Index

Добавил:

Sekretar kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.

Вуз:

Ростовский Государственный Медицинский Университет

Предмет:

Медицина общая

Файл:

Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5773_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf

Скачиваний:

Добавлен:

30.08.2026

Размер:

58 Мб

Скачать

☆

<<< < Предыдущая 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3839 / 4039 40 > Следующая >>>

References366

PatruxB,LaissyJP,JouiniS,KawieckiW,CotyP,ThiebotJ.Mag-

netic resonance angiography (MRA) of the circle of Willis: a prospective comparison with conventional angiography in 54 subjects. Neuroradiology 1994;36:193–197

Pedro-Botet J, Senti M, Nogues X, et al. Lipoprotein and apolipo-

protein profile in men with ischemic stroke. Role of lipoprotein(a), triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein E polymorphism. Stroke 1992;23:1556–1562

Pelkonen O, Tikkakoski T, Leinonen S, Pyhtinen J, Lepojärvi M,

Sotaniemi K. Extracranial internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections: angiographic spectrum, course and prognosis. Neuroradiology 2003;45:71–77

Perdue GD, Barreca JP, Smith RBIII, King OW. The significance of

elongation and angulation of the carotid artery: a negative view. Surgery 1975;77:45–52

Pessin MS, Abbott BP, Prager RJ, Batson RA, Scott RM. Clinical and

angiographic features of carotid circulation thrombus. Neurology 1986;36:518–523

Pessin MS, Daneault N, Kwan ES, et al. Local embolism from

vertebral artery occlusion. Stroke 1988;19:112–115

Pessin MS, Hinton RC, Davis KR, et al. Mechanismsof acutecaroid

stroke. Ann Neurol 1979;6:245–252

Pessin MS, Lathi ES, Cohen MB, Kwan ES, Caplan LR, Hedges TR.

Clinical features and mechanism of occipital infarction. Ann Neurol 1987;21:290–299

Petit-Dutaillis D. Egas Moniz cerebral angiography. Med Con-

temp 1954;72:573–579

Petitti DB, Sidney S, Bernstein A, Wolf S, Quesenberry C, Ziel HK.

Stroke in users of low-dose oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1996;335:8–15

Pezzini A, Del Zotto E, Magoni M, Costa A, Archetti S, Grassi M.

Inherited thrombophilic disorders in young adults with ischemic stroke and patent foramen ovale. Stroke 2003;34:28–33

Pezzini A, Granella F, Grassi M, et al. History of migraine and the

risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Cephalalgia 2005;25:575–580

Pfadenhauer K, Esser M, Berger K. Vertebrobasilar ischemia and

structural abnormalities of the vertebral arteries in active temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica – An ultrasonographic case-control study. J Rheumatol 2005;32: 2356–2360

Pfadenhauer K, Weber H. Duplex sonography of the temporal

and occipital artery in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. A prospective study. J Rheumatol 2003;30:2177–2181

Phelps ME, Huang SC, Hoffman EJ, Kuhl DE. Validation of tomo-

graphic measurement of cerebral blood volume with C-11labeledcarboxyhemoglobin.JNuclMed1979;20:328–334

Pinto AN. AIDS and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1996;27:

538–543

PodorePC,RobCG,DeWeeseJA,GreenRM.Chroniccommon

carotid occlusion. Stroke 1981;12:98–10 0

PolakJF,DobkinGR,OLearyDH,WangAM,CutlerSS.Internal

carotid artery stenosis: accuracy and reproducibility of colorDoppler-assisted duplex imaging. Radiology 1989;173: 793–798

Ponce FA, Han PP, Spetzler RF, Canady A, Feiz-Erfan I. Associated

arteriovenous malformation of the orbit and brain: a case of Wyburn-Mason syndrome without retinal involvement. Case report. J Neurosurg 2001;95:346–349

Posner JB. Neurologic Complications of Cancer. Philadelphia: FA

Davis; 1995:143–171

PowersWJ,DerdeynCP,FritschSM,etal.Benignprognosisof

never-symptomatic carotid occlusion. Neurology 2000;54: 878–882

Prati P, Vanuzzo D, Casaroli M, et al. Prevalence and determinants

of carotid atherosclerosis in a general population. Stroke

1992;23:1705–1711 Procter CD, Hollier LH. Takayasus arteritis and temporal arteritis.

Ann Vasc Surg 1992;6:195–198 PucheuA,EvansJ,ThomasD,ScheubleC,PucheuM.Doppler

ultrasonography of normal neck veins. J Clin Ultrasound

1994;22:367–373 Puchner S, Haumer M, Rand T et al CTA in the detection and

quantification of vertebral artery pathologies: a correlation

withcolorDopplersonography.Neuroradiology2007;49:

645–650 Pugliese F, Crusco F, Cardaioli G, et al. CT angiography versus

colour-Doppler US in acute dissection of the vertebral artery.

Radiol Med (Torino) 2007;112:435–443 Puls I, Becker G, Maurer M, Mullges W. Cerebral arteriovenous

transit time (CTT): a sonographic assessment of cerebral mi-

crocirculation using ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound

Med Biol 1999a;25:503–507 Puls I, Hauck K, Demuth K, et al. Diagnostic impact of cerebral

transit time in the identification of microangiopathy in de-

mentia: A transcranial ultrasound study. Stroke 1999b;30:

2291–2295 Puppini G, Furlan F, Cirota N, et al. Characterisation of carotid

atherosclerotic plaque: comparison between magnetic reso-

nance imaging and histology. Radiol Med (Torino) 2006;111:

921–930 Qureshi AI, Janssen RS, Karon JM, et al. Human immunodefi-

ciency virus infection and stroke in young patients. Arch Neu-

rol 1997;54:1150–115 3 Qureshi AI, Suri FK, Ali Z, et al. Role of conventional angiography

in evaluation of patients with carotid artery stenosis demon-

strated by Doppler ultrasound in general practice. Stroke

2001;32:2287–2291 Rabinstein AA. Stroke in HIV-infected patients: a clinical per-

spective. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;15:37–44 Randoux B, Marro B, Koskas F, Chiras J, Dormont D, Marsault C.

Proximal great vessels of the aortic arch: comparision of

three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography

and digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 2003;229:

697–702 Ratanakorn D, Laothamatas J, Pongpech S, Tirapanich W,

Yamwong S. Pitfall of electron beam computed tomography

angiography in diagnosis of subclavian steal syndrome. J Neu-

roimaging 2002;12:80–83 Reinhard M, Schmidt D,Schumacher M, Hetzel A. Involvementof

the vertebral arteries in giant cell arteritis mimicking verte-

bral dissection. J Neurol 2003;250:1006–1009 ReinstrupP,RydingE,OhlssonT,DahmPL,UskiTU.Cerebral

blood volume (CBV) in humans during normo- and hypocap-

nia: influence of nitrous oxide (N(2)O). Anesthesiology

2001;95:1079–1082 Remonda L, Heid O, Schroth G. Carotid artery stenosis, occlusion,

and pseudo-occlusion: first-pass, gadolinium-enhanced,

three-dimensional MR angiography – preliminarystudy.Ra-

diology 1998;209:95–102 Rempp KA , Brix G, Wenz F, Bec ker CR , Gu ckel F, Loren z WJ .

Quantification of regional cerebral blood flow and volume

with dynamic susceptibility contrastenhanced MR imaging.

Radiology 1994;193:637–641 Reuler JB, Meier D. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis with normal

CSF features. Arch Intern Med 1979;139:237– Reuter SR. Digital subtraction angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol

1980;135:1316

238

References 367

Reuter U, Hamling M, Kavuk I, Einhaupl KM,Schielke E. Vertebral

artery dissections after chiropractic neck manipulation in Germany over three years. J Neurol 2006;253:724–730

Reutern von GM. Büdingen von HJ. Ultrasound diagnosis of

cerebro-vascular disease. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1993:291–300

Ribo M, Garami Z, Uchino K, Song J, Molina CA, Alexandrov AV.

Detection of reversed basilar flow with power-motion Doppler after acute occlusion predicts favorable outcome. Stroke 2004;35:79–82

Ricci S, Flammini FO, Celani MG, et al. Prevalence of internal

carotid artery stenosis in subjects older than 49 years: a population study. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991;1:16–19

Ries S, Steinke W, NeffKW, Hennerici M.Echocontrast-enhanced

transcranial color-coded sonography for the diagnosis of transverse sinus thrombosis. Stroke 1997;28:696–700

Riles TS, Imparato AM, Posner MP, Eikelboom BC. Common car-

otid occlusion. Assessment of distal vessels. Ann Surg 1984;199:363–366

Ringelstein EB, Biniek R, Weiller C, Ammeling B, Nolte PN,

Thron A. Type and extend of hemispheric brain infarctions in early and delayed middle cerebral artery recanalization. Neurology 1992;42:289–298

Ringelstein EB, Sievers C, Ecker S, Schneider PA, Otis SM. Non-

invasive assessment of CO

-induced cerebral vasomotor re-

sponse in normal individuals and patients with internal carotid artery occlusions. Stroke 1988;19:963–969

Rodríguez HernándezSA, Kroon AA, van Boxtel MP, et al. Is there

a side predilection for cerebrovascular disease? Hypertension 2003;42:56–60

Rodriguez-Lopez JA, Werner A, Martinez R, Torruella LJ, Ray LI,

Diethrich EB. Stenting for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the subclavian artery. Ann Vasc Surg 1999;13:254–260

Roguin A, Schwitter J, Vahlhaus C, et al. Magnetic resonance

imaging in individuals with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Europace 2008;10:336–346

Rordorf G, Koroshetz WJ, Ezzeddine MA, Segal AZ, Buonanno FS.

A pilot study of drug-induced hypertension for treatment of acute stroke. Neurology 2001;56:1210–1213

Röther J, Schwartz Am Wentz KU, Rautenberg W, Hennerici M.

Middle cerebral artery stenoses: assessment by magnetic resonance angiography and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:273–279

Rosenkranz M, Fiehler J. Niesen W er al. The amount of solid

cerebral microemboli during carotid stenting does not relate to the frequency of silent ischemic lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradi ol 2006;27: 157 –161

Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, et al for the Carotid

Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet 2003a;361:107–116

RothwellPM,EliasziwM,GutnikovSA,WarlowCP,BarnettHJ;

Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists Collaboration. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet 2004;363:915–924

Rothwell PM, Gibson RJ, Slattery J, Sellar RJ, Warlow CP. Equiv-

alence of measurements of carotid stenosis. A comparison of three methods on 1001 angiograms. European Carotid Surgery TrialistsCollaborative Group. Stroke 1994;25:2435–2439

Rothwell PM, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP; European Carotid Sur-

gery Trialists Collaboration. P. Reanalysis of the final results of the European Carotid Surgery Trial. Stroke 2003b;34:514–523

Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Spence JD. Carotid Endarterectomy

Trialists Collaboration. Relationship between blood pressure and stroke risk in patients with symptomatic carotid occlusive disease. Stroke 2003c;34:2583–2590

Rothwell PM, Warlow CP. Prediction of benefit from carotid

endarterectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study. Lancet 1999;353:2105–2110

Rothwell PM, Warlow CP. Low risk of ischemic stroke in patients

with reduced internal carotid artery lumen diameter distal to severe symptomatic carotid stenosis: cerebral protection due to low poststenotic flow? Stroke 2000;31:622–630

Rothwell PM, Warlow CP. Timing of TIAs preceding stroke: time

window for prevention is very short. Neurology 2005;64: 817–820

Ruan LT, Duan YY, Cao TS, Zhuang L, Huang L. Color and power

Doppler sonography of extracranial and intracranial arteries in moyamoya disease. J Clin Ultrasound 20 06;34:60–69

Ruegg S, Entgelter S, Jeanneret C, et al. Bilateral vertebral artery

occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 2003;82:1–12

Ruff RL, Talman WT, Petito F. Transient ischemic attacks associ-

ated with hypotension in hypertensive patients with carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1981;12:353–

355

Ruprecht-Dorfler P, Brechtelsbauer D, Schliesser M, Puls I,

Becker G. Prognostic and diagnostic value of global cerebral blood flow volume and cerebral transit time in acute stroke. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002;28:1405–1411

RutgersDR,KlijnCJ,vanHuffelenAC,vanderGrondJ.Alongi-

tudinal study of collateral flow patterns in the circle of Willis and the ophthalmic artery in patients with a symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 2000;31:1913–1920

Saam T, Cai J, Ma L, et al. Comparison of symptomatic and

asymptomatic atherosclerotic carotid plaque features with in vivo MR imaging. Radiology 2006;240:464–472

Sabetai MM, Tegos TJ, Nicolaides AN, et al. Hemispheric symp-

toms and carotid plaque echomorphology. J Vasc Surg 2000;31:39–49

Sabharwal R, Vladica P, Coleman P. Multidetector spiral CT renal

angiography in the diagnosis of renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia. Eur J Radiol 2007;61:520–527

Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Gu Q, Zamanillo MC. Race-ethnicity and

determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 1995;26: 14–20

Sachar R, Yadav JS, Rofﬁ M, et al. Severe bilateral carotid stenosis:

the impact of ipsilateral stenting on Doppler-defined contralateral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 04;43:1358–1362

Saeed AB, Shuaib A, Al-Sulaiti G, Emery D. Vertebral artery dis-

section: warning symptoms, clinical features and prognosis in 26 patients. Can J Neurol Sci 2000;27:292–296

Saeki N, Rhoton AL. Microsurgical anatomy of the upper basilar

artery and the posterior circle of Willis. J Neurosurg 1977;46: 563–578

SaitoI,SegawaH,ShiokawaY,TaniguchiM,TsutsumiK.Middle

cerebral artery occlusion: correlation of computed tomography and angiography with clinical outcome. Stroke 1987;18: 863–868

SaitoK,KimuraK,NagatsukaK,etal.Vertebralarteryoccludion

in duplex color-coded ultrasonography. Stroke 2004;35: 106 8–10 72

Sakai F, Nakazawa K, Tazaki Y, et al. Regional cerebral blood

volume and hematocrit measured in normal human volunteers by single-photon emission computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985;5:207–213

SakamotoS,KiuraY,ShibukawaM,OhbaS,AritaK,KurisuK.

Subtracted 3D CT angiography for evaluation of internal carotid artery aneurysms: comparison with conventional digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27: 1332–1337

References368

Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O’Fallon WM, Hunder GG. The incidence

of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern. Ann Intern Med 1995;123: 192 –194

Salvarani C, Giannini C, Miller DV, Hunder GG. Giant cellarteritis:

involvement of intracranial arteries. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:985–989

Samuels OB, Lynn JMJ, Smith HA, Chimowitz MI. A standardized

method for measuring intracranial stenosis. AJNR Am JNeuroradiol 2000;21:643–646

SanMillanRuizD,GailloudP,Rüfenacht DA, Delavell J, Henry F,

Fasel JHD. The craniocervical venous system in relation to cerebral venous drainage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23: 150 0– 15 08

Saqqur M, Molina CA, Salam A, et al. Clinical deterioration after

intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment. A multicenter transcranial Doppler study. Stroke 2007;38:69–74

Saqqur M, Shuaib A, Alexandrov AV, et al. Derivation of trans-

cranial Doppler criteria for rescue intra-arterial thrombolysis: multicenter experience from the Interventional Management of Stroke study. Stroke 2005;36:865–868

Scheel P, Ruge C, Petruch UR, Schöning M. Color duplex measure-

ment of cerebral blood flow volume in healthy adults. Stroke 2000;31:147–150

Schievink WI. Spontaneous dissektion of the carotid and verte-

bral arteries. N Engl J Med 2001;344:898–906

Schievink WI, Mokri B, O’Fallon M. Recurrent spontaneous cer-

vical artery dissection. N Engl J Med 1994a;330:393–397

Schievink WI, Mokri B, Piepgras DG. Spontaneous dissections of

cervicocephalic arteries in childhood and adolescence. Neurology 1994b;44:1607–1612

Schievink WI, Roiter V. Epidemiology of cervical dissection. Front

Neurol Neurosci 2005;20:12–15

Schmidt WA. Use of imaging studies in the diagnosis of vasculi-

tis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004;6:203–211

Schmidt WA, Gromnica-Ihle E. Duplex ultrasonography in tem-

poral arteritis. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:609–610

SchmidtWA,KraftHE,VorpahlK,VolkerL,Gromnica-IhleEJ.

Colorduplexultrasonographyinthediagnosisoftemporal arteritis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1336–1342

Schmidt WA, Natusch A, Moller DE, Vorpahl K, Gromnica-Ihle E.

Involvement of peripheral arteries in giant cell arteritis: a color Doppler sonography study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002a;20:309–318

Schmidt WA, Nerenheim A, Seipelt E, Poehls C, Gromnica-Ihle E.

Diagnosis of early Takayasu arteritis with sonography. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002b;41:496–502

Schmiedek P, Piepgras A, Leinsinger G, Kirsch C, Einhäupl K.

Improvement of cerebrovascular reserve capacity by EC-IC arterial bypass surgery in patients with ICA occlusion and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1994;81: 236–244

Schneider PA, RossmanME, BernsteinEF, Ringelstein EB,Otis SM.

Noninvasive assessment of cerebralcollateralbloodsupply through the ophthalmic artery. Stroke 1991;22:31–36

Schneider B, Zienkiewicz T, Jansen V, Hofmann T, Noltenius H,

Meinertz T. Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and correlation with autopsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:1202–1209

Schöning M, Buchholz R, Walter J. Comparative study of trans-

cranial duplex sonography and transcranial Doppler sonography in adults. J Neurosurg 1993;78:776–784

Schöning M, Scheel P, Holzer M, Fretscher R, Will BE. Volume

measurement of cerebral blood flow: assessment of cerebral

circulatory arrest. Transplantation 2005;80:326–331 Schöning M, Walter J.Evaluation of the vertebrobasilar-posterior

system by transcranial color duplex sonography in adulats.

Stroke 1992;23:1280–1286 Schöning M, Walter J, Scheel P. Estimation of cerebral blood flow

through color duplex sonography of the carotid and vertebral

arteries in healthy adults. Stroke 1994;25:17–22 Schreiber SJ, Angstwurm K, Doepp F, Valdueza JM. Transcranial

duplex ultrasound of the ophthalmic artery. Ultrasound Med

Biol 2006;32:309–313 SchreiberSJ,DiehlRR,WeberW,etal.Dopplersonographic

evaluation of shunts in patients with dural arteriovenous

fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:775–780 Schreiber SJ, Doepp F, Bender A, Schmierer K, Valdueza JM. Dif-

fuse cerebral angiomatosis. Neurology 20 03a;60:1216–1217 Schreiber SJ, Doepp F, Spruth E, Kopp UA, Valdueza JM. Ultra-

sonographic measurement of cerebral blood flow, cerebral

circulation time and cerebral blood volume in vascular and

Alzheimers dementia. J Neurol 2005;252:1171–1177 Schreiber SJ, Doepp F, Valdueza JM. Multimodal multimodal

ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in a patient

with a diffuse cerebral angiomatosis. Ultrasound Med Biol

2003b;29:501–505 Schreiber SJ, Franke U, Doepp F, Staccioli E, Uludag K,

Valdueza JM. Dopplersonographic measurement of global cer-

ebral circulation time using echo contrast-enhanced ultra-

sound in normal individuals and patients with arteriovenous

malformations. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002;28:453–458 Schreiber SJ, Kauert A, Doepp F, Valdueza JM. Measurement of

global cerebral circulation time using power duplex echo-

contrast bolus tracking. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003c;15:129–132 Schreiber SJ, Lürtzing F, Götze R, Doepp F, Klingebiel R,

Valdueza JM. Extrajugular pathways of human cerebral ve-

nous blood drainage – assessed by duplex ultrasound. J Appl

Physiol 2003d;94:1802–1805 Schreiber SJ, Pade O, Eggers J, Valdueza JM. A systematic TCCS

analysis of the posterior cerebral artery and its branches.

Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23(suppl 1):65–66 Schreiber SJ, Weih M, Hofmann O, Rückert R, Einhäupl KM,

Valdueza JM. Delayed transcranial echo-contrast bolus arrival

in carotid artery disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9(suppl2):48 Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Droste DW,Popa V, et al. Visualization

of the basilar artery by transcranial color-coded duplex so-

nography. Stroke 2000;31:1123–1127 Schünke M, Schulte E, Schumacher U. Prometheus. Lernatlas der

Anatomie. Kopf und Neuroanatomie. Stuttgart– New York:

Thieme; 2006 Schurr PH, Wickbom I. Rapid serial angiography: Further expe-

rience. J Neurol Psychiatr 1952;15:110–118 SchwaighoferBW,KleinMV,LydenPD,HesselinkJR.MRimaging

of vertebrobasilar vascular disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr

1990;14:895–904 Seidel E, Eicke BM, Tettenborn B, Krummenauer F. Reference

values for vertebral artery flow volume by duplex sonography

inyoung and elderly adults. Stroke 1999;30:2692–2696 Segura T, Serena J, Castellanos M, Teruel J, Vilar C, Dávalos A.

Embolism in acute middle cerebral artery stenosis. Neurology

2001;56:497–501 Seko Y. Giant cell and Takayasu arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol

2007;19:39–43 Seldinger SI. Catheter replacement of the needle inpercutaneous

arteriography: a new technique. Acta Radiol 1953;39:368–376

References 369

Selhub J, Jaques PF, BostomAG, etal. Associationbetween plasma

homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:286–291

Serena J, Segura T, Perez-Ayuso MJ, Bassaganyas J, Molins A,

Dávalos A. The need to quantify right-to-left shunt in acute ischemic stroke: a case-control study. Stroke 1998;29: 1322–1328

Seyahi E, Ugurlu S, Cumali R, et al. Atherosclerosis in Takayasu

arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1202–1207

Shadman R, Criqui MH, Bundens WP, et al. Subclavian artery

stenosis: prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 04;44:618–623

Shellock FG. Biomedical implants and devices: assessment of

magnetic field interactions with a 3.0-Tesla MR system. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002;16:721–732

Shin HK, Yoo KM, Chang HM, Caplan LR. Bilateral intracranial

vertebral artery disease in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Arch Neurol 1999;56: 1353–1358

Shirahata N, Henriksen L, Vorstrup S, et al. Regional cerebral

blood flowassessed by 133Xe inhalation and emission tomography: normal values. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1985;9: 861–866

Shovlin CL, Guttmacher AE, Buscarini E, et al. Diagnostic criteria

for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-OslerWeber syndrome). Am J Med Genet 2000;91:66–67

Shrontz C, Dujovny M, Ausman JI, et al. Surgical anatomy of the

arteries of the posterior fossa. J Neurosurg 1986;65:540–544

Siebler M, Kleinschmidt A, Sitzer M, Steinmetz H, Freund HJ.

Cerebral microembolism in symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Neurology 1994a;44:615–618

Siebler M, Nachtmann A, Sitzer M, et al. Cerebral microembolism

and the risk of ischemia in asymptomatic high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1995;26:2184–2186

Siebler M, Sitzer M, Rose G, Bendfeldt D, Steinmetz H. Silent

cerebral embolism caused by neurologically symptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis. Event rates before and after carotid endarterectomy. Brain 1993;116:1005–1015

Siemieniec A, Jost I, Schreiber SJ, Valdueza JM, Doepp F. Fetal-

type posterior cerebral artery: a risk factor for cardio-embolic stroke in the PCA-territory? Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;21(Suppl

3):61

Silbert PL, Mokri B, Schievink WI. Headache and neck pain in

spontaneous internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections. Neurology 1995;45:1517–1522

Sliwka U, Georgiadis D. Clinical correlations of Doppler micro-

emboli signals in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Analysis of 580 cases. Stroke 1998;29:140–143

Sliwka U, Klötzsch C, Popescu O, et al. Do chronic middle cerebral

artery stenoses represent an embolic focus? A multirange transcranial Doppler study. Stroke 1997;28:1324–1327

Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, et al. Therapeutics and

Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2004;62:1468–1481

Slovut DP, Olin JW. Current concepts: fibromuscular dysplasia. N

Engl J Med 2004;350:1862–1871

Smith HA, Thompson-Dobkin J, Yonas H, Flint E. Correlation of

xenon-enhanced computed tomography-defined cerebral blood flow reactivity and collateral flow patterns. Stroke 1994;25:1784–1787

SolisOJ,DavisKR,NewPF,RobersonGH.Evaluationofintra-

cranial aneurysms by computed tomography. Rev Interam Radiol 1976;1:1–8

Somerville ER. Orthostatic transient ischemic attacks. Stroke

1984;15:1066–1067

SPACECollaborative Group. 30 day results fromthe SPACEtrial of

stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2006;368:1239–1247

Spatz H. Pathologische Anatomie der Kreislaufstörungen des

Gehirns. Zeitschrift für die gesamte. Neurol Psychiatr (Bucur) 1939;167:301–351

SpenceJD,TamayoA,LownieSP,NgWP,FergusonGG.Absenceof

microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 2005;36: 2373–2378

Spence JD. Technology Insight: ultrasound measurement of car-

otid plaque–patient management, genetic research, and therapy evaluation. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006;2:611–619

Spencer MP, Reid JM. Quantitation of carotid stenosis with con-

tinuous-wave (C-W) Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 1979;10: 326–330

Spencer MP, Whisler D. Transorbital Doppler diagnosis of intra-

cranialarterialstenosis.Stroke1986;17:916–921

Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arterio-

venous malformations. J Neurosurg 1986;65:476–483

SSYLVIA Study Investigators. Stenting of symptomatic athero-

sclerotic lesions in the vertebral or intracranial arteries (SSYLVIA). Stroke 2004;35:1388–1392

Staikov IN, Arnold M, Mattle HP, et al. Comparison of the ECST,

CC, and NASCET grading methods and ultrasound for assessing carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trial. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. J Neurol 2000;247: 681–686

Stang PE, Carson AP, Rose KM, et al. Headache, cerebrovascular

symptoms, and stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Neurology 2005;64:1573–1577

Stapf C, Mohr JP, Sciacca RR, et al. Incident hemorrhage risk of

brain arteriovenous malformations located in the arterial borderzone. Stroke 2000;31:2365–2368

Steiger HJ, Aaslid R, Stooss R. Dynamic computed tomographic

imaging of regional cerebral blood flow and blood volume. A clinical pilot study. Stroke 1993;24:591–597

Steiner MM, Di Tullio MR, Rundek T, et al. Patent foramen ovale

size and embolic brain imaging findings among patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998;29:944–948

Steiner-Böker S, Cejna M, Nasel C, Minar E, Kopp CW. Successful

revascularization of acute carotid stent thrombosis by facilitated thrombolysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25: 1411–1413

Steinke W, Hennerici M, Kloetzsch C, Sandmann. Doppler color

flow imaging after carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Surg 1991; 5:52 7–534

Steinke W, Mangold J, Schwartz A, Hennerici M. Mechanism of

infarction in the superficial posterior cerebral artery territory. J Neurol 1997;244:571–578

SteinkeW,RautenbergW,SchwartzA,HennericiM.Noninvasive

monitoring of internal carotid artery dissection. Stroke 1994;25:998–1005

Steinke W, Schwartz A, Hennerici M. Topography of cerebral

infarction associated with carotid artery dissection. J Neurol 1996;243:323–

Stewart MT, Moritz MW, Smith RBIII, Fulenwider JT, Perdue GD.

The natural history of carotid fibromuscular dysplasia. J Vasc Surg 1986;3:305–310

328

References370

StockKW,RadueEW,JacobAL,BaoXS,SteinbrichW.Intracranial

arteries: prospective blinded comparative study of MR angiography and DSA in 50 patients. Radiology 1995;195: 451–456

Stolz E, Babacan SS, Bodeker RH, Gerriets T, Kaps M. Interob-

server and intraobserver reliability of venous transcranial color-coded flow velocity measurements. J Neuroimaging 2001;11:385–392

Stolz E, Gerriets T, Bodeker RH, Hügens-Penzel M, Kaps M. Intra-

cranialvenoushemodynamicsisafactorrelatedtoafavorable outcome in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 2002a;33: 1645 –1650

Stolz E, Kaps M, Dorndorf W. Assessment of intracranial venous

hemodynamics in normal individuals and patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 1999a;30:70–75

Stolz E, Kaps M, Kern A, Dorndorf W. Frontal bone windows for

transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Stroke 1999b;30:814–820

Stolz E, Kaps M, Kern A, Dorndorf W. Transcranial color-coded

duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults. Reference data from 130 volunteers. Stroke 1999c;30: 1070–1075

Stolz E, Nuckel M, Mendes I, et al. Vertebrobasilar transcranial

color-coded duplex ultrasonography: improvement with echo enhancement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002b;23:1051–1054

StolzE,TrittmacherS,RahimiA,etal.Influenceofrecanalization

on outcome in dural sinus thrombosis. A prospective study. Stroke 2004;35: 544–547

StorkJL,KimuraK,LeviCR,ChambersBR,AbbottAL,DonnanGA.

Source of microembolic signals in patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. Stroke 2002;33:2014–2018

Sturzenegger M, Newell DW, Aaslid R. Visually evoked blood

flow response assessed by simultaneous two-channel transcranial Doppler using flowvelocity averaging. Stroke 1996;27: 2256–2261

Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Nakashima K, et al. Comparison of 2D and

3D digital subtraction angiography in evaluation of intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:1545–1552

Sujansky E, Conradi S. Sturge-Weber syndrome: age of onset of

seizures and glaucoma andthe prognosis for affected children. JChildNeurol1995;10:49–58

SullivanHG,KingsburyTBIV,MorganME,etal.TherCBFre-

sponse to Diamox in normal subjects and cerebrovascular disease patients. J Neurosurg 1987;67:525–534

Suwanwela NC, Chutinetr A. Risk factors for atherosclerosis of

cerebrocerebral arteries: intracranial versus extracranial. Neuroepidemiology 2003;22:37–40

Suzuki J, Takaku A. Cerebrovascular “moyamoya disease”:adis-

ease showing abnormal net-like vessels in base of brain. Arch Neurol 1969;20:288–299

Sviri GE, Britz GW, Lewis DH, et al. Dynamic perfusion computed

tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 2006;59:319–325

Sylivris S, Levi C, Matalanis G, et al. Pattern and significance of

cerebral microemboli during coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;66:1674–1678

Szabo K, Kern R, Gass A, Hirsch J, Hennerici M. Acute stroke

patterns in patients with internal carotid artery disease: a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study. Stroke 2001;32:1323–1329

Takeuchi K, Shimizu K. Hypoplasia of the bilateral internal car-

otid arteries. No To Shinkei 1957;9:37–

Tan TY, Schminke U, Chen TY. Hemodynamic effects of subcla-

vian steal phenomenon on contralateral vertebral artery.J Clin Ultrasound 2006;34:77–81

Tanriover N, Kawashima M, Rhoton AL, Ulm AJ, Mericle RA.

Microsurgical anatomy of the early branches of the middle

cerebral artery: morphometric analysis and classification with

angiographic correlation. J Neurosurg 2003;98:1277–1290 Tatemichi TK, Young WL, Prohovnik I, Gitelman DR, Correll JW,

Mohr JP. Perfusion insufﬁciency in limb-shaking transient

ischemic attacks. Stroke 1990;21:341–347 Teksam M, McKinney A, Truwit CL. Multi-slice CT angiography in

evaluation of extracranial-intracranial bypass. Eur J Radiol

Terada T, Tsuura M, Matsumoto H, et al. Endovascular treatment

for pseudo-occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Neurosur-

gery 2006;59:301–309 Thomas R. Hypercoagulability syndromes. Arch Intern Med

2001;161:2433–2439 Thomassen L, Aarli JA. Subclavian steal phenomenon. Clinical

and hemodynamic aspects. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;90:

241–244 Thomsen HS. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a serious late ad-

verse reaction to gadodiamide. Eur Radiol 2006;16:

2619–2621 Tiecks FP, Douville C, Byrd S, Lam AM, Newell DW. Evaluation of

impaired cerebral autoregulation by the Valsalva maneuver.

Stroke 1996;27:1177–1182 Tipping B, de VilliersL, WainwrightH, Candy S, Bryer A . Stroke in

patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J

Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:1320–1324 Toennis W, Schiefer W. Zirkulationsstoerungen des Gehirns im

Serienangiogramm. Berlin–Goettingen–Heidelberg: Springer

Verlag; 1959 Togay-Isikay C, Kim J, Betterman K, et al. Carotid artery tortuos-

ity, kinking, coiling: stroke risk factor, marker, or curiosity?

Acta Neurol Belg 2005;105:68–72 Tomandl BF, Hammen T, Klotz E, et al. Bone-subtraction CT

angiography for the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms.

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:55–59 Toole JF. Cerebrovascular disorders. 2nd ed. New York:McGraw-

Hill; 1974 Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, et al. Lowering homocys-

teine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent

stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Inter-

vention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled

trial. JAMA 2004;291:565–575 Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, et al. Mannheim carotid

intima-media thickness consensus (2004–2006). An update

on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching

the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Confer-

ences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium,

2006. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:75–80

Touboul PJ, Mas JL, Bousser MG, Laplane D. Duplex scanning in

extracranial vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 1988;19:

116 –121 Touzé E, Gauvrit JY, Meder JF, Mas JL. Prognosis of cervical dis-

section. Front Neurol Neurosci 2005;20:129–139 Touzé E, Randoux B, Meary E, Arquizan C, Meder JF, Mas JL.

Aneurysmal forms of cervical artery dissection: Associated

factors and outcome. Stroke 2001;32:418–423 Trattnig S, Matula C, Karnel F, Daha K, Tschabitscher M,

Schwaighofer B. Difﬁculties in examination of the origon of

the vertebral artery by duplex and colour-coded Doppler so-

nography: anatomical considerations. Neuroradiology

1993;35:296–299 Trivedi RA, Green HAL, U-King-Ima J, et al. Cerebral haemody-

namic disturbances in patients with moderate carotid artery

stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;29:52–57

References 371

Tsai CF, Jeng JS, Lu CJ, Yip PK. Clinical and ultrasonographic

manifestations in major causes of common carotid artery occlusion. J Neuroimaging 2005;15:50–56

Tsiodras S, Mantzoros C, Hammer S, Samore M. Effects of pro-

tease inhibitors on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and lipodystrophy: a 5-year cohort study.Arch Intern Med 2000;160: 2050–2056

Tsivgoulis G, Sharma VK, Lao AY, Malkoff MD, Alexandrov AV.

Validation of transcranial Doppler with computed tomography angiography in acute cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2007;38: 1245 –124 9

Tummala RP, Chu RM, Nussbaum ES. Extracranial-intracranial

bypass forsymptomativ occlusive cerebrovascular disease not amenable to carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurg Focus 2003;14:e8

Tyler JL, Leblanc R, Meyer E, et al. Hemodynamic and metabolic

effects of cerebral arteriovenous malformations studied by positron emission tomography. Stroke 1989;20:890–898

Tzedakis A, Damilakis J, Perisinakis K, et al. The effect of z over-

scanning on patient effective dose from multidetector helical computed tomography examinations. Med Phys 2005;32: 1621–16 29

Tzourio C, Benslamia L, Guillon B, et al. Migraine and the risk of

cervical artery dissection: A case control study. Neurology 2002;59:435–437

TzourioC,TehindrazanariveloA,IglesiasS,etal.Case-control

study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women. BMJ 1995;310:830–833

Uemura A. O`uchi T, Kikuchi Y, Yashiro N, Ihara N, Shoji K.

Prominent laterality of the posterior cerebral artery at three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography in M1-segment middle cerebral arteryocclusion. AJNRAm J Neuroradiol 2004;25:88–91

Uggowitzer MM, Kugler C, Riccabona M, et al. Cerebral arterio-

venous malformations: Diagnostic value of echo-enhanced transcranial Doppler sonography compared with angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:101–106

Umemura A, Yamada K. B-mode flow imaging of the carotid

artery. Stroke 2001;32:2055–2057

Umemura A, Yamada K, Masago A, Kanda Y, Matsumoto T,

Shimazu N. Hemodynamic flow pattern evaluate by transcranial color-coded duplex sonography after STA-MCA bypass for internal carotid artery occlusion. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;14: 143 –147

Valdueza JM, Doepp F, Hoffmann O, Lehmann R, Einhäupl KM.

Venous Doppler ultrasound assessment of the anterior parasellar region. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8:113–117

ValduezaJM,DraganskiB,HoffmannO,DirnaglU,Einhäupl KM.

Analysis of CO2 Vasomotor reactivity and vessel diameter changes bysimultaneousl venousand arterial Doppler recordings. Stroke 1999;30:81–86

ValduezaJM, Harms L, Doepp F, KoscielnyJ, Einhäupl KM. Venous

microembolic signals detected in patients with cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke 1997;28:1607–160 9

ValduezaJM,HoffmannO,WeihM,MehraeinS,Einhäupl KM.

Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Arch Neurol 1999;56:229–234

ValduezaJM, Schmierer K, Mehraein S, Einhäupl KM. Assessment

of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins. A transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. Stroke 1996;27:1221–1225

Valdu eza JM, v on MünsterT,HoffmannO,SchreiberS,

Einhäupl KM. Postural dependency of the cerebral venous outflow. Lancet 2000;355:200–201

Valton L, Larrue V, Arrue P, Geraud G, Bes A. Asymptomatic

cerebral embolic signals in patients with carotid stenosis. Correlation with appearance of plaque ulceration on angiography. Stroke 1995;26:813–815

van der Lugt A, Buter TC, Govaere F, Siepman DA, Tanghe HL,

Dippel DW. Accuracy of CT angiography in the assessment of a fetal origin of the posterior cerebral artery. Eur Radiol 2004;14:1627–163 3

van der Zwan A, Hillen B, Tulleken CA, Dujovny M, Dragovic L.

Variability of the territories of the major cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg 1992;77:927–940

van Doornum S, McColl G, Wicks IP. Accelerated atherosclerosis:

an extraarticular feature of rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:862–873

van Laar PJ, Hendrikse J, Golay X, Hanzhang L, van Osch MJP, van

der Grond J. In vivo flow territory mapping of major brain feeding arteries. Neuroimage 2006;29:136–144

van Raamt AF, Mali WP, van Laar PJ, van der Graaf Y. The fetal

variant of the circle of Willis and its influence on the cerebral collateral circulation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;22:217–224

van Velthoven V, Calliauw L. Diagnosis of brain death. Trans-

cranial Doppler sonography as an additional method. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1988;95:57–60

vanZuilenEV,MollFL,VermeulenFE,MauserHW,vanGijnJ,

Ackerstaff RG. Detection of cerebral microemboli by means of transcranial Doppler monitoring before and after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1995;26:210–213

Vemmos KN, Takis C, Georgilis K, et al. The Athens Stroke Regis-

triy: results of a five-year hospital-based study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10:133–141

Vessey MP, Doll R. Investigation of relation between use of oral

contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. BMJ 1969;2: 651–657

Villablanca JP, Jahan R, Hooshi P, et al. Detection and character-

ization of very small cerebral aneurysms by using 2D and 3D helical CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23: 1187 –119 8

Villablanca JP, Rodriguez FJ, Stockman T,et al.MDCT angiography

for detection and quantification of small intracranial arteries: comparison with conventional catheter angiography.AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188:593–602

Villringer A, Mehraein S, Einhäupl KM. Pathophysiological as-

pects ofcerebral sinus venous thrombosis (SVT). J Neuroradiol 1994;21:72–80

Voetsch B, DeWitt LD, Pessin MS, Caplan LR. Basilar artery oc-

clusive disease in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Arch Neurol 2004;61:496–504

Vollmer TL, Guarnaccia J, Harrington W, et al. Idiopathic gran-

ulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. Diagnostic challenges. Arch Neurol 1993;50:925–930

Vonken EPhA. van Osch MJP, Bakker CJG, Viergever MA. Meas-

urement of cerebral perfusion with dual-echo multi-slice quantitative dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;10:109–117

Vonsattel JPG, Hedley-White ET. Diffuse meningocerebral angio-

matosis and leukoencephalopathy. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (editors). Handbook of Clinical neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1989:317–322

Waaijer A, van der Schaaf IC, Velthuis BK, et al. Reproducibility of

quantitative CT brain perfusion measurements in patients with symptomatic unilateral carotid artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:927–932

Wade JPH, Wong W,Barnett HJM, Vandervoort P. Bilateral occlu-

sion of the internal carotid arteries. Brain 1987;110:667–682

References372

Wahlgren N, Ahmend N, Davalos A, et al. Thrombolysis with

alteplase for acute ischemic stroke in the safe implementation of thrombolysis in stroke-monitoring study (SITS-MOST): an observational study. Lancet 2007;369:249–250

Waldemar G, Hasselbalch SG, Andersen AR, et al. 99mTc-d,l-

HMPAO and SPECT of the brain in normal aging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:508–521

Ward JB, Katz NN. Combined phakomatoses: a case report of

Sturge-Weber and Wyburn-Masonsyndrome occurring in the same individual. Ann Ophthalmol 1983;15:1112–1116

Wardlaw JM. What causes lacunar stroke? J Neurol Neurosurg

Psychiatry 2005;76:617–619

Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Best JJK, et al. Non-invasive imaging

compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2006a; 367:1503–1512

Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Stevenson M, et al. Accurate, practical

and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technol Assess 2006b;10:iii–iv, ix–x,1–182

Wardlaw JM, del Zoppo G, Yamaguchi T. Thrombolysis for acute

ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(2): CD000213

Warmuth C, Rupping M, Forschler A, et al. Dynamic spin labelling

angiography in extracranial carotid artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:1035–104 3

Wasserstrom WR, Glass JP, Posner JB. Diagnosis and treatment of

leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer 1982;49:759–772

WebbJA,ThomsenHS,MorcosSK.Theuseofiodinatedand

gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol 2005;15:1234–1240

Webster MW, Chancellor AM, Smith HJ, Swift DL, Sharpe DN,

Bass NM. Patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Lancet 1988;2(8601):11–12

Wechsler LR, Kistler JP, Davis KR, Kaminski MJ. The prognosis of

carotid siphon stenosis. Stroke 1986;17:714–718

Weibel J, Fields WS . Tortuosity, coiling and kinking of the inter-

nal carotid artery. II. Relationship of morphological variation to cerebrovascular insufﬁciency. Neurology 1965;15:462–468

Weiller C, Ringelstein EB, Reiche W, Buell U. Clinical and hemo-

dynamic aspects of low flow infarcts. Stroke 1991;22: 1117–112 3

Wells RP, Smith RR. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal

carotid artery: a long term follow-up. Neurosurgery 1982; 10: 39–43

Wessels T. Röttger, Jauss M, Kaps M, Traupe H, Stolz E. Identi-

fication of embolic stroke patterns by diffusion-weighted MRI in clinically defined lacunar stoke syndromes. Stroke 2005;36:757–761

Widder B, Görtler M. Doppler und Duplexsonographie der hirn-

versorgenden Arterien. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2004

Widder B, Kleiser B, Krapf H. Course of cerebrovascular reactivity

in patients with carotid artery occlusions. Stroke 1994;25: 196 3–1967

Widder B, Paulat K, Hackspacher J, Mayr E. Transcranial Doppler

CO2 test for the detection of hemodynamically critical carotid artery stenoses and occlusions. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1986;236:162–168

Wijdicks EFM. Brain death worldwide: accepted fact but no

global consensus in diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002;58: 20–25

Wilkinson IMS, Russell RWR. Arteries of the head and neck in

giant cell arterits. Arch Neurol 1972;27:378

–391

Williams MA, Nicolaides AN. Predicting the normal dimensions

of the internal and external carotid arteries from the diameter

of the common carotid. Eur J Vasc Surg 1987;1:91–96 Willinek WA, von Falkenhausen M, Born M, et al. Noninvasive

detection of steno-occlusive disease of the supra-aortic ar-

teries with three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic

resonance angiography: a prospective, intra-individual com-

parative analysis with digital subtraction angiography. Stroke

2005;36:38–43 WillinskyRA,TaylorSM,TerBruggeK,FarbRI,TomlinsonG,

Montanera W. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiog-

raphy: prospective analysis of 2,899 procedures and review of

the literature. Radiology 2003;227:522–528 Willoteaux S, Faivre-Pierret M, Moranne O, et al. Fibromuscular

dysplasia of the main renal arteries: comparison of contrast-

enhanced MR angiography with digital subtraction angiogra-

phy. Radiology 2006;241:922–929 Windecker S, Wahl A, Chattezjee T, et al. Percutaneous closure of

patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism:

long-term risk of recurrent thromboembolic events. Circula-

tion 2000;101:893–898 Wintermark M, Meuli R, Broways P, et al. Comparision of CT

perfusion and angiography and MRI in selecting stroke pa-

tients for acute treatmen. Neurology 2007;68:694–697 WitykRJ,LehmanD,KlagM,CoreshJ,AhnH,LittB.Raceandsex

differences in the distribution of cerebral atherosclerosis.

Stroke 1996;27:1974–19 8 0 Wityk RJ, Chang HM, Rosengart A, et al. Proximal extracranial

vertebral artery disease in the New England Medical Center

Posterior Circulation Registry. Arch Neurol 1998;55:470–478 Wong KS, Gao S, Chan YL, et al. Mechanism of acute cerebral

infarctions in patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis: a

diffusion-weighted imaging and microemboli monitoring

study. Ann Neurol 2002;52:74–81 WoodcockRJ,GoldsteinJH,KallmesDF,CloftHJ,PhillipsCD.

Angiographic correlation of CT calcification in the carotid

siphon. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:495–499 Wróblewski L, Korzeniewska A, Barycki J. A case of bilateral

internal carotid artery and right vertebral artery occlusion.

Neurol Neurochir Pol 1997;31:601–606 Wu C, Zhang J, Ladner CJ, Lamparello PJ, Krinsky GA. Subclavian

steal syndrome: diagnosis with perfusion metrics from con-

trast-enhanced MR angiographic bolus-timing examination –

initial experience. Radiology 2005;235:927–933 Yamada I, Suzuki S, Matsushima Y. Moyamoya disease: compar-

ision of assessment with MR angiography and MR imaging

versus conventional angiography. Radiology 1995;196:

211–218 Yamamoto Y, Georgiadis AL, Chang HM, Caplan LR. Posterior

cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England medical

center posterior circulation registry. Arch Neurol 1999;56:

824–832 Yamamoto S, Watanabe M, Uematsu T, Takasawa K, Nukata M,

Kinoshita N. Correlation of Angiographic Circulation Time and

Cerebrovascular Reserve by Acetazolamide-Challenged Single

Photon Emission CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:242–247 Yamaura A, Ono J. Current diagnosis and treatment of intra-

cranial dissecting aneurysms. Neurosurg Q 1994;4:67–81 Yanagihara T, Piepgras DG, Klass DW. Repetitive involuntary

movement associated with episodic cerebral ischemia. Ann

Neurol 1985;18:244–250 Yang CW, Carr JC, Futterer SF, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR an-

giography of the carotid and vertebrobasilar circulations.

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:2095–2101

References 373

Yang JJ, Hill MD, Morrish WF, et al. Comparision of pre- and

postcontrast 3D time-of-flight MR angiography for the evaluation of distal intracranial branch occlusions in acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:557–567

YasakaM,KimuraK,OtsuboR,etal.Transoralcarotidultra-

sonography. Stroke 1998;29:1383–1388

Yasargil MG. Microsurgical Anatomy of the Basal Cisterns and

Vessels of the Brain, Diagnostic Studies, General Operative Techniques and Pathological Considerations of the Intracranial Aneurysms. Vol I. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1984

Yazici B, Erdogmus B, Tugay A. Cerebral blood flow measure-

ments of the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries with Doppler ultrasonography in healthy adults. Diagn Interv Radiol 2005;11:195–198

Yip PK, Liu HM, Hwang BS, Chen RC. Subclavian steal phenom-

enon: a correlation between duplex sonographic and angiographic findings. Neuroradiology 1992;34:279–282

YonekawaY,OgataN,KakuY,TaubE,ImhofHG.Moyamoya

disease in Europe, past and present status. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997;99(Suppl 2):S58–S60

Yonemura K, Kimura K, Minematsu K, Uchino M, Yamaguchi T.

Small centrum ovale infarcts non diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 2002;33:1541–1544

Yong SW, Bang OY, Lee PH, Li WY. Internal and external cortical

border-zone infarction: clinical and diffusion-weighted imaging features. Stroke 2006;37:841–846

Yoon DY, Lim KJ, Choi CS, et al. Detection and Characterization of

Intracranial Aneurysms with 16-Channel Multidetector Row CT Angiography: A Prospective Comparison of Volume-Rendered Images and Digital Subtraction Angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:60–67

Yousem DM, Patrone PM, Grossman RI. Leptomeningeal meta-

stases: MR evaluation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14: 255–261

Zanette EM, Fieschi C, Bozzao L, et al. Comparison of cerebral

angiography and transcranial Doppler sonography in acute stroke. Stroke 1989;20:899–903

Zetterling M, Carlstrom C, Konrad P. Internal carotid artery dis-

section. Acta Neurol Scand 2000;101:1–7

Zhang H, Maki JH, Prince MR. 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiog-

raphy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007;25:13–25

ZiyehS,StreckerR,BerlisA,WeberJ,KlischJ,MaderI.Dynamic

3D MR angiography of intra- and extracranial vascular malformations at 3T: a technical note. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:630–634

Zweifler RM, Silverboard G. Arterial dissections. In: Mohr JP, Choi

DW, Grotta JC, Weir B, Wolf PA (editors). Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2004:549–573

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations

375

ACAS (Asymptomatic Carotid Athero-

sclerosis Study) 130–131

acetazolamide infusion test 58–59, 58

case histories 139–141, 251, 255,

320, 324

ACST (Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery

Trial) 130–131 akinetic mutism 348 aliasing phenomenon 10–11, 10, 11 amaurosis fugax 190 anemia 133, 136 aneurysm

anterior communicating artery 112 atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) 275,

276

Charité University Hospital algo-

rithm 120–121, 122

dissecting 191, 307, 308–310

assessment 311 treatment 311