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Elderly (Cont.):
INDEX
preoperative prehabilitation
programs in, 367
surgery in, 365–368
transcatheter aortic valve
implantation/replacement
in, 368
trauma in, 63
Electrical burns, 67
Electrocardiography/
electrocardiogram
electrical burn evaluations, 67
hyperkalemia signs, 13
hypocalcemia signs, 14
ICU monitoring uses of, 106
Elongation factors, 120
Emergency department
thoracotomy, 49
Emergent orchiectomy, 320
Emergent tracheostomy, 56
Emesis, 330
Empyema, 102–103
EN. See Enteral nutrition; Epidermal
necrolysis
Encephalopathy
hepatic, 269
transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shunt as
cause of, 273
End colostomy, 54
Endarterectomy, 92
End-diastolic pressure, 106–107
End-diastolic volume, 106–107
Endemic granulomatous disease, 148
Endoleaks, 185–186, 186t
Endometriosis, 342–343
Endorectal advancement flap, for
rectovaginal fistula, 253, 254f
Endorectal ultrasound, 242–243
Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiography, 281
Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
for chronic pancreatitis, 290–291
description of, 50, 53, 61, 102
for intraductal papillary mucinous
neoplasms, 296
Endoscopic ultrasound
of chronic pancreatitis, 291, 291f
of esophageal cancer, 210
Endoscopy
for hernia repair, 319
for ulcerative colitis, 257
for volvulus, 250–251
Endothelium
platelet adherence to, 21
thrombomodulin from, 22
Endovascular repair
of abdominal aortic aneurysms, 368
of thoracic artery aneurysms,
184, 192
End-tidal CO2, 111, 363
End-to-end anastomoses, 244, 245f
End-to-side anastomoses, 244, 245f
Enhanced recovery after surgery, 379
Enteral nutrition
formulas, 9
hepatic failure treated with, 9
pancreatic necrosis and, 42
parenteral nutrition versus, 11
Enterocutaneous fistula, 238
Enterohepatic circulation, 236, 283
Enterolithotomy, laparoscopic, 284
Enzyme-linked receptors, 122
EOA. See Esophageal obturator
airway
Eosinophilic esophagitis, 220, 220f
Eosinophilic granulomas, 155
Epidermal necrolysis, 133
Epidermis, 133
Epidural analgesia, 245
Epidural anesthesia, 101
Epinephrine
anesthetic agents with, 356
questions regarding, 31
Epithelial ovarian cancer, 342
Epitope tags, 125
Epoprostenol, for pulmonary
hypertension, 154
Epstein-Barr virus, 90
ERAS. See Enhanced recovery after
surgery
ERCP. See Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
Error-centric assessments, 387
Error-enabled approach, 387
Erythema nodosum, 247
Erythrocyte membrane proteins, 301
Erythromycin, 101
ESC. See Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiography
Eschar, 69
Escharotomies, 68
Escherichia coli, 272, 299
Esophageal atresia, 330, 331f
Esophageal dilation, 219
Esophageal myotomy, 211
Esophageal obturator airway, 318
Esophagectomy
description of, 209–210
minimally invasive surgery,
221–222
Esophagitis, 214, 214f, 220, 220f
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 211
Esophagus
antireflux, 214, 216–217, 217f
blood supply to, 207, 208f
cancer of, 210, 221
cervical, 207, 213
columnar-lined, 209
contractions of, 212
gastric juice exposure in, 215, 216f
hernias of, 218, 218f–219f
innervation of, 212f
leiomyoma of, 211
lymphatic drainage of, 213f
Mallory-Weiss tears of, 211
narrowing of, 207
nonperistalic contractions of, 212
pH monitoring of, 216f
resection of, 209
rupture of, 211
Schatzki ring of, 219
squamous cell carcinoma of, 209
submucosa of, 213
thoracic, 213
tumors of, 209, 213
Essential thrombocythemia, 303
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, 148
Estrogen
breast cancer and, 137
ductal development in breasts, 139
ET. See Essential thrombocythemia
Ethics, 369–371, 390
Eukaryotes
DNA, 119
gene expression, 119, 120f
transcription in, 119
EUS. See Endoscopic ultrasound
Evidence levels, 381, 381f
Evidence-based hierarchy, 381f
Ewing sarcomas, 154–155
Exocrine pancreatic secretions, 93
Experiential learning, 5
Extended focused abdominal
sonography for trauma, 59
Extended left colectomy, 244
Extended right colectomy, 243
Extended simple mastectomy, 141
External sphincter, of rectum, 241–242
External validity, 383
Extracellular fluid volume deficit, 17–18
Extremities
soft tissue sarcomas of, 312
vascular injuries of, 54–55, 55t
Extrinsic pathway, 21
F
Facial fractures, 144
Factor IX, 21
Factor V, 22
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Factor VIII, 21–22
Factor X, 21
Factor Xa inhibitors, 24
Factor XI, 21
Factor XII, 21
Factor XIII deficiency,
congenital, 22
Falciform ligament, 263, 263f
Falls, 367
False aneurysms, 181
Familial adenomatous polyposis,
238, 308
FAP. See Familial adenomatous
polyposis
FAST. See Focused assessment with
sonography in trauma
Fasting, 364, 366
FBN-1 gene, 75
Fecal continence, 241–242
Fecal occult blood test, 256
Felon, 359, 359f
Felty syndrome, 298, 304–305
Femoral hernia, 313, 317
Ferritin, 270
Fetal acidosis, 117
Fetal aortic valvotomy, 158
Fetal wound healing, 77
α-Fetoprotein, 155
FEV1. See Forced expiratory volume
in 1 second
FFP. See Fresh frozen plasma
Fibrillin, 75, 181
Fibrin glue fixation, for inguinal
hernia repair, 319
Fibrinogen, 21
Fibroblastic phase, of wound healing,
73f, 74
Fibroids, uterine, 341
Fibromas, 180
Fibromuscular dysplasia, 195
Fibroplasia, 78
Fine needle aspiration biopsy, of
thyroid nodules, 324
First-degree burns, 66, 68
First-degree hemorrhoids, 252
Fistula
enterocutaneous, 237
pancreatic, 294
rectovaginal, 253–255, 254f
tracheoesophageal, 330, 331f
FK506-binding proteins, 89
FKBPs. See FK506-binding
proteins
Flail chest, 58
Flaps, 361
Flexor tenosynovitis, 359
Fluid maintenance, 16
Fluid resuscitation
albumin for, 14
for burns, 68
normal saline for, 18, 378
Fluid volume deficit, 17–18
Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT, 269
FMD. See Fibromuscular dysplasia
FNAB. See Fine needle aspiration
biopsy
FNH. See Focal nodular hyperplasia
FOBT. See Fecal occult blood test
Focal nodular hyperplasia, 275, 275f
Focused assessment with sonography
in trauma, 60
Fontan repair, 160
Forced expiratory volume in
1 second, 152
Forced-error approach, 387
Foreign bodies
rectal, 255
retained, 99
Fournier’s gangrene, 339
Fourth-degree hemorrhoids, 252
Fractional inspiration of
oxygen, 41
Fractional saturation of
hemoglobin, 110
Fractures
facial, 144
humeral shaft, 352
long bone, 351–352
pelvic, 351–352
reduction of, 351
rib, 63
sacral, 352
skull base, 346–347
Frailty, 365
Free flaps, 361
Free water deficit, 15
Fresh frozen plasma, for thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura, 25
FTS. See Flexor tenosynovitis
Full-thickness burns, 67–68
Full-thickness wounds, 75–76
Fundoplication
Belsey, 221
Dor, 221
goal of, 217
Nissen, 116, 216
Fungi, 153
Furosemide, 18
G
G0 phase, of cell cycle, 83
G1 phase, of cell cycle, 83, 121
G2 phase, of cell cycle, 83, 121
Gain-of-function mutations, 121
Gallbladder
acute cholecystitis of, 279–280
arterial anomalies of, 282
cancer of, 276, 280
lesions of, 281
lymphatics of, 280
polyps of, 286
wall layers of, 282
Gallstone(s)
description of, 280
ileus, 284, 285f
pancreatitis, 289
GALT. See Gut-associated lymphoid
tissue
Ganglion cyst, 360
Gangrenous appendicitis, 261f
Gardner syndrome, 154
Gastrectomy
dumping after, 231
partial, 62
Gastric antral vascular ectasia,
230–231, 231f
Gastric banding, adjustable, 233
Gastric bypass
hypoglycemia after, 234
Roux-en-Y. See Roux-en-Y gastric
bypass
Gastric cancer, 229
Gastric carcinoid tumors, 230
Gastric emptying, 224t
Gastric injuries, 62
Gastric juice, esophageal exposure to,
215, 216f
Gastric sleeve procedure, 234
Gastric stasis, after bariatric
surgery, 224
Gastrin, 208, 223
Gastrinoma, 225–226, 294
Gastroduodenal arteries, 279
Gastroesophageal junction, 211, 216
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 214,
216, 219, 234
Gastrografin, 236
Gastrointestinal anastomosis
stapler, 221
Gastrointestinal bleeding, 238
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors,
230, 238, 249
Gastrointestinal tract, wound healing
in, 75–76, 76t
Gastroschisis, 335
Gastrosplenic ligament, 300, 301f
GBM. See Glioblastoma multiforme
GCS. See Glasgow Coma Scale
GEJ. See Gastroesophageal junction
Gene expression, 10, 124
General anesthesia, 245, 363, 366
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Generalizability, 383
Genomic surgery, 119–125
INDEX
GERD. See Gastroesophageal
reflux disease
Geriatric patients
necrotizing fasciitis in, 80
trauma in, 63
Geriatric syndromes, 365
GIA stapler. See Gastrointestinal
anastomosis stapler
GISTs. See Gastrointestinal stromal
tumors
Glasgow Coma Scale, 52,
52t, 63, 347, 347t
Glenn procedure, bidirectional,
160, 160f
Glioblastoma multiforme, 348, 348f
Global surgery, 373–376
GLP-1, 234
Glucagon, 294
Glucagonoma, 294
Gluconeogenesis, 267
Glucose, hepatic production of, 267
Glucose transporter 2, 236
Glucose transporter 5, 236
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency, 300
GLUT2. See Glucose transporter 2
GLUT5. See Glucose transporter 5
Glutamine, 8
Glycogenolysis, 31, 267
Glycoprotein I/IX/V, 21
GnRH. See Gonadotropin releasing
hormone
Goal-directed therapy, 378
Goblet cells, 147, 147f, 209
Goleman, Daniel, 4
Gonadotropin releasing hormone, 343
Gore Propaten graft, 195
GP. See Glycoprotein I/IX/V
GPCRs. See G-protein–coupled
receptors
G6PD. See Glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase deficiency
G-protein–coupled receptors, 122
Graft loss, 93
Graft rejection, 90
Graft thrombosis, 93
Granuloma
eosinophilic, 155
infectious, 148
Graves disease, 324
Great saphenous vein, 197
Greater omentum, 308
Groin hernia, 313, 314t
Growth factor receptors, 122
GSV. See Great saphenous vein
Gunshot wounds, 50, 54
Gustillo-Anderson classification, 352
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue,
236, 259
G-value, 28
Gynecology, 341–343
Gynecomastia, 137–138, 140
H
Hair removal, 38
Hairy cell leukemia, 302
HAL. See Hand-assisted laparoscopy
Halo test, 347
Halsted radical mastectomy, 141
Hamartomas, 148
Hand
felon of, 359, 359f
flexor tenosynovitis of, 359
high-pressure injection
injuries to, 357
infections of, 359, 360f
malignant tumor of, 360
necrotizing myositis of, 358
replantations, 356
squamous cell carcinoma of, 360
surgery of, 355–360
Hand-assisted laparoscopy, 243
Harris-Benedict equation, 69
Hasson approach, 117
HCC. See Hepatocellular carcinoma
hCG. See Human chorionic
gonadotropin
HCL. See Hairy cell leukemia
HD. See Hodgkin disease
HDGC. See Hereditary diffuse
gastric cancer
Head and neck region, 143–144
Head injuries, 53
Healing
bone, 77
wound. See Wound healing
Health care facilities, 386
Heart disease
aortic stenosis, 175
arrhythmias, 176
bypass conduits for, 173
congenital. See Congenital heart
disease
Cox-Maze IV procedure for,
177, 177f
intra-aortic balloon pump for, 179
left ventricular assist devices for, 179
in Marfan syndrome, 175
mitral stenosis, 174–175
New York Heart Association
Classification of, 171, 171f
pericarditis, 178
pulmonary vein isolation for, 177
transesophageal echocardiography
for, 172–173
transthoracic echocardiography
for, 172–173
tricuspid stenosis, 176
Heart murmurs, 175
Heart transplantation, 95
Heart valve replacement, 174–175,
268, 367
Helicobacter pylori, 223–224, 230
Heller myotomy, 116, 221
Helper T cells, 10
Hemangiomas, 274–275, 362
Hematoma
in bone healing, 77
duodenal, 53
Hemidesmosomes, 132
Hemodialysis, 18
Hemoglobin
oxygen saturation of, 111
during shock resuscitation, 62
Hemolytic anemias, 298–300
Hemorrhage
abdominal, 50
hepatic, angiography for, 61
intraperitoneal, 61
pelvic, 50
posttransplant, 92
variceal, 271
Hemorrhagic shock, 19, 30
Hemorrhoids, 252
Hemosiderin, 198
Hemostasis
physiological events of, 21
primary, 21
Hemothorax, 53
Heparin, low molecular weight,
203, 366
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,
23–24, 173, 205
Hepatic abscess, 41–42
Hepatic artery
anatomy of, 264, 265f
anomalies of, 282
replaced right, 289
right, 282, 289
Hepatic duct confluence, 266, 267f
Hepatic encephalopathy, 269
Hepatic failure, 9
Hepatic glycogenolysis, 31
Hepatic veins, 265, 266f
Hepatitis C
blood transfusion transmission
of, 27
chronic carrier state, 44
chronic liver disease caused by, 270
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Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
scan, 283, 283f
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 276–277
Herbicide exposure, 311
Herceptin. See Trastuzumab
Hereditary cancer, 83
Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 229
Hereditary hemochromatosis, 270
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal
cancer, 247–248
Hereditary spherocytosis, 297, 301
Hernia
abdominal, 270
abdominal wall, 307
congenital diaphragmatic, 329
diaphragmatic, 218
esophageal, 218, 218f–219f
femoral, 313, 317
fibrin glue fixation for, 319
groin, 313, 314t
hiatal, 218, 218f–219f
incisional, 307–308
inguinal. See Inguinal hernias
Nyhus classification of, 313, 313t
paraesophageal, 218, 218f–219f
recurrence of, 319, 321
Shouldice repair for, 321
transabdominal preperitoneal
repair of, 321
Herpes simplex virus, 90
hESCs. See Human embryonic
stem cells
Heterotopic ossification, 70
Hiatal hernia, 218, 218f–219f
HIDA scan. See Hepatobiliary
iminodiacetic acid scan
Hidradenitis suppurativa, 133
High reliability organization
theory, 97
High-mobility group protein B1, 8
High-pressure injection injuries, 357
Hirschsprung disease, 334
Hispanics, 5
HIT. See Heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia
HLA system. See Human leukocyte
antigen system
HLHS. See Hypoplastic left heart
syndrome
HMGB1. See High-mobility group
protein B1
HNPCC. See Hereditary nonpolyposis
colorectal cancer
HO. See Heterotopic ossification
Hodgkin disease, 297
Holosystolic murmur, 175
Horner syndrome, 149
HPA axis. See Hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal axis
HPV. See Human papillomavirus
HS. See Hereditary spherocytosis
HSV. See Herpes simplex virus
HTS. See Hypertrophic scars
Human bites, 133–134
Human chorionic gonadotropin, 155
Human embryonic stem cells, 124
Human genome, 121
Human immunodeficiency virus
blood transfusion transmission of, 27
surgeon-to-patient transmission
of, 43–44
transmission of, 27, 43–44
tuberculosis risks, 153
Human leukocyte antigen system, 87,
91–92
Human papillomavirus
head and neck cancers, 143
malignancy risks, 135
vaccine for, 135, 342
Humeral shaft fractures, 352
Hurley classification, of hidradenitis
suppurativa, 133
Hydatid disease, 273
Hydroxocobalamin, for cyanide
poisoning, 66
Hydroxyethyl starch solutions, 14
Hyperacute rejection in
transplantation, 88
Hyperbilirubinemia, 103
Hypercalcemia, acute, 18
Hyperchloremic metabolic
acidosis, 18
Hypercoagulability, 30
Hypergastrinemia, 225, 225f
Hyperglycemia
in critically ill patients, 33
postoperative, 40
postoperative fasting as cause of, 377
Hyperkalemia
signs and symptoms of, 13
treatment of, 15–16
Hyperreflexia, 16
Hypertonic saline, 14
Hypertriglyceridemia, 90
Hypertrophic scars, 80–81
Hypoalbuminemia, 16
Hypocalcemia, 14
asymptomatic, 16
hypomagnesemia and, 16, 19
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic
metabolic alkalosis, 17
Hypocoagulability, 30
Hypoglycemia, post-gastric
bypass, 234
Hypokalemia, 16
Hypomagnesemia, 16, 19
Hyponatremia, postoperative, 13
Hypoparathyroidism, 14
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome,
160–161, 169
Hypoplastic left ventricle, 159
Hypotension, in shock, 35
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,
8–9
Hypothermia, 40–41, 185
Hypovolemic shock, 29, 31–32
Hypoxia, intraoperative, 40–41
I
IABP. See Intra-aortic balloon pump
IAP. See Intra-abdominal pressure
ICP. See Intracranial pressure, increased
Idarucizumab, 24
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura, 23, 298, 302
IL-2. See Interleukin-2
IL-6. See Interleukin-6
IL-10. See Interleukin-10
IL-17. See Interleukin-17
Ileocolic anastomosis, 245f
Ileocolostomy, 54
Ileum, 235
Ileus
gallstone, 284, 285f
postoperative, 101, 378
IM. See Intestinal metaplasia
Imatinib, 230, 249
Iminodiacetic acid, 283
Immune response
to injury, 9
platelet’s role in, 10
Immune thrombocytopenia,
23, 300, 302
Immune-based therapies,
for cancer, 85
Immunonutrition supplements, 377
Immunosuppression
cardiac transplantation, 95
drugs for, 88–90, 89t
indications for, 87
lung abscess secondary to, 153
tuberculosis secondary to, 153
Immunotherapy, oncogene
targeting by, 125
IMPDH. See Inosine monophosphate
dehydrogenase
Imperforate anus, 336
Impingement syndromes, 352–353
In situ cancers, 84
Incisional hernia, 307–308
Incontinence, stress, 342–343
INDEX
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Indwelling intravascular catheter
INDEX
Infection
Infectious granulomas, 148
Inferior thyroid artery, 207, 323
Inferior vena cava
Inflammatory bowel disease,
Inflammatory response
Informed consent, 369–370
Inguinal hernias
infection, 43
breast, 140
central line, 100
definition of, 37
hand, 359, 360f
indwelling intravascular catheter, 43
after injury, 11
intravascular catheter, 43, 46–47
necrotizing, 46, 358
necrotizing fasciitis, 80
overwhelming postsplenectomy,
305–306
pancreatic, 42
postsplenectomy, 302, 305–306
posttransplantation, 90
surgical site, 39t, 39–41, 47, 246
systemic manifestations of, 37
in transplant recipients, 90
wound, 102
filters, 202, 203f
suprahepatic, 265
246–247
injury-mediated, 8
in traumatic injury, 7–8
acquired, 314
age-based incidence of, 313
antibiotic prophylaxis for, 316
collagen types in, 315, 316t
congenital, 314, 315f
Desarda repair of, 318, 318f
extracellular matrix elements
and, 315
fibrin glue fixation for, 319
incidence of, 313, 313t
ischemic orchitis and, 320–321
McVay Cooper ligament repair of,
317, 317f
nociceptive pain associated with, 320
Nyhus classification of, 313, 313t
open repair of, 316
in pediatric patients, 334
in preterm infants, 314
prevalence of, 313t
recurrence of, 319, 321
repair of, 316–317, 317f, 321, 334
risk factors for, 314–315
robotic-assisted repair of, 319
in scrotum, 316–317
Shouldice repair for, 321
transabdominal preperitoneal
repair of, 321
Inhalational anthrax, 44
Injury
complement cascade activation
after, 32
gastric, 62
head, 53
immune response to, 9
infection after, 11
lactic acid production in
response to, 17
life-threatening, 49, 59
metabolic support after, 7–11
metabolism after, 11
in pregnancy, 62
superior laryngeal nerve, 100
systemic response to, 7–11
Injury-mediated inflammatory
response, 8
Inosine monophosphate
dehydrogenase, 88
INR. See International normalized
ratio
Insensible fluid losses, 116
Institute of Medicine, 97
Institutional Review Board, 371
Insulin, 123–124
Insulin receptor substrate, 123–124
Insulin resistance
in critically ill patients, 33
perioperative, 377
Insulin-signaling pathway, 123f
Integrins, 84
Interatrial septum, 161
Interleukin-2, 9, 89
Interleukin-6, 7, 32
Interleukin-10, 9, 32
Interleukin-17, 11
Intermittent pneumatic compression
therapy, 205
Internal hemorrhoids, 252
Internal sphincter, of rectum, 241
Internal thoracic artery, 173
International normalized ratio,
175, 268
Interstitial cells of Cajal, 279
Interstitial fluid compartments, 16
Intestinal ischemia, 251–252, 330
Intestinal malrotation, 308
Intestinal metaplasia, 209–210
Intestinal obstruction, 330
Intra-abdominal hypertension, 113
Intra-abdominal pressure,
112–113, 116
Intra-aortic balloon pump, 34, 179
Intra-arterial blood pressure
monitoring system, 106
Intracranial pressure
increased, 345, 349
monitoring of, 112
Intraductal papillary mucinous
neoplasms, 296
Intraductal papillomas, 137
Intraperitoneal hemorrhage, 61
Intravascular catheter infections, 43,
46–47
Intravascular space, 14
Intravascular volume, pregnancy-
related changes in, 62
Intrinsic factor, 224, 234
Intrinsic pathway, 21
Intubation, 146
Intussusception, 335–336
IOM. See Institute of Medicine
IPC. See Intermittent pneumatic
compression therapy
IPMNs. See Intraductal papillary
mucinous neoplasms
IRB. See Institutional Review Board
IRS. See Insulin receptor substrate
Ischemia
acute limb, 194
distal, 107
intestinal, 251–252, 330
large bowel, 251–252
local tissue, 134
mesenteric, 192–193
pressure-induced, 134
small bowel, 251–252
Ischemic cardiomyopathy, 173
Ischemic colitis, 251–252
Ischemic load, 106
Ischemic orchitis, 320–321
Islet cell transplantation, 94–95
ITA. See Inferior thyroid artery
ITP. See Idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura;
Immune thrombocytopenia
IVC. See Inferior vena cava
J
Jaw thrust, 58
JCAHO, 386
Jejunoileal bypass, 233
Jejunum, 235
K
Kayexalate, 15–16
Keloids, 80–81, 81f
Keratin, 132
Keratinocytes, 132
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Keyhole foraminotomy, 349
Kidney(s)
magnesium homeostasis by, 16
transplantation of, 91–93, 92f
Kidney grafts, 91–92, 92f
Kidney transplant
in adult recipients, 91–92
complications of, 92–93
graft thrombosis in, 93
living donor, 91
Kirkpatrick four-level
scale, 388
Klatskin’s tumor, 276, 287
Knee dislocation, 352
KRAS mutations, 148
K-time, 28
Kulchitsky cells, 147, 147f
Kupffer cells, 283
L
Lactated Ringer solution
for burns, 68
intravenous colloid solution
versus, for hemorrhagic
shock, 30
for metabolic acidosis, 19
Lactic acid, 17
LAMN. See Low-grade appendiceal
mucinous neoplasms
Lancet Commission on Global
Surgery, 375
Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 155
Langerhans cells, 133
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
acute cholecystitis treated
with, 284
anesthesia for, 364
biloma after, 102
safety concerns for, 117
Laparoscopy
abdominal compartment
syndrome after, 103
adrenalectomy, 328
antireflux surgery, 216
appendectomy, 259–261
arrhythmia during, 115
cholecystectomy. See Laparoscopic
cholecystectomy
enterolithotomy, 284
gangrenous appendicitis on, 261f
hand-assisted, 243
ileus after, 378
Nissen fundoplication, 116
in pregnancy, 117
robotic surgery versus, 116–117,
117f, 319
skills training in, 375–376
small bowel obstruction
treatment, 237
splenectomy, 299, 305
Large bowel ischemia, 251–252
Larynx
anatomy of, 146, 146f
cancer of, 144
fractures of, 56
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
injury, 320
LCGS. See Lancet Commission on
Global Surgery
LCH. See Langerhans cell
histiocytosis
LCIS. See Lobular carcinoma in situ
Le Fort fractures, 144
Leadership
communication in, 3–4
conflict resolution in, 3t, 4
principles of, 3, 3t
styles of, 3–4
Leadership skills, 5
Learning
experiential, 5
willingness to learn, 3t
Left atrial pressure, 174
Left colectomy, 244
Left subclavian artery, proximal,
60–61
Left ventricle
aneurysms of, 176
hypoplastic, 159
tricuspid atresia and, 168
Left ventricular assist devices, 179
Left ventricular outflow tract
obstruction, 158
Left ventricular pressure-volume
loops, 107
Left ventricular stroke volume, 110
Leiomyoma
of colon, 249
of esophagus, 211
of uterus, 341
Leiomyosarcoma, 249
Lentigo maligna melanoma, 130
LES. See Lower esophageal sphincter
Lesions
gallbladder, 281
liver, 274–275, 275f
Leukoplakia, vocal cord, 143
Life-threatening injuries, 49, 59
Ligament of Treitz, 42
Limb amputation, 356
Linitis plastica, 229
Lip cancer, 143
Lipid metabolism, 11
Lipodermatosclerosis, 198
Liver
acute failure of, 269
adenomas of, 275, 275f
anatomy of, 263, 263f–264f
benign lesions of, 274–275, 275f
Child-Turcotte-Pugh
score of, 274, 274t
cholangiocarcinoma of, 276
chronic disease of, 270
cirrhosis of, 270–271, 276, 280
colorectal metastases to, 277
drug metabolism in, 268
ducts of, 266, 267f
failure of, 95
falciform ligament of, 263, 263f
focal nodular hyperplasia of,
275, 275f
glucose production by, 267
hemangiomas of, 274–275
hemorrhage of, angiography for, 61
hepatic artery of, 264, 265f
hepatocellular carcinoma, 276–277
inflammatory bowel disease
effects on, 246
lesions of, 268–269, 274–275
lobes of, 263, 264f
Model for End-Stage Liver Disease,
95, 274
portal hypertension, 270–271
pyogenic abscesses of, 41, 272, 272f
transplantation of, 95, 276–277,
280, 287
variceal hemorrhage of, 271
veins of, 265, 266f
Liver trauma
bleeding caused by, 61
description of, 50
Living donor kidney transplant, 91
Living donors, 91
Living wills, 370
LMICs. See Low- and middle-income
countries
LMWH. See Low molecular weight
heparin
Lobular carcinoma in situ, 137
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity, 364
Local tissue ischemia, 134
Long bone fractures, 351–352
Loop colostomy, 54
Low- and middle-income countries,
373–375
Low glycemic index diets, 377
Low molecular weight heparin,
203, 366
Lower esophageal sphincter, 208,
212, 214, 217f, 221
Lower extremity veins, 197
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Low-grade appendiceal mucinous
INDEX
Low-oxygen tension, 78
Luminal peptides, 223
Lumpectomy, 138, 140
Lund and Browder chart, 66
Lung
Lung cancer
LVADs. See Left ventricular
LVOT. See Left ventricular outflow
LVSV. See Left ventricular
LY30, 28
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic drainage
Lymphatic massage, 205
Lymphedema, 205–206, 311
Lynch syndrome, 247–248
M
M phase, of cell cycle, 121
MACE. See Major adverse
Macrophages
Mafenide acetate, 69
Magnesium
Magnesium citrate, 246
neoplasms, 260–261
abscess of, 152, 152t
adenocarcinoma of, 148–149, 150f
histology of, 147f
algorithm for, 150f
computed tomography of, 148
management of, 149
non-small-cell, 151
pathologic progression of, 148
predictive markers for, 149
prognostic markers for, 149
pulmonary function
studies in, 152
signs and symptoms of, 149
staging of, 152
TNM staging of, 152
assist devices
tract obstruction
stroke volume
axillary, 137
breast cancer metastasis to, 139
colorectal cancer metastasis to,
248–249
mediastinal, 151
metastases, 139, 148
of anorectal region, 241
of gallbladder, 280
cardiac events
microbe response by, 37
questions regarding, 10, 37
in wound healing, 79
deficiency of, 19
depletion of, 16
Magnetic resonance angiography, 184
Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography, 53
Magnetic resonance imaging
computed tomography versus, 269
of double aortic arch, 167f
glioblastoma multiforme on, 348f
hernia recurrence evaluations, 319
mesenteric vein thrombosis on, 206
pheochromocytomas on, 327
Major adverse cardiac events, 172
Major histocompatibility complex, 87
Malaria, 27
Malignant hyperthermia, 363
Malignant mesothelioma, 156
Malignant wounds, 80
Mallory-Weiss tears, 211
Malnutrition/malnourished patients
magnesium deficiency in, 19
total body water in, 15
wound healing, 79
Maloney dilator, 220
MALT lymphoma. See Mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissue
lymphoma
Mammalian target of rapamycin
inhibitors, 90
Mammography, 138
Marfan syndrome, 75, 175, 181, 183
Marginal artery of Drummond, 243
Marijuana smoking, 144
Marjolin’s ulcer, 80
Mass casualty incidents, 71
Massive resuscitation, 69
Mastectomy, 140–141
Maternal hypercarbia, 117
Matrix metalloproteinases, 74, 84
Mayo protocol, 276
May-Thurner syndrome, 201
MCT. See Medullary carcinoma of
the thyroid
McVay Cooper ligament repair,
317, 317f
Mechanical bowel preparation, 246
Mechanical valve replacement,
174–175, 268
Mechanical ventilation
nosocomial pneumonia
caused by, 44
peak airway pressure
monitoring, 111
Meckel diverticulum, 235, 335
Medial thyroid anlage, 323
Median nerve, 355, 355f
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, 151
Mediastinal mass, 155
Medical errors, 97
Medullary carcinoma of the
thyroid, 325
Melanoma
ABCDE initialism for, 130
acral lentiginous, 130–131
advanced, 131f
anorectal, 250
cutaneous, 130, 132
description of, 130
excision of, 132
lentigo maligna, 130
metastasis of, 130
nodular, 130, 131f
sentinel lymph node biopsy for, 132
superficial spreading, 130, 130f
MELD. See Model for End-Stage
Liver Disease
MEN2A, 325
MEN2B, 325
Ménétrier disease, 231, 231f
Mentees, 5
Mentoring, 5
Mentors, 5
Meralgia paresthetica, 320
6-Mercaptopurine, 88
Mesenteric circulation, 192–193
Mesenteric ischemia, 192–193
Mesenteric vein thrombosis, 206
Mesothelioma, 156
Meta-analyses, 381
Metabolic acidosis
diagnosis of, 17
in hemorrhagic shock patients, 19
hyperchloremic, 18
laboratory tests for, 14
Lactated Ringer solution for, 19
metabolic alkalosis versus, 17
with normal anion gap, 13, 17
Metabolic alkalosis
diagnosis of, 17
hypochloremic, hypokalemic, 17
metabolic acidosis versus, 17
Metabolic support, 7–11
Metabolism
drug, 268
after injury, 11
Metastases
Barrett esophagus, 208–209
colorectal cancer, 248–249
melanoma, 130
omental, 308
questions regarding, 84–85
splenic, 298
surgical resection of, 85
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus, 129, 134
Methionine, 120
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Methionyl-tRNA, 120
Metoclopramide, 101
MEWS system. See Modified Early
Warning Score system
MH. See Malignant hyperthermia
MHC. See Major histocompatibility
complex
Microbes, macrophage response to, 37
Microbial peritonitis, primary, 41
Microcirculation, 134
Micro-organisms, 45
MicroRNA, 119
Microsatellite instability, 247–249
Microvascular thrombosis, in
thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura, 24–25
Middle cerebral artery, 112
Midface fractures, 144
Milliosmoles, 15
Minimally invasive surgery
colon resection, 243
esophagectomy, 221–222
questions regarding, 115–117
resection, 243
Mismatch repair, 247
Mithramycin, 18
Mitochondrial DNA, 8
Mitral stenosis, 174–175
Mitral valve replacement, 175
M&M conferences. See Morbidity
and mortality conferences
MMF. See Mycophenolate mofetil
MMPs. See Matrix
metalloproteinases
Model for End-Stage Liver
Disease, 95, 274
Modified Early Warning Score
system, 108–109
Modified Norwood procedure, 160
Modified radical mastectomy, 141
MODS. See Multiple organ
dysfunction syndrome
Mohs micrographic surgery, 129
Molecular surgery, 119–125
Mondor disease, 140
Monocytes, 10
Monopolar coagulation, 116
Morbidity and mortality
conferences, 4
Morpheaform basal cell
carcinoma, 135
mOsm. See Milliosmoles
Motilin, 208
Motor vehicle collisions, 59
MRCP. See Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography
mRNA, 119–120
MRSA. See Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
MSI. See Microsatellite instability
MSLT-1, 132
mtDNA. See Mitochondrial DNA
mTOR inhibitors. See Mammalian
target of rapamycin inhibitors
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
lymphoma, 230
Mucosal biopsy, in Ménétrier disease,
231, 231f
Mucous cells, 147f
Multidisciplinary teams, 5
Multiple organ dysfunction
syndrome, 32
Murmur, holosystolic, 175
MVT. See Mesenteric vein thrombosis
Mycophenolate acid, 88
Mycophenolate mofetil, 88, 89t
Mycoses, 153
Mycotic aneurysms, 182–183
Myocardial infarction, cardiogenic
shock and, 33
Myonecrosis, 358
Myotomy, 116, 221
Myxomas, cardiac, 179
N
N-acetylcysteine, 336
Nasojejunal feeding tubes, 42
National Nosocomial Infections
Surveillance System, 47
National Surgical Quality
Improvement Project, 99, 172
Nausea and vomiting,
postoperative, 378
Near-total thyroidectomy, 324
NEC. See Necrotizing enterocolitis;
Neuroendocrine carcinoma
Neck
injuries to, 52, 57
questions regarding, 143–144
Necrotizing enterocolitis, 332f,
332–333
Necrotizing fasciitis, 80, 339
Necrotizing infections, 46, 358
Necrotizing myositis, 358
Necrotizing soft-tissue infections,
42, 134
Needle thoracostomy decompression,
of tension pneumothorax,
56, 58
Needlesticks, 43–44
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 343
Nelson syndrome, 328
Neobladder, orthotopic, 337
Neostigmine, 101, 251
Nephroureterectomy, for Wilms
tumor, 331
Nerve injuries, 77
NETs. See Neutrophil extracellular
traps
Neurapraxia, 77
Neuroendocrine carcinoma, 148
Neurogenic shock, 29–31, 35
Neuropathic pain, 320
Neurosurgery, 345–350
Neurotmesis, 77
Neutropenia
in Felty syndrome, 298, 304–305
silver sulfadiazine as cause of, 68–69
Neutropenic enterocolitis, 255
Neutrophil(s)
in phagocytosis, 74
polymorphonuclear, 74
Neutrophil extracellular traps, 10
New York Heart Association
Classification, 171, 171f, 179
Newborn
congenital diaphragmatic
hernia in, 329
emesis in, 330
imperforate anus in, 336
intestinal obstruction in, 330
packed red blood cell
transfusion in, 336
total body water in, 15
NHBDs. See Non–heart-beating
donors
NHL. See Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Nikolsky sign, 133
Nissen fundoplication
gastric pressure after, 216
laparoscopic, 116
NNISS. See National Nosocomial
Infections Surveillance System
Nociceptive pain, 320
NOD2 gene, 237
Nodular basal cell carcinoma, 135
Nodular melanoma, 130, 131f
Noncardiac surgery, 172
Non–heart-beating donors, 91
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 297, 299
Nonseminatous germ-cell
tumors, 155
Non-small-cell lung cancer, 151
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, 226, 320
Nontechnical skills, 387
Norepinephrine, 31
Normal saline, 14, 18, 378
Normovolemia, 378
Northern blotting, 124
Norwood operation, 158
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Nosocomial pneumonia, 44, 100
NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal
INDEX
NSCLC. See Non-small-cell
NSQIP. See National Surgical Quality
Null hypothesis, 382
Nutrition
Nutritional status, 366
NYHA. See New York Heart
O
Obesity
Objective structured clinical
Obstetrics, 341
Obstructive pancreatography, 291f
Obstructive shock, 29, 35
Obturator bypass, 194
Occult gastrointestinal bleeding, 238
Octreotide, 271
Octreotide scan, 293f, 327
Ogilvie syndrome, 101, 251
Oliguria, 112
OLT. See Orthotopic liver
Omentum
Oncogenes
Online journal clubs, 389
Open splenectomy, 299, 305–306
Operative field, hair removal from, 38
Opioids, postoperative, 378
OPSI. See Overwhelming
Orchidopexy, 336
Orchiectomy, emergent, 320
Organ donation
Organ transplant, 87
Orthopedic surgery, 351–353
Orthotopic liver transplantation, 277
Orthotopic neobladder, 337
anti-inflammatory drugs
lung cancer
Improvement Project
for burn patients, 69
enteral. See Enteral nutrition
parenteral, 11
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-related
deficiencies of, 234
in wound healing, 79
Association Classification
surgical management of, 233–234
total body water, 15
examination, 5
transplantation
greater, 308
tumors of, 308
description of, 124
immunotherapy targeting of, 125
postsplenectomy infection
after cardiac death, 91
living donors, 91
Orthotopic transplants, 87
OSCE. See Objective structured
clinical examination
Osmolality, 15
Osmoles, 15
Osmotic pressure, 15, 16
Ostium secundum type defect,
157, 157f
Outcome measures, 98, 98t
Ovarian cancer, 342
Overwhelming postsplenectomy
infection, 305–306
Oxygen delivery, 105
intraoperative, 41
during wound healing, 78
Oxygen saturation, 110
Oxygen utilization, 105
Oxytocin, 139
P
PAC. See Pulmonary artery catheters
Pacesetting, 3–4
Packed red blood cell transfusion, 336
Paco2. See Partial pressure of carbon
dioxide
PAI-1. See Plasminogen activator
inhibitor-1
Pain
back, 352
multimodal strategies for, 378
neuropathic, 320
nociceptive, 320
Palliative care, surgical, 367, 370
Pampiniform plexus, 320
PAMPs. See Pathogen-associated
molecular patterns
Pancoast tumors, 149
Pancreas
blunt trauma to, 53
contusions of, 53
cystic neoplasms of, 295f
exocrine secretions, 93
exocrine tumors, 292, 293f
fistula of, 294
infections of, 42
necrosis of, 42
neuroendocrine tumors of, 292
transplantation of, 93–95, 94f
Pancreatectomy, distal, 54
Pancreatic cancer, 123
Pancreatic duct stent, 295
Pancreatic leak, 294–295
Pancreaticoduodenectomy,
286, 294–295
Pancreatitis
acute, 42, 290
chronic, 290f–291f, 290–292, 292t
description of, 14
gallstone, 289
Ranson’s criteria for, 289, 289t
Panel-reactive antibody assay, 92
PA OP. See Pulmonary artery
occlusion pressure
Papillary thyroid cancer, 281, 324
Paraesophageal hernia, 218,
218f–219f
Parathyroid adenoma, 155
Parathyroid glands
location of, 326
supernumerary, 325
Parenteral nutrition
acute pancreatitis treated with, 290
enteral nutrition versus, 11
Parietal cells, 224, 231
Parkland formula, 68
Partial gastrectomy, 62
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, 18
Partial-thickness burns, 67–68
Pass-Muir valve, 144
Patent ductus arteriosus, 162–163
Patent processus vaginalis, 314, 315f
Pathogen-associated molecular
patterns, 7–8, 10, 29, 37
Patient safety
causes of death, 97
National Surgical Quality
Improvement Project, 99
questions regarding, 97–103
Surgical Care Improvement
Project, 98, 98t
wrong-site surgeries, 99
Pattern recognition receptors, 7, 29
PCC. See Prothrombin complex
concentrates
PDGF. See Platelet-derived
growth factor
Peak airway pressure, 111
Pediatric patients
biliary atresia in, 333
choledochal cyst in, 335
duodenal obstruction in, 333, 334f
emesis in, 330
esophageal atresia in, 330, 331f
gastroschisis in, bowel
reduction for, 335
hemangiomas in, 362
Hirschsprung disease in, 334
imperforate anus in, 336
inguinal hernia repair in, 334
intestinal obstruction in, 330
intussusception in, 335–336
leading cause of death in, 333
Meckel diverticulum in, 335
N-acetylcysteine in, 336
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necrotizing enterocolitis in,
332f, 332–333
packed red blood cell
transfusion in, 336
pneumatosis intestinalis in, 332f,
332–333
short bowel syndrome in, 239
thyroglossal duct cyst in, 330
tracheoesophageal fistula in,
330, 331f
undescended testes in, 336
Wilms tumor in, 331, 332t
Pediatric surgery, 329–336
Pedicle flaps, 361
PEEP. See Positive end-expiratory
pressure
PEG. See Polyethylene glycol
Pelvic floor dysfunction, 342
Pelvic fractures, 351–352
Pelvic hemorrhage, 50
Pelvic inflammatory disease, 343
Pemetrexed, 149
Penetrating trauma
to chest, 53
to colon, 54
diaphragmatic injury from, 59
to neck, 57
to thoracoabdominal region, 59
Pentaxins, 7
Peptic ulcer disease
antrectomy for, 227f–228f, 227–228
description of, 223, 226
primary hyperparathyroidism
associated with, 326
Percutaneous tracheostomy, 101
Perforated appendicitis, 259
Perianal abscess, 253
Pericardial adhesions, 178
Pericardial constriction, 178
“Pericardial knock,” 178
Pericardial tamponade
in left subclavian artery trauma, 61
traumatic, 55
Pericarditis, 178
Pericholangitis, 246
Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, 287
Perihilar tumor, 281
Perioperative care, 377–379
Peripheral arterial injury, 54–55, 55t
Peritonitis
in elderly, 367
in pediatric patients, 335
primary microbial, 41
Permissive hypotension, 26
PET. See Positron emission tomography
Petco2, 111
Peyer patches, 235–236
PGBH. See Post-gastric bypass
hypoglycemia
Phagocytes, 77
Phagocytosis, 74
Pheochromocytoma, 327
Pheromones, 133
Phlegmasia alba dolens, 201
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens, 201, 201f
Phrenic nerve palsy, 149
Phrenosplenic ligament, 300
Physician authorship, 390
Physicians
diversity of, 5
laparoscopic skills training in,
375–376
Physiologic monitoring of surgical
patient, 105–113
PICO, 382
PID. See Pelvic inflammatory disease
p15INK4B, 123
“Pipeline” program, 5
Pituitary fossa tumor, 328
Plasma
fresh frozen, for thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura, 25
interstitial fluid compartments
and, 16
Plasminogen, 22
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, 22
Plastic surgery, 361–362
Plateau airway pressure, 111
Platelet(s)
acquired hemostatic defect, 23
aggregation of, 21, 23, 25
circulating, decreases in, 22
drugs that inhibit function of, 23
endothelial adherence of, 21
in immune response, 10
life span of, 23
postsplenectomy increase in, 51
sequestration of, 22, 25
shortened survival of, 22
Platelet-derived growth factor, 74
Plicae circularis, 235
Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 143
PN. See Parenteral nutrition
PNETs. See Primitive
neuroectodermal tumors
Pneumatic tourniquet, 70
Pneumatosis intestinalis, 332f, 332–333
Pneumohemothorax, 57
Pneumonia
aspiration, 153
community-acquired, 44
empyema caused by, 102
nosocomial, 44, 100
ventilator-associated, 100
Pneumoperitoneum, 115–116
Pneumothorax, 53
in laparoscopic Nissen
fundoplication, 116
simple, 56, 58
tension. See Tension
pneumothorax
Poikilothermia, 194
Point of critical oxygen delivery, 105
Poisoning, cyanide, 66
Polycythemia vera, 303
Polyethylene glycol, 246
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, 74
Polyps, gallbladder, 286
Polytetrafluoroethylene, 195
Popliteal artery, adventitial cystic
disease of, 196
Portal hypertension, 270–271, 304
Portal hypertensive gastropathy, 231
Positive end-expiratory pressure,
for acute respiratory distress
syndrome, 100–101
Positron emission tomography, for
mediastinal lymph node
staging, 151
Posterior cervical foraminotomy, 349
Posterior fossa lesions, 346, 346f
Post-gastric bypass hypoglycemia, 234
Postoperative period
delirium in, 365–366
empyema in, 102–103
hyperglycemia in, 40
hyponatremia in, 13
ileus in, 101, 378
nausea and vomiting in, 378
opioid requirements in, 378
urinary tract infection in, 42–43
Postsinusoidal hypertension, 270
Potassium
alkalosis-related changes in, 15
elevated levels of.
See Hyperkalemia
serum, 15–16
Pouchitis, 256
Ppeak. See Peak airway pressure
PPIs. See Proton pump inhibitors
Pplateau. See Plateau airway pressure
PPV. See Patent processus vaginalis;
Pulse pressure variability
PRA assay. See Panel-reactive
antibody assay
Pragmatic Randomized Optimal
Platelet and Plasma Ratios
trial, 26
Prasugrel, 23
pRB, 123
Predictive marker, 85
INDEX
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