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9.5 Primary Ovarian Pregnancy
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239
vided into intrafollicular, in which the fertilized ovum is implanted and develops in the Graaan follicle, and extrafollicular, in which the ovum is implanted and develops in the ovarian stroma. This type includes juxtafollicular, interstitial, cortical, and supercial implantation. In “com­bined ovarian pregnancy,” the ovary forms at least a portion of the tissue lying adjacent to fetal tissues but not forming the entire wall by itself. In addition, forming the rest of the sac wall and lying adjacent to fetal tissues would be other organs [221].
The cause of implantation anomalies in ovar­ian EP is not clear, resulting in various hypothe­ses [61]:
• delay of ovum liberation (ovum may be
retained in the ruptured follicle, or the internal
liquor pressure in the follicle may not be high
to extrude the ovum),
• thickening of tunica albuginea (from
oophoritis),
• tubal dysfunction,
• IUCD.
The corpus luteum is located almost exclu-
sively in the same ovary as the pregnancy
[223, 229, 232, 237, 247].
IUCD pregnancies have cases with ovarian pregnancy on one side and corpus luteum on the other [230].
Cases of ovarian EP progressing into the sec­ond or third trimesters remain exceptional [248–
251]. The EP pregnancy usually ruptures in early
gestation [51, 252].
ovarian EP had ruptured before laparotomy [225]. Ruptured ovarian EP decreased in inci­dence since the increased use of transvaginal US and serial serum βHCG [253]. Almost 10% are asymptomatic with incidentally discovered ovarian pregnancy during post-IVF monitoring [227].
9.5.5 Diagnosis
9.5.5.1 Laboratory Findings
See Sect. 9.1.6.1.
9.5.5.2 Transvaginal Ultrasound
The transvaginal US shows a free uid in the pouch of Douglas, with an appearance character­istic of organized clots depending on the severity of bleeding. There is no evidence of an intrauter­ine gestational sac. Vascular proliferation around the gestational sac called the ‘ring of re’ is typi­cal for ovarian pregnancy. The unruptured ovar­ian pregnancies have the characteristic solid hyperechoic rings or masses, and the correct pre­operative diagnosis is approximately 50% [227]. No characteristic US was detected in the ruptured ovarian EP, and all were diagnosed as ruptured EP or corpus luteum by the preoperative US.A corpus luteum may have a ring-like appearance, but in most cases, a corpus luteum is less echo­genic than the ovary [254].
9.5.5.3 Culdocentesis
Until 1983, culdocentesis was performed in
20.8% and was always positive [225]. Almost all ovarian pregnancies ruptured before exploration, which can cause 100% of positive culdocentesis. Today, it is rarely performed.
9.5.4 Clinical Presentation
The signs and symptoms of ovarian pregnancy are usually indistinguishable from Fallopian tube EP [221] (see Sect. 9.1.4). The most com­mon symptoms are abdominal pain (42.9%) and vaginal bleeding (28.6%). Up to 1983, 91.6% of
9.5.6 Dierential Diagnosis
Due to the most frequent ovarian EP rupture in early gestation, the most common differential diagnoses are bleeding corpus luteum (cyst), Fallopian tube EP, (torsion) of an adnexal mass, or acute appendicitis [221, 227, 230].
240
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ab c
9 Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
Fig. 9.37 (a) Intraoperative photograph of the normal uterus, the left round ligament, and the left Fallopian tube. The ovary contains the gestational sac. (b) An operative aspect of the left ovary after resection and ablation of the
9.5.7 Treatment
9.5.7.1 Medical Treatment
See Sect. 9.1.7.2. Medical and conservative treat­ments have been introduced recently to prevent ovarian tissue loss and pelvic adhesions and pre­serve the patient’s fertility [255–257]. MTX treatment is chosen after a clear diagnosis and detection of the localization of EP by laparos­copy as a supporting diagnostic procedure [258]. In cases where the gestational sac is <30 mm, without fetal cardiac activity, and <6 gestational weeks, MTX treatment is preferred. It is superior to surgery because it does not disturb fertility [259]. Another option is an injection of etoposide [260].
9.5.7.2 Surgical Treatment
When maternal IM MTX treatment is ineffective, operative treatment is indicated.
Laparoscopy is increasingly used. Current reports show that 86% of laparoscopic access due to the adequacy of conservative surgery (ovarian wedge resection±salpingectomy) is adequate for denitive treatment [227].
The state of the ovary dictates further treat­ment. If the remaining ovary looks normal, then wedge resection [221, 252], including the gesta­tional sac, is indicated (Fig.9.37). Hemostasis is completed with the bipolar current, followed by hemostatic sutures. Antimitotic drugs like MTX are added when the decrease of the level of βHCG is not sufcient [7]. When the ovary is much altered (Fig. 9.38), total oophorectomy
gestational sac and hemostatic suture. (c) H&E stain shows decidual cells, trophoblastic elements, and the ovarian capsule. (Reproduced with permission from [261]
Fig. 9.38 After adnexectomy of a mass, an ovary mea­suring 9×9×5cm, with a gestational sac of 7cm long axis, was found. A dead male fetus was within the sac. (Reproduced with permission from [262] under the CC Attribution License)
[221] or adnexectomy is indicated. The speci­men is retrieved using an endobag to eliminate the possibility of secondary implantation [252]. Careful examination of the blood and clots from the hemoperitoneum associated with bleeding from the ovaries is necessary to establish the diagnosis of ovarian EP since all the products of the ovarian EP may be ushed into the perito­neal cavity [240, 263]. Placental tissue in speci­mens removed from bleeding corpora lutea conrms ovarian EP [221, 252]. In 1983, 50% were treated by ovarian cystectomy or wedge resection [225].
Follow-up should include serial serum βHCG measurements until the levels become undetect­able [252].
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9.5.8 Prognosis
9.5.8.1 Maternal Outcome
Maternal mortality, starting from 1952 to 1980, was 0% [225]. The future fertility in patients with an ovarian EP is good since the early rupture of the ovary requires conservative surgical manage­ment, and tubal function is commonly unaffected [229]. Among women who wanted to conceive after ovarian pregnancy, a tendency to better fertility among IUCD users than non-IUCD users was found [229].
9.5.8.2 Fetal Outcome
In the rst half of the twentieth century, of the viable ovarian gestations (12.2% of all cohort),
63.3% were stillborn and 36.4% were alive at birth. Half of the alive at birth were grossly mal­formed [224].
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