and analysis
has been described in Fig.2.4. Mint oil rich in menthol is used for the treatment of
indigestion, nausea, sore throat, diarrhea, colds, headache and in the treatment of
burns, sunburns, poison ivy rash and athlete’s foot [4, 79]. Plant cell culture consisted of callus and suspension culture is a competent method for production biologically important secondary metabolites that may provide continuous and reliable
source for large-scale application in plant pharmaceuticals [80].
Plant growth regulators like NAA increased triterpene oleanolic acid whereas
kinetin increased urosolic acid in callus cultures of M. arvensis var. piperascene. A
wide range of variation of oil contents (0.32–1.10 %) and oil yield (0.66–5.22 ml/
plant) has been observed by Kukreja etal. [81] in M. arvensis. They observed four
major essential oil contents such as menthol ranges from 65.2% to 94.77%, menthone (1.40% to 20.89%), isomenthone (0.96% to 5.14%) and methyl acetate
(0.75% to 8.52%). Secondary metabolism in tissue culture was investigated [82] in
2 Mentha
https://t.me/medicina_free
43
Mentha
Drying
Grand and sieve
Extract
Steam
distillation
Hydrodistillation
Microwave-assisted
extraction
Microwave-assisted
hydrodistillation
Soxhlet
extraction
Supercritical fluid
extraction
Peppermint essential oil
HO
(-)-Menthol (-)-Menthone(-)-Neomenthol iso-Mentone
Steam
distillation
Silica gel
column
Esterification
++
Ethanae
elution
Microdistillation
+
AcOEt column
separation
HO
GC
Chloroform
elution
GC-MC
profication
Tandem
capillary
chiral
+
NMR analysis
microdiatillation
O
Steam
+
Cyclohexane
extraction
+
Anhydrous
magnesium
sulface on
the column
Water
Fig. 2.4 A schematic representation of mint oil extraction and analysis. Source with permission [7]
Isolation Extraction
M. spicata and M. longifolia failed to accumulate essential oils however produced
two un-usual pigments believed to be derived from rosmarinic acid. Asai etal. [83]
obtained pulegone as a chief constituent from 4 weeks old invitro as well as acclimatized plantlets of M. arvensis on both liquid and agar-solidied medium under
the dark conditions. However, concentration of both menthone and menthol was
highest under 16-h photoperiod. Pulegone was the dominant content at the earlier
stages of acclimatized pot plants whereas menthol detected as the main compound
during the later stages of its cultivation. Similarly, menthol (51.68%) was also a
44
https://t.me/medicina_free
M. Akram et al.
major component amongst 21 compounds in the essential oil of M. arvensis var.
piperascene characterized by GC-MS analysis [84] followed by menthone (26.08%)
and methyl acetate (10.55%). Rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid A and lithospermic acid B (LAB) were the main constituents of M. spicata as determined by High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In the same species of M. spicata,
the main component transpiperitone oxide was observed from mint oil collected
from different localities in island of Egypt by GC-MS.
Axenic shoots of M. piperata were investigated for essential oil and phenolic
compound production in MS basal solid medium. The major compound was
reported as menthol; carvone was found when shoots were transferred on MS
medium devoid of PGRs in photoperiod for 42 days whereas menthol was not
observed by GC-MS in shoot culture [10]. As detected in various studies NAA
increased monoterpene hydrocarbons e.g., limonene from 0.5% to 13% whereas
cis- and trans-dihydrocarbon and other sesquiterpenes were reduced. The essential
oil extract was analyzed with GC-MS as well as by supercritical uid extraction
(SFE), SFE provides more fractions due to least hydrolysis possibility [85].
Essential oils stored in specialized trichomes of different Mentha species demonstrated that natures of chemical compounds in mint oil were reported differently as
determined by the HPLC and GC-MS.Flow of menthyl acetate and neomenthol
observed towards the older plant parts and in young parts menthone and isomenthone were stored in M. piperita as determined by Solid-phase Microextraction
(SPME) and GC-MS [86]. Turner etal. [9] reported higher level of menthone and
menthol and level of these compounds increase with leaf development [8, 87] until
12–20 days old leaves. Such secretory structures in leaves of peppermint may be
used as an experimental model system against herbicide [88]. Plants raised invitro
as well as acclimatized tissues showed similar monoterpene contents at early stages
of growth of Japanese mint [45].
Hall etal. [89] reported methoxyfenozide in M. arvensis, Menthyl esters like
monomenthyl succinate, monomenthyl glutarate and dimenthyl glutarate are natural
sources as a cooling compounds [90]. They used HPLC tandem mass spectrometry,
monomenthyl succinate was identied in Lycium barbarum and M. piperita, and
monomenthyl glutarate and dimenthyl glutarate were identied in Litchi chinenesis.
Essential oil contains 95% carvone as the main constituent of aerial parts of M. spi-
cata determined by GC-MS [91]. Pandey etal. [92] identied menthol 71.40% fol-
lowed by p-menthone (8.04%), iso-menthone (5.42%) and neo-menthol (3.18%) by
GC-MS.Menthol may be a useful marker for breeding programs which is a main
constituent 19 cultivars of peppermint [93]. The later studies showed that the indigenous level of menthol may be based on the experimental conditions or analysis
techniques but remains round about 38–69% in M. piperita.
The oil composition in fresh and dried plant material is different. Fresh leaves of
M. longifolia has pulegone as a major component, however, menthone becomes
dominant in sun and air-dried leaves whereas oil from oven-dried leaves had limonene as the chief component [94]. Air-drying of leaves in shade followed by GC-MS
analysis has been suggested by [95] in walnut to maintain the original chemical
composition of the plant material. Chauhan etal. [96] reported that owering stage
of M. spicata accession is full of secondary metabolites especially carvone,
2 Mentha
https://t.me/medicina_free
limonene and cineole after analysis by GC-MS.Monthly seasonal and plant maturity periods during ontogenic growth greatly effect on the indigenously produced
essential oil in M. piperita [97]. Such compounds extracted from air-dried leaves
and analyzed by GC-MS of M. piperita have strong antifungal such as Candida
albicans, antibiolm, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, natural pesticides, insecticidal activities of wheat and stomach distension [98–104]. Such evaluated activities
may be due to the major compound of mint oil associated with the medicinal properties [99]. There is greatly variation of essential oil production in plant material of
Mentha may be classied into different chemotypes. All chemotypes are responsible for use as an antioxidants and other commercial importance based on genetic
diversity of Mentha [7].
45
2.5 Ethnobotany andEthnopharmacology
2.5.1 Health Benets
Nature has hidden the cure for numerous diseases in herbs, fruits and vegetables.
This is the reason why we see more emphasis these days on the benets of various
herbs, vegetables or fruits, with the aim of enlightening the readers on their hidden
health secrets. Generally, mint is used as a decoration in food, to enhance the taste
of chutney or to enjoy coffee, but apparently, this simple vegetable has many health
treasures in it. If we know the benets of this cheapest vegetable, forget about running to the doctor for every sneeze or recalling it. There is no doubt that a meal is
incomplete without mint, but do you know how essential these leaves are for a
healthy human body? Let’s nd out how.
2.5.1.1 Rich inNutrition
We do not use mint in large quantities in our daily routine. A small amount of it is
enough to make food delicious or to enhance the taste of food. Even this small
amount of mint is packed with nutrients, for example, three-quarters of a cup of
mint contains 6 calories, 1g of ber, 12% vitamin A, 9% iron, 4% folic acid, and
8% magnesium. This is why only a small amount of nutrient-dense mint is used,
compared to other herbs and spices, mint is an excellent source of antioxidants. The
ber in mint lowers cholesterol levels while magnesium strengthens bones.
2.5.1.2 Useful inDieting
Adding mint to salads, smoothies, or even water can help with weight loss. Best
results can be achieved by including mint leaf tea in the diet routine. Mint is excellent for the human digestive system. It activates digestive enzymes that help in better absorption of nutrients in foods. Metabolism improves when the body absorbs
46
https://t.me/medicina_free
M. Akram et al.
these ingredients properly. Regular consumption of mint is believed to be useful in
melting excess belly fat, which helps in weight loss.
2.5.1.3 The Best Cleanser, Relieves Skin Diseases
Peppermint extract is called menthol, which is used in making cosmetic products
and especially various creams. Peppermint extract is recognized as the best cleanser,
best for human skin. By using it, the face becomes fresh and all the skin diseases
like scabies and acne on the face are eliminated. If your skin is also prone to nail
acne, mix peppermint leaves with a small amount of honey and apply it on the skin
for 20min, then wash it off with warm water.
2.5.1.4 Excellent forRespiratory System
Peppermint process relieves all respiratory disorders like chest congestion, throat
and lung infections. Not only this, daily use of mint is also very benecial for
asthma patients. Mint is also used in medicine. Mint can be used in case of breathing
problems.
2.5.1.5 Stomach Problems
Peppermint is an excellent pain reliever. Its use is benecial in case of nausea and
abdominal pain. In case of stomach ache or nausea, it is recommended to eat a few
mint leaves, while drinking a tea of its leaves is extremely benecial in stomach
ache. It is excellent for relieving indigestion, excessive belching, gas or bad breath.
2.5.1.6 Useful forHeadache andMental Health
Headaches are considered a common ailment due to the hectic life and busy schedules. In case of headache, massage a few drops of peppermint oil on the forehead,
within 15min the intensity of the pain will decrease. Not only this, consumption of
this aromatic herb can help improve alertness and brain function. According to a
study, the use of mint also improves memory.
2.5.1.7 Blood Pressure Control
Blood pressure can also be controlled by mint. Eating peppermint and garlic chutney is benecial for blood pressure patients, while drinking peppermint decoction
can also control blood pressure.
2 Mentha
https://t.me/medicina_free
47
2.5.1.8 Restful Sleep
Mint is given great importance for restful sleep. If you also suffer from lack of sleep,
its use can be benecial.
2.5.1.9 Get Rid ofBad Breath
Mint is helpful in eliminating bad breath. Peppermint plays an important role in
eliminating bad breath caused by eating garlic, onion and other such items.
Peppermint oil can also be used as a good mouthwash. It naturally deodorizes breath
while reducing cavities, put a drop of this oil on the tongue and get rid of bad breath.
2.6 Conclusion
It is to nd out that the genus Mentha has various forms cultivated by means of
conventional and invitro methods. Cell culture technology is a useful method for
disease free plants to get high yielding cell lines for improved essential oils production. Peppermint is the most demanded species for peppermint oil rich in menthol
for therapeutic use of various ailments. Due to higher avoring nature, the Mentha
essential oils may be subjected to synthesize various drugs and biopesticides
in future.
References
1. Shasany, A.K., Khanuja, S.P., Dhawan, S., & Kumar, S. (2000). Positive correlation between
menthol content and invitro menthol tolerance in Mentha arvensis L. cultivars. Journal of
Biosciences, 25(3), 263–266.
2. Preedy, V.R. (2016). Essential oils in food preservation, avor and safety. Academic.
3. Said, H.M. (1996). Medicinal herbal (Vol. 1, pp.140–141). Hamdard Foundation.
4. Tyler, V.E. (1992). The honest herbal: a sensible guide to the use of herbs and related rem-
edies. Pharmaceutical Products Press. xviii, 375.
5. Işcan, G., Kirimer, N., Kürkcüoǧlu, M., Başer, H.C., & Demirci, F. (2002). Antimicrobial
screening of Mentha piperita essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
50(14), 3943–3946.
6. Salehi, B., Stojanović-Radić, Z., Matejić, J., Sharopov, F., Antolak, H., Kręgiel, D., etal.
(2018). Plants of genus Mentha: From farm to food factory. Plants, 7(3), 70.
7. Zhao, H., Ren, S., Yang, H., Tang, S., Guo, C., Liu, M., etal. (2022). Peppermint essential oil:
Its phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application. Biomedicine
& Pharmacotherapy, 154, 113559.
8. Gershenzon, J., Conkey, M.E., & Croteau, B.R. (2000). Regulation of monoterpene accumulation in leaves of peppermint. Plant Physiology, 122(1), 205–214.
9. Turner, G.W., Gershenzon, J., & Croteau, R.B. (2000). Distribution of peltate glandular
trichomes on developing leaves of peppermint. Plant Physiology, 124, 655–663.
48
https://t.me/medicina_free
10. Toshio, O., Iwao, A., Murakami, Y., & Ishimaru, K. (1998). Essential oil and phenolic production in Mentha piperita shoot culture. Japanese Journal of Food Chemistry, 5(2).
11. Li, B., Zhang, C., Peng, L., Liang, Z., Yan, X., Zhu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2015). Comparison of
essential oil composition and phenolic acid content of selected Salvia species measured by
GC–MS and HPLC methods. Industrial Crops and Products, 69, 329–334.
12. Ruiz del Castillo, M.L., Santa-María, G., Herraiz, M., & Blanch, G.P. (2003). A comparative
study of the ability of different techniques to extract menthol from Mentha piperita. Journal
of Chromatographic Science, 41(7), 385–389.
13. Lopez-Hortas, L., Rodriguez, P., Diaz-Reinoso, B., Gaspar, M.C., de Sousa, H.C., Braga,
M.E., & Dominguez, H. (2022). Supercritical uid extraction as a suitable technology to
recover bioactive compounds from owers. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 105652.
14. Abbasi, A.M., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, M., & Zafar, M. (2012). Medicinal plant biodiversity of
lesser Himalayas-Pakistan. Springer.
15. Lawrence, B.M. (2006). Mint: The genus Mentha. CRC Press.
16. https://eora.org
17. https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/
18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha_aquatica
19. Díaz-Sala, C. (2021). Adventitious root formation in tree species. Plants, 10(3), 486.
20. Guan, L., Tayengwa, R., Cheng, Z., etal. (2019). Auxin regulates adventitious root formation
in tomato cuttings. BMC Plant Biology, 19, 435.
21. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Rasouli, M., Podaropoulou, L., & Bilalis, D. (2012). Seedlings
production of Mentha × piperita (Peppermint) and Mentha spicata (Spearmint). In oat system with organic and inorganic fertilization. Acta Horticulturae, 937, 1307–1311.
22. Bhojwani, S.S., & Dantu, P.K. (2013). Cellular totipotency. In Plant Tissue Culture: An
Introductory Text (pp.63–74). Springer.
23. Constabel, F. (1990). Medicinal plant biotechnology1. Planta Medica, 56(05), 421–425.
24. Nalawade, S.M., & Tsay, H.S. (2004). In vitro propagation of some important Chinese
medicinal plants and their sustainable usage.
Plant, 40(2), 143–154.
25. Murch, S.J., Peiris, S.E., Liu, C.Z., & Saxena, P.K. (2004). In vitro conservation and propagation of medicinal plants. Biodiversity, 5(2), 19–24.
26. Thomas, D.T., & Shankar, S. (2009). Multiple shoot induction and callus regeneration in
Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight & Arnott, a rare medicinal plant. Plant Biotechnology
Reports, 3(1), 67–74.
27. Shaik, S., Kumar, A., Mallikarjuna, G., Kola, G.L., Reddy, P.C. O., & Sekhar, A.C. (2023).
Molecular breeding and application of molecular markers for improvement of antidiabetic
medicinal plants. In Antidiabetic potential of plants in the era of omics (pp.263–277). Apple
Academic Press.
28. Suga, T., Hirata, T., & Yamamoto, Y. (1980). Lipid constituents of callus tissues of Mentha
spicata. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 44(8), 1817–1820.
29. Akram, M., Afrasiab, H., Mahmood, S., & Aftab, F. (2007). Monoterpene contents in
invitro and eld-grown plants of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Pakistan Journal of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 40(2), 74–79.
30. Yu, Y., Lin, L.W., Yuan, L.C., & Yan, L. (2009). Induction and multiplication of leaf callus
from two cultivars of Mentha haplocalyx. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment.,
18(2), 84–88.
31. Johnson, M., Wesely, E.G., Kavitha, M.S., & Uma, V. (2011). Antibacterial activity of leaves
and inter-nodal callus extracts of Mentha arvensis L. Asian Pacic journal of tropical medi-
cine, 4(3), 196–200.
32. Darvishi, E., Kazemi, E., Kahrizi, D., Bahraminejad, S., Mansouri, M., Chaghakaboudi,
S.R., & Khani, Y. (2014). Optimization of callus induction in Pennyroyal (Mentha pule-
gium). Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports, 1(3), 97–100.
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-
M. Akram et al.
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана