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Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy, APTA.
© 2021 Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy, APTA, Inc. All rights reserved.
For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
The Wrist and Hand:
https://t.me/med1917
Evidence-Informed Physical
Therapy Patient Management
Independent Study
Course 31.2.7
Mia Erickson, PT, EdD, CHT
Midwestern University
Physical Therapy Department
College of Health Sciences
Glendale, Arizona
Carol Waggy, PT, PhD, CHT
West Virginia University
School of Medicine
Department of Human
Performance and Applied
Exercise Science
Division of Physical Therapy
Morgantown, West Virginia
The Wrist and Hand:
https://t.me/med1917
Evidence-Informed Physical
Therapy Patient Management
Guy G. Simoneau, PT, PhD, FAPTA—Editor
Dhinu Jayaseelan, PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT—Associate Editor
Cover Illustration by Joseph Kinstler
Dear Colleagues,
I am pleased to welcome you to e Wrist and Hand: Evidence-Informed Physical erapy Patient Management monograph written by
Mia Erickson, PT, EdD, CHT and Carol Waggy, PT, PhD, CHT. is work is part of the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy
Independent Study Course series 31.2, Current Concepts of Orthopaedic Physical erapy, 5th Edition.
Dr. Mia Erickson received a Bachelor’s degree in Secondary Education and Athletic Training from West Virginia University and a Master’s Degree in Physical erapy from the University of Indianapolis. She received a doctoral degree in Curriculum and Instruction from
West Virginia University. She is currently a Professor and Assistant Chairperson of the Physical erapy Department in Glendale, AZ.
Dr. Erickson’s research and clinical practice have been in the areas of hand and upper extremity rehabilitation. She is the primary author
on the APTA’s Clinical Practice Guideline for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, has 2 book chapters in the 7th edition of the Rehabilitation of
the Hand and Upper Extremity, and is a contributor for the IFSHT REACH newsletter. She presents regularly at national meetings and
enjoys sharing her knowledge and skills with other colleagues and students.
Dr. Carol A. Waggy received her Bachelor of Science in Physical erapy from West Virginia University in 1980. She completed a PhD in
the Department of Anatomy in December 1995. She joined the West Virginia University Department of Human Performance, Division
of Physical erapy and is currently an Associate Professor in the Educator/Clinical Track for professional programs. Her teaching and
clinical practice has focused on evaluation and treatment of the hand and upper extremity. She received her credentials as a certied hand
therapist in 1993. Dr. Waggy has lectured nationally on examination and treatment of the hand and wrist including participation with
the Academy of Hand and Upper Extremity Physical erapy and the Academy of Orthopedic Physical erapy of the APTA. Most recently she has co-authored the chapter Anatomy and Kinesiology of the Hand in the book Rehabilitation of the Hand and Upper Extremity,
7th edition, and a series of articles on Hand and Finger Injuries, Family Practice EssentialsTM for the American Academy of Family Phy-
sicians. She is a member of the Academy of Hand and Upper Extremity Physical erapy and the American Society of Hand erapists.
is monograph nicely captures the intricacy of the anatomy and function of the hand, and how physical therapy practice must be adapted to this region. e high density of small anatomical structures and the propensity for edema and scar tissue formation make the hand
and wrist a potentially clinically challenging area to treat. Evaluation and treatment also requires an exceptional understanding of kinesiologic factors related to wrist and nger movements, to rst make a correct diagnosis and then treat with the goal to optimize function.
is monograph provides a base of knowledge that every clinician should have on the assessment and treatment of the wrist and hand.
My sincere thanks to the authors for their contribution to the Current Concepts series.
Sincerely,
Guy Simoneau, PT, PhD, FAPTA
Editor
2920 East Avenue South, Suite 200 | La Crosse, WI 54601 | Oce 608-788-3982 | Toll Free 800-444-3982 | Fax 608-788-3965
TABLE OF CONTENTS
https://t.me/med1917
ACRONYM LIST ................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
LEARNING OBJECTIVES ..............................................................................................................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................7
ANATOMY ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Skeletal Anatomy .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Joints ..........................................................................................................................................................................................10
Muscles ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Neurovascular Structures ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
EXAMINATION ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................20
Interview and Relevant History ................................................................................................................................................... 20
Observation ................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Palpation ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Range of Motion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Strength Assessment .................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Provocative and Special Tests ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Wrist .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Hand ................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Dexterity and Functional Testing ................................................................................................................................................ 30
Neurological Testing....................................................................................................................................................................31
TRAUMATIC HAND DISORDERS ..........................................................................................................................................................................32
Tendon Injuries ........................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Flexor tendons ..................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Extensor tendons ................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Tenolysis .............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Fractures and Joint Injuries .........................................................................................................................................................39
Hand fractures ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Fingers and thumb sprains ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Carpal fractures .................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Wrist sprains ........................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Distal radius fractures .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy, APTA.
For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
© 2021 Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy, APTA, Inc. All rights reserved.
3
SOFT TISSUE DISORDERS .......................................................................................................................................................................................47
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Ganglion Cysts ............................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Dupuytren Disease ...................................................................................................................................................................... 48
De Quervain Tendinopathy .........................................................................................................................................................49
Trigger Finger .............................................................................................................................................................................. 49
NERVE INJURIES .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Classication of Nerve Injuries .................................................................................................................................................... 50
Nerve Repair and Regeneration ................................................................................................................................................... 51
Clinical Presentation of Traumatic Nerve Injuries........................................................................................................................51
Median nerve ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Ulnar nerve .......................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Radial nerve ......................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Management of Traumatic Nerve Injuries ...................................................................................................................................52
Sensory Reeducation ................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Compression Neuropathies ......................................................................................................................................................... 53
Carpal tunnel syndrome ....................................................................................................................................................... 53
Ulnar nerve .......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Radial nerve ......................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Double-crush and reversed double-crush syndromes ............................................................................................................ 55
Nerve Regeneration ..................................................................................................................................................................... 56
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 56
CASE SCENARIOS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 56
Case Scenario 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 56
Case Scenario 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Case Scenario 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Case Scenario 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Case Scenario 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 59
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
If we have inadvertently overlooked any, we would be willing to correct the situation at the rst opportunity.
© 2021, Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy. For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
Course content is not intended for use by participants outside the scope of their license or regulations.
Opinions expressed by the authors are their own and do not necessarily reect the view of the
Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy. e authors declare no conict of interest.
e publishers have made every eort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed material.
Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy, APTA.
4
© 2021 Academy of Orthopaedic Physical erapy, APTA, Inc. All rights reserved.
For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
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