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The last 20 years of tissue engineering have seen iterative progress
in translating the insights of developmental biology into functional
tissue replacements. The clinical trials and first clinical approvals of
patient-specific engineered skin, cartilage, and bone products
provide encouragement that these advances will finally escape the
lab bench and realize their long-promised clinical potential.
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However, significant challenges of biology, engineering,
manufacture, and economics remain. As these problems are
addressed, we expect living, engineered solutions to take their place
alongside grafts, flaps, and transplants in the reconstructive
surgeon’s toolbox.
QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is a synthetic tissue-engineered
scaffold material?
a. Collagen
b. Extracellular matrix
c. Polycaprolactone
d. Fibrin
2. What describes the ability of stem cells to give rise to
differentiated cells?
a. Self-renewal
b. Multipotency
c. Reprogramming
d. Chemotaxis
3. Which of the following is true about porosity in tissueengineered scaffolds?
a. High porosity enables improved diffusion of nutrients and
waste.
b. Smaller pore sizes can improve the number of delivered
cells.
c. Porous substrates are immunologically inert.
d. Synthetic scaffolds have limited porosity.
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4. Transplanting an engineered swine kidney into a primate
would be an example of which type of transplantation?
a. Autologous
b. Allogeneic
c. Xenogeneic
d. None of the above
5. Which of the following is a group of lineage-restricted stem
cells that naturally give rise to connective tissues?
a. Hematopoietic stem cells
b. Mesenchymal stem cells
c. Embryonic stem cells
d. All of the above
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
1. Answer: c. Only polycaprolactone acid is nonnatural
scaffolding material. The remaining answers are naturally
derived from tissues as extracellular matrix or extracellular
matrix constituents.
2. Answer: b. Multipotency describes the capacity of cells to
differentiate into other cell types. While cell fate is usually
unidirectional and fixed, stem cells retain the capacity to turn
into other cell types.
3. Answer: a. Since tissue-engineered solutions are living
structures, porosity is needed to enable mass transfer of
nutrients and waste to enable long-term survival.
4. Answer: c. Autologous transplants are taken from and
placed into the same individual. Allogeneic transplants are taken
from one individual of the species and transplanted into another
individual of the same species. Xenogeneic transplants occur
across species.
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5. Answer: b. Mesenchymal stem cells in the body ordinarily
differentiate to bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle. Hematopoietic
stem cells populate differentiated cells in the blood under normal
circumstances. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent, not line age
restricted.
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