Экологическая медицина = Ecological medicine. Учебное пособие

or form small particles in the air. High heat when cooking meat and other foods will also form PAHs.

Postdoctoral fellowship – a training-focused position for people who have earned a doctorate degree. It is a stepping-stone between being a student and full-time professional.

Precision environmental health – understanding an individual’s susceptibility to disease through analysis of his or her genetic profile and cumulative environmental exposures.

Promoter – a region of DNA where copying a gene sequence to messenger RNA begins. The promoter region controls when and where a gene of interest will be expressed.

Pulmonary fibrosis – the scarring or thickening of the lungs. Pyrogenic – a substance that causes a rise in body temperature.

Radiation – the transmission of radiant energy in the forms of electromagnetic waves, streams of particles, sound or heat.

Radioactive tracer – a radioactive drug used to create images of internal organs and to diagnose and treat disease; specially designed cameras allow doctors to track the path of the drug as it moves through the body.

Radioactive waste – waste exhibiting radioactivity, which is the property of emitting energetic particles (such as electrons or alpha particles) or waves resulting from the disintegration of atomic nuclei.

Radioactivity – the quality of emitting or the emission of particulate or electromagnetic radiation resulting from the decay of the nuclei of unstable elements.

Radon – a colourless, odourless gas. It is produced by the radioactive decay of radium. Found in small amounts in soil, rocks, and the air near the ground.

Rat-bite fever – a rare bacterial disease spread by the bite of an infected rodent.

Reverse osmosis system – a drinking water purification technology that forces water through a semipermeable membrane to remove most contaminants; also used in wastewater treatment.

Riptides (rip current) – a strong, usually narrow surface current flowing outward from a shore; at ocean beaches, strong surf and riptides can injure swimmers or cause them to drown.

Rocky mountain spotted fever – a bacterial disease spread by the bite of an infected tick.

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Salmonella – a group of bacteria that is a common cause of foodborne illness.

SARS-CoV-2 – a new coronavirus that is the cause of COVID-19. Sentinel species – plants and animals that can biologically indicate

whether certain environmental conditions may pose risks to human health. Septic – used for sewage treatment and disposal.

Silica dust – a natural compound of silicon and oxygen found mostly in sand; long-term exposure to fine particulate silica dust from quartz rock causes progressive lung injury, silicosis.

Silicosis – a lung disease caused by breathing in (inhaling) silica dust. Sinusitis – an inflammation of the sinus.

Smelter – a facility that melts or fuses ore to separate its metal content; emissions may cause pollution.

Smog – the brownish haze that pollutes the air, making it difficult for some people to breathe; its primary component is ozone.

Sterilise – to kill germs to prevent infections.

Styrene – an unsaturated liquid hydrocarbon obtained as a petroleum byproduct, used to make plastics and resins.

Subsistence fishing / hunting – a system of hunting or fishing that provides all or almost all the goods required by the family, usually without any significant surplus for sale.

Sulphur dioxide – a colourless, water-soluble, acidic gas that is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels.

Synthetic – of, relating to, or produced by chemical or biochemical synthesis; especially: produced artificially.

Tailings – residue separated in the preparation of various products (such as grain or ores). Usually used in plural.

Tallow – the white, nearly tasteless solid-rendered fat of cattle and sheep used chiefly in soap, candles, and lubricants.

Textiles – woven or knit fabric; a fibre or yarn used in making cloth. Thyroid gland – an organ located beneath the larynx (voice box) that

makes hormones that regulate growth, development and metabolism. Tidal flats – commonly muddy or marshy land that is covered and un-

covered by the rise and fall of tides.

Tinnitus – a ringing in one or both ears that may be soft or loud, highpitched or low-pitched; it may cause trouble hearing, working, or sleeping.

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Titanium dioxide – a powder used as a white pigment in products such as sunscreens, cosmetics, paints, and plastics. Repeated exposure may cause bronchitis with coughing, phlegm, or shortness of breath.

Toxicogenomics – a field of science that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to toxic substances.

Toxicology – the branch of science concerned with the nature, effects, and detection of poisons.

Translational research – turns scientific discoveries made in a laboratory, clinic, or fieldwork into new medical treatments and health approaches that improve well-being.

TRAP – air pollution that comes from fossil fuel combustion in motor vehicles.

Unventilated – not provided with fresh air.

Vape – the action or practice of inhaling and exhaling the vapour produced by an electronic cigarette or similar device.

Ventilation – the circulation of air through a building in order to expel noxious air and admit clean, fresh air.

Vertigo – a feeling of dizziness or lightheadedness, or that the room is spinning.

Vitamin D – helps maintain strong bones, boosts immune system, and aids nervous system. Sunlight exposure helps the body make it. Also found in some foods and dietary supplements.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Many VOCs are human-made chemicals used to manufacture paints, dry cleaning agents, and refrigerants. Emitted as gases, they can affect indoor air quality.

West Nile virus – an infectious disease spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.

Yellow fever – a viral infection spread by mosquitoes.

Zika Virus – a virus that is spread mostly by mosquitoes; a pregnant mother can pass it to her baby during pregnancy or around the time of birth; it can spread through sexual contact.

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