Английский язык. Учебное пособие-4

3. Answer the questions.

1.What is the definition of extreme sport?

2.Where were BMX and snowboarding originally developed?

3.When is the birth of the skateboard?

4.What was the snowboarding in the 1970s?

5.What are "half pipes"?

6.Who won ESPN Action Sport ans Music Award?

7.What did extreme sport clothing develop into?

8.How much money does the Billabong Odyssey offer for the forst surfer to ride a 30-metre wave?

4.Find English equivalents from the text.

Иногда называют, довольно трудный, изначально развился, не было хороших волн, доступный всем, начали показывать трюки, воздушные трюки, новые и опасные трюки, родители пришли в ужас, кончиться сломанными костями, вышли из моды, на какое-то время, на различных поверхностях, во всем мире, изначально были разработаны для гонок, выполнять трюки, имели возможность купить видео, специальные награды, примечательная городская мода, представление о зимних видах спорта, ассоциируют себя, заработать много денег, ежегодные экстремальные игры, превратили бывшие контркультурные развлечения в прибыльную индустрию, еще более пугающие занятия, остается спорным, в поиске адреналинаю.

GRAMMAR

1.Open the brackets in Present Perfect.

1.He _____ (finish) training.

2.She _____ (score) twenty points in the match.

3.We _____ (watch) all the Champions League matches this season.

4.That’s amazing! She _____ (run) fifteen kilometers this morning!

5.She _____ (buy) some really nice rollerblades!

6.Oh, no! I _____ (lose) my money!

7.My mum _____ (write) shopping list. It’s on the kitchen table.

8.Dad, you _____ (eat) my biscuit!

9.I’m tired. I _____ (watch) three X-Files videos.

10.Hurry up! They _____ (start) the film!

11.Mary _____ (study) hard this year, so she’ll pass her exams.

12.Oh no! She _____ (drop) the plate!

13.The garden is very green. It _____ (rain) a lot this month.

14.These are my favourite trousers. I _____ (have) them for five years.

15.Tom’s my best friend. I _____ (know) him for three years.

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2.Fill in the blanks with FOR or SINCE.

1.I’ve lived in Washington _____ 1997.

2.Ben has studied English _____ three years.

3.They haven’t visited their grandparents _____ months.

4.Julie’s ill. She’s been in bed _____ Tuesday.

5.My dad has had his car_____ he was sixteen.

6.It’s been ten years_____ we moved to Oxford.

3. Put the words in the right order.

1.have – Britain – several – I – to – times – been

2.Spain – since – she – lived – in – 1994 – has

3.five – married – have – they – years – been – for

4.I – coffee – made – already – for – have – you

5.never – Bob – a bike – has – had

UNIT 8

PSYCHOLOGY – 4C’s

1. Words to learn. increase – увеличить

cause – вызвать, стать причиной sweat – пот, потеть

outcome – результат

maintain – сохранять, удержать participate – участвовать weapon – оружие

armoury – арсенал

gain – получать, приобретать confidence – уверенность commitment – ответственный подход

distraction – рассеянность, то что отвлекает внимание lack – нехватка, отсутствие

efficiently – полноценно, рационально internal – внутренний

external – внешний

sustained – устойчивый, последовательный intense – глубокий, значительный

trigger – пусковое устройство, пуск instantly – немедленно, мгновенно

appropriately – нужным образом, как полагается

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aid – помощь imagery – образ

cope with – справиться с

adversity – испытания, неблагоприятная обстановка essential – существенный

nausea – тошнота reduce – уменьшить deteriorate – ухудшать

undermine – подорвать, подкосить sufficiently – в меру, в достаточной степени contribute – вкладывать

feedback – отзыв, реакция, обратная связь

2. Match the words with their definitions.

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READING

1. Read the text.

Psychology – 4C’s

The increased stress of competitions can cause athletes to react both physically and mentally in a manner that can negatively affect their performance abilities. They may become tense, their heart rates race, they break into a cold sweat, they worry about the outcome of the competition, they find it hard to concentrate on the task in hand.

This has led coaches to take an increasing interest in the field of sport psychology and in particular in the area of competitive anxiety. That interest has focused on techniques that athletes can use in the competitive situation to maintain control and optimise their performance. Once learned, these techniques allow the athlete to relax and to focus his/her attention in a positive manner on the task of preparing for and participating in competition. Psychology is another weapon in the athlete’s armoury in gaining the winning edge.

The 4C’s

Concentration, confidence, control and commitment (the 4C’s) are generally considered the main mental qualities that are important for successful performance in most sports.

Concentration – ability to maintain focus.

Confidence – believe in one’s abilities.

Control – ability to maintain emotional control regardless of distraction.

Commitment – ability to continue working to agreed goals.

The techniques of relaxation, centering and mental imagery can assist an athlete to achieve the 4C’s.

Concentration

This is the mental quality to focus on the task in hand. If the athlete lacks concentration, then their athletic abilities will not be effectively or efficiently applied to the task. Research has identified the following types of attention focus:

Broad Narrow continuum – the athlete focuses on a large or small number of stimuli.

Internal External continuum – the athlete focuses on internal stimuli (feelings) or external stimuli (ball).

The demand for concentration varies with the sport:

Sustained concentration – distance running, cycling, tennis, squash.

Short bursts of concentration – cricket, golf, shooting, athletic field events.

Intense concentration – sprinting events, bobsleigh, skiing.

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Common distractions are: anxiety, mistakes, fatigue, weather, public announcements, coach, manager, opponent, negative thoughts etc.

Strategies to improve concentration are very personal. One way to maintain focus is to set process goals for each session or competition. The athlete will have an overall goal for which the athlete will identify a number of process goals that help focus on specific aspects of the task. For each of these goals the athlete can use a trigger word (a word which instantly refocuses the athlete’s concentration to the goal) e.g. sprinting technique requires the athlete to focus on being tall, relaxed, smooth and to drive with the elbows – trigger word could be "technique". Athletes will develop a routine for competition that may include the night before, the morning, pre competition, competition and post competition routines. If these routines are appropriately structured, then they can prove a useful aid to concentration.

Confidence

Confidence results from the comparison an athlete makes between the goal and their ability. The athlete will have self-confidence if they believe they can achieve their goal. (Comes back to a quote of mine – "You only achieve what you believe".)

When an athlete has self-confidence they will tend to: persevere even when things are not going to plan, show enthusiasm, be positive in their approach and take their share of the responsibility in success and fail. To improve their self-confidence, an athlete can use mental imagery to:

visualize previous good performance to remind themof the look and feel;

imagine various scenarios and how they will cope with them

Control

Identifying when an athlete feels a particular emotion and understanding the reason for the feelings is an important stage of helping an athlete gain emotional control. An athlete’s ability to maintain control of their emotions in the face of adversity and remain positive is essential to successful performance. Two emotions that are often associated with poor performance are anxiety and anger.

Anxiety comes in two forms – Physical (butterflies, sweating, nausea, needing the toilet) and Mental (worry, negative thoughts, confusion, lack of concentration). Relaxation is a technique that can be used to reduce anxiety.

When an athlete becomes angry, the cause of the anger often becomes the focus of attention. This then leads to a lack of concentration on the task, performance deteriorates and confidence in ability is lost which fuels the anger – a slippery slope to failure.

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Commitment

Sports performance depends on the athlete being fully committed to numerous goals over many years. In competition with these goals the athlete will have many aspects of daily life to manage. The many competing interests and commitments include work, studies, family/partner, friends, social life and other hobbies/sports

Within the athlete’s sport, commitment can be undermined by:

a perceived lack of progress or improvement;

not being sufficiently involved in developing the training program;

not understanding the objectives of the training program;

injury;

lack of enjoyment;

anxiety about performance – competition;

becoming bored;

coach athlete not working as a team;

lack of commitment by other athletes;

Setting goals with the athlete will raise their feelings of value, give them joint ownership of the goals and therefore become more committed to achieving them. All goals should be smarter.

Many people (coach, medical support team, manager, friends, etc) can contribute to an athlete’s levels of commitment with appropriate levels of support and positive feedback, especially during times of injury, illness and poor performance.

COMREHENSION EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from the list. competitions, remain, concentration, committed, competitive, compari-

son, approach, fail, psychology, considered, personal, ownership, winning

The increased stress of __________can cause athletes to react both physically and mentally in a manner that can negatively affect their performance abilities. This has led coaches to take an increasing interest in the field of sport _______________and in particular in the area of competitive anxiety. That interest has focused on techniques that athletes can use in the

__________situation to maintain control and optimise their performance. Psychology is a weapon in the athlete’s armoury in gaining the

__________edge.

Concentration, confidence, control and commitment are generally

__________the main mental qualities that are important for successful performance in most sports. Concentration is the mental quality to focus on the

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task in hand. If the athlete lacks concentration, then their athletic abilities will not be effectively or efficiently applied to the task. The demand for

__________varies with the sport. Strategies to improve concentration are very__________. One way to maintain focus is to set process goals for each session or competition. Confidence results from the __________an athlete makes between the goal and their ability. When an athlete has selfconfidence they will tend to: persevere even when things are not going to plan, show enthusiasm, be positive in their __________and take their share of the responsibility in success and__________. An athlete’s ability to maintain control of their emotions in the face of adversity and

__________positive is essential to successful performance. Sports performance depends on the athlete being fully __________to numerous goals over many years. In competition with these goals the athlete will have many aspects of daily life to manage.

Setting goals with the athlete will raise their feelings of value, give them joint ___________of the goals and therefore become more committed to achieving them. All goals should be smarter. Many people can contribute to an athlete’s levels of commitment with appropriate levels of support and positive feedback, especially during times of injury, illness and poor performance.

2. Choose the right answer.

1.The increased stress of competitions can cause athletes to _____ both physically and mentally.

a) recall b) manage c) react

d) recognize

2.Athletes can use _____in the competitive situation to maintain control and optimise their performance.

a) techniques b) technologies c) technical d) technician

3.Psychology is another weapon in the athlete’s armoury in gaining the

_____ edge. a) gaining b) losing c) winning d) having

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4._____ is an ability to maintain focus. a) commitment

b) confidence c) control

d) concentration

5.The techniques of relaxation, centering and mental imagery can assist an _____ to achieve the 4C’s.

a) athlete b) opponent c) coach

d) competitor

6.If the athlete lacks concentration, then their athletic _____ will not be effectively or efficiently applied to the task.

a) skills

b) capabilities c) qualities d) abilities

7.Two emotions that are often associated with poor performance are

_____ and anger. a) worry

b) anxiety c) fear

d) excitement

8.Confidence results from the comparison an athlete makes _____ the goal and their ability.

a) between b) but

c) before d) after

9.To improve their self-confidence, an athlete can use mental _____ . a) image

b) imagination c) amagined d) imagery

10.Anxiety comes in _____ and mental forms.

a)body

b)physical

c)physics

d)physic

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3. Answer the following questions.

1.What are the 4C’s in sport psychology?

2.Why is concentration important in sport?

3.What are some common distractions for athletes?

4.How can athletes improve their concentration?

5.What emotions are often associated with poor performance in sports?

6.What can undermine an athlete’s commitment to their sport and how can it be improved?

7.How can athletes improve their concentration?

4. Find English equivalents from the text.

1.Участники соревнований могут негативно влиять на свои способности из-за стресса.

2.Техники психологии могут помочь спортсменам достичь успеха.

3.Концентрация, уверенность, контроль и работоспособность важные психологические качества для успешной производительности в большинстве видов спорта.

4.Концентрация является ключевой психологической составляющей для выступления в спорте.

5.Уверенность в своих способностях – важный критерий для повышения мотивации спортсмена.

6.Восстановление эмоционального контроля при помощи релаксации является техникой, которая может уменьшить тревогу у спортсменов.

7.Работоспособность является важным фактором успеха в спорте, при этом у спортсменов могут быть различные причины для его снижения.

GRAMMAR

1.Open the brackets using Present Simple or Present Continuous

tenses.

1.He (to work) in the city centre.

2.I (to write) an essay now.

3.You (to go) to school on Sundays?

4.We (not to dance) every day.

5.They (to play) in the hall now?

6.Where he (to live)? – He (to live) in a village.

7.He (to sleep) now?

8.They (to read) many books.

9.The children (to eat) cakes now.

10.He (to help) his mother every day.

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11.You (to play) the piano well?

12.Look! Michael (to dance) now.

2. Open the brackets using Present Continuous or Present perfect tenses.

1.What are you (to do) here? – I am (to write) a letter to my friends.

2.Who has (to write) this article?

3.What language are you (to study)?

4.We have already (to learn) a lot of English words.

5.What is she (to teach) them?

6.Who has (to teach) you to do it?

7.He has just (to do) something for us.

8.Have you (to find) the book?

9.What are you (to look) for?

10.What are you (to talk) about?

3.Put the words in brackets in the right place.

1.Have you washed your hands? (already)

2.We have phoned the doctor. (just)

3.Has she ridden a horse? (ever)

4.I have danced the tango. (never)

5.The train hasn’t arrived. (yet)

UNIT 9

THE PARALYMPIC GAMES

1. Words to learn.

disability – ограничение здоровья shortly – вскоре

host city – столица олимпийских игр alongside – вместе с

spinal cord – спинной wheelchair – инвалидное кресло event – состязание, турнир participate – участвовать separately – отдельно excellence – превосходство admiration – восхищение

trace back – брать начало

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