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3.3. Clinical study on ozone therapy
3.3.1. Adjuvant ozone therapy
Shah et al. [87] presented a case study of a 59‐year‐old female patient with an extensively
infected wound and exposed tibia to about 4/5th of its extent. Topical ozone therapy twice a
day and ozone hemotherapy once a day along with daily dressings and parenteral antibiotics
showed signicant improvement in 15 days in the patient. After a follow‐up of 20 months, the
patient was able to walk with minimal disability. Ozone disintegrates into reactive oxygen
species which further lead to increased growth factors contributing to faster wound healing.
The study stated that oxidative injury is a possible side eect of ozone therapy but at thera‐
peutic doses oxygen radicals are removed by the blood antioxidants and thus side eects are
rare and only observed in overdose or compromised anti‐oxidant system.
4. Conclusion
The folklore knowledge is abundant with mention of various herbs and medicines as wound
healers across dierent civilizations and systems of medicines. Modern medicine is fast
aempting to explore the ancestral data and test its eectiveness using current experimental
methods. The focus is on analyzing the molecular basis of the eectiveness of the concerned
plants. Proteomic and genomic‐based evidences using robust markers blended with tradi‐
tional knowledge can provide relevant answers and solutions for healing of wounds which
aect the largest organ of human body. Although more randomized clinical trials are the need
of the day to validate the ancient claims.
Author details
Anuradha Majumdar* and Prajakta Sangole
*Address all correspondence to: anuradha.majumdar@bcp.edu.in
Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
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Wound Healing: New insights into Ancient Challenges486
Medicinal Plants and Natural Products with
Provisional chapter
Medicinal Plants and Natural Products with
Demonstrated Wound Healing Properties
Christian Agyare, Emelia Oppong Bekoe,
Yaw Duah Boakye, Susanna Oteng Dapaah,
Theresa Appiah and Samuel Oppong Bekoe
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
Demonstrated Wound Healing Properties
Christian Agyare, Emelia Oppong Bekoe,
Chapter 22
Yaw Duah Boakye, Susanna Oteng Dapaah,
Theresa Appiah and Samuel Oppong Bekoe
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63574
Abstract
This section reviews the current literature on medicinal plants including extracts,
fractions, isolated compounds and natural products that have been demonstrated to
have wound healing properties. Various electronic databases such as PubMed, Science
Direct, SciFinder and Google Scholar were employed to search for plants, natural plant
constituents and natural products that have been scientically demonstrated to have
wound healing activity using in vivo and in vitro wound models. Parameters used in the
evaluation of an agent with wound healing properties include rate of wound contrac‐
tion, tensile strength, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, hydroxyproline content
assay and histological investigations including re‐epithelization, collagen synthesis,
granulation, proliferation and dierentiation of broblasts and keratinocytes in excision
and incision wound model studies. Eighty-ve medicinal plants belonging to 45
families, phytoconstituents including phenolics, oils and other substances including
honey were identied as potential wound healing agents or possess wound healing
properties using various wound healing models.
Keywords: wounds, wound healing, medicinal plants, natural products, incision, ex‐
cision
1. Introduction
Wounds are physical injuries that result in an opening or break of the skin that causes disturbance
in the normal skin anatomy and function. They result in the loss of continuity of epithelium with
or without the loss of underlying connective tissue [1, 2]. Wounds that are most dicult to heal
include delayed acute wounds and chronic wounds. Current estimates indicate that nearly 6
million people suer from chronic wounds worldwide [3, 4]. Foot and leg ulcer is a common
disorder, and approximately 1% of the European population suers from such chronic and
recurrent ulceration [3, 5]. Non‐healing or chronic wounds result in enormous health care
expenditures, with the total cost estimated at more than $3 billion per year [3, 4]. Wounds such
as injuries, cuts, pressure, diabetic, burns, gastric and duodenal ulcers continue to have severe
impact on the cost of health care to patients as well as their families, dependents and health care
institutions globally with increasing aging population.
Over the last decades, the search for newer and potent agents from nature (plants, marine
environment, fungi and other microorganisms) to manage chronic wounds especially, in
patients with underlying metabolic disorders has increased immensely. This is mainly due to
the high risk of loss of function, loss of mobility, amputations and huge nancial cost as well
as death in some cases associated with chronic wounds [6, 7]. The situation is also compounded
by the increase in the number of non‐communicable diseases such as diabetes and ulcers and
longer life expectancy in most developed countries where the prevalence and impact of chronic
wounds are on the increase [8].
Most chronic wounds are ulcers that are associated with ischemia, diabetes mellitus, venous
stasis disease, or pressure. Between 70% and 80% of people living in the developing countries
especially in Africa and Asia depend on herbal medicine for their health needs including
wounds, infectious and metabolic diseases [5]. For some time now, there have been increased
use of herbal and natural products for the management and treatment of various disease
conditions among people in the developed countries including the United States, Europe and
Japan.
With respect to the use of medicinal plants and natural products for the treatment of various
diseases including metabolic and infectious diseases, specic diagnoses using various modern
tools and equipment are not normally made but the treatment is based on the signs and
symptoms of the diseases with which these products have been used for over a long period of
time with successful treatment outcomes.
This section highlights the importance of medicinal plants and natural products as a major
source of wound healing agents with the potential to be developed into phytotherapeutic
agents to treat and/or manage wounds and their associated complications. This will also
provide a starting point for future studies aimed at isolation, purication, and characterization
of bioactive compounds present in these plants as well as exploring the underlying
pharmacological mechanisms of action and potential niche market of these medicinal plants
and natural products.
2. Properties of a good wound healing agent from herbal or natural product
Wound healing agents are agents that can stimulate broblast proliferation, induce keratino‐
cytes proliferation and dierentiation, increase collagen formation, exhibit antimicrobial,
Wound Healing: New insights into Ancient Challenges488
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