Экологическая медицина = Ecological medicine. Учебное пособие

83.  Diseases of the endocrine system occur when there is:

a)a lack of copper, silicon, nitrogen in soil;

b)a lack of cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, chromium, bromine;

c)an excess of mercury, iodine, lithium;

d)a lack of nitrogen-containing substances;

e)an excess of calcium, magnesium, selenium.

84.  The medical professional is obliged to carry out preventive work…

a)with each individual;

b)at social level;

c)at population level;

d)on hygienic education and training;

e)monitoring the climate, barometric pressure.

85.  Endemic diseases are:

a)associated with deficiencies of essential elements in soil, water, and

body;

b)endemic goitre;

c)cretinism;

d)Minamata disease;

e)associated with technophilic elements in soil, water.

86.  Correction of the deficiency of essential elements in the body occurs via:

a)enriching food substances with these elements;

b)adding some elements to juices, drinks, water;

c)enriching food through feed for birds, animals;

d)adding these elements to the second dishes;

e)using essential elements in the dairy industry, baking industry, salt processing industry.

87.  The prevention of environmentally dependent and conditioned diseases includes:

a)early detection of changes in body functions during medical examinations;

b)timely prenosological diagnostics;

c)enrichment of nutrients and food products with vitally important elements;

d)preventive and current sanitary supervision;

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e) doctor’s ability to see the cause-and-effect of “environment-health” relations.

88.  Excess cadmium causes an environmentally caused disease…

a)with muscle and bone damage;

b)Itai-Itai;

c)of the bronchi;

d)of the gastrointestinal tract;

e)of the nervous system.

89.  Methylmercury compounds…

a)have high levels;

b)accumulate in muscle tissue;

c)accumulate in connective tissue;

d)cause Minamata disease;

e)damage the nervous system in the form of cerebral palsy.

90.  Soil is:

a)a natural biogeochemical laboratory;

b)an artificial biogeochemical laboratory;

c)a biogeochemical laboratory with mineralisation and nitrification processes;

d)a biogeochemical laboratory with destruction of organic and non-or- ganic substances;

e)a fertility source for agricultural crops.

91.  Founder of the theory of the noosphere is:

a)I.M. Sechenov;

b)D.I. Mendeleev;

c)V.V. Dokuchaev;

d)V.I. Vernadsky;

e)K.E. Tsiolkovsky.

92.  The noosphere is:

a)the sphere of activity of all living organisms;

b)the result of intelligent human activity;

c)the source of clean air and water;

d)the sphere of activity of biotic and abiotic factors in noogenesis;

e)the sphere of human health and well-being.

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93.  Essential elements…

a)are found in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and agricultural products;

b)appear in the soil during nitrification;

c)are necessary for humans on a daily basis;

d)are abundantly present in lithosphere;

e)play a certain role in population development.

94.  Endemic diseases

a)are dependent on the chemical composition of natural geochemical provinces;

b)are caused by an excess of aluminium, silicon;

c)appear at deficiency of essential elements in soil, water, food substances;

d)arise from anthropogenic pollution of soil and water;

e)are non-infectious diseases.

95.  Essential elements are:

a)Iodine, iron, mercury, cadmium, vanadium, boron, fluorine;

b)iodine, copper, chromium, cobalt;

c)molybdenum, manganese, zinc;

d)chromium, selenium;

e)copper, selenium, aluminium, beryllium.

96.  Conditionally essential elements are:

a)fluorine, boron, bromine, silicon;

b)arsenic, vanadium, nickel;

c)iron, sulphur, nitrogen, copper;

d)oxygen, hydrogen, bromine;

e)nickel, aluminium, sulphur.

97.  Biogeochemical cycle of substances in the biosphere…

a)is a trophic and energetic structure;

b)is a dynamic, organised system of the biosphere;

c)occurs with the participation of producers, consumers, and decomposers;

d)occurs with participation of atmosphere and solar spectrum;

e)occurs in the lithosphere, hydrosphere.

98.  Producers are:

a) green mass synthesising organic compounds;

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b)water surface of rivers, lakes, seas, oceans;

c)nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the soil;

d)nodule bacteria of leguminous plants;

e)insects, worms, soil fungi.

99.  Consumers…

a)convert organic compounds into specific forms of proteins;

b)destroy field pests;

c)use green mass in their vital activity;

d)are necessary for biosphere purity;

e)pollute the biosphere with organic compounds.

100.  Decomposers…

a)recycle anthropogenic pollutants of all kinds;

b)participate in the processes of ammonification, nitrification, denitrification;

c)recycle organic compounds into water, carbon dioxide, mineral elements;

d)destroy remains of living things;

e)take part in biotic cycle.

101.  Nitrogen…

a)is found in all fuel and energy resources;

b)is formed and accumulated in the soil owing to nitrogen-fixing bac-

teria.

c)soil nitrogen transforms into humus nitrogen during nitrification;

d)is a biogenic element for protein synthesis

e)is an inactive component of the atmosphere.

102.  Sources of lithosphere contamination:

a)human activities in cities, megacities;

b)agricultural activities in agro-ecosystems;

c)mining and processing industry;

d)domestic waste;

e)spectrum of solar radiation.

103.  The green mass of the biosphere is:

a)oxygen decomposer;

b)nitrogen decomposer;

c)necessary for the cycle of substances in nature;

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d)used as an organic factor;

e)a source of oxygen replenishment in the biosphere.

104.  Carbon dioxide…

a)is necessary for respiratory function;

b)its excess suppresses the respiratory centre;

c)transforms into hydrogen carbonate in the hydrosphere;

d)appears in soil as a result of physical and chemical processes;

e)contributes to the greenhouse effect.

105.  Artificial geochemical province…

a)is formed as a result of human activity;

b)is an accumulator of technophilic elements;

c)consists of accumulation of nitrogen-containing substances;

d)is a storehouse of toxic chemicals;

e)contributes to the emergence of environmentally caused diseases.

106.  Accumulation of technophilic elements in soil…

a)leads to the death of living microworld of soil;

b)suppresses soil biological activity;

c)destroys soil microflora and slows down processes of soil self-purifi- cation;

d)transfers soil to the category of fertility;

e)increases growth and development of living organisms.

107.  Soil self-purification is:

a)a spontaneous process of physical and chemical reactions to convert soil nitrogen to humus nitrogen;

b)an increase in soil nitrogen;

c)a complex process of reductants working on processing of organic compounds;

d)an enhancement of ammonia compounds accumulation in the soil;

e)a necessary process to increase soil fertility.

108.  Geomedicine is:

a)a research area in geology, biology;

b)a field of ecological medicine;

c)a research area in ecology;

d)a subject of study of soil chemical composition in interrelation with human health;

e)human activity impact on soil composition.

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TEST ANSWERS

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(EPA US STANDARDS)

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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH GLOSSARY

Acid rain – occurs when sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in the atmosphere with water. When the mix condenses and returns to earth, it comes in the form of polluted rain, fog, or snow. The contaminated precipitation also causes the weakening of infrastructure, such as corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues. It can also have a number of adverse effects on natural ecosystems by disrupting sensitive equilibriums.

Acrylamide – a chemical that can form in some foods during high-tem- perature cooking processes, such as frying, roasting, and baking.

Activated сarbon filtration system – a gas-phase air filter that removes gaseous pollutants using a material called a sorbent, such as activated carbon, to collect pollutants.

Aerosols – small suspended particles in a gas that range in size from one nanometre (about 1/10,000 diameter of a human hair) to 100 micrometres (a dust speck).

Agricultural health – the study of environmental, occupational, dietary, and genetic factors on the health of farmers, farm families, and others who work with and are exposed to agricultural chemicals.

Air pollution – pollutants in the air that are detrimental to human health and the planet. Can include components such as particulate matter, ozone, or noxious gases.

Allergens – a substance that causes an allergic reaction.

Allergic reaction – an abnormal physiological response by a sensitive person to a chemical or physical stimuli that causes no response in non-sensitive individuals.

Aloe vera – a succulent plant widely used in alternative medicine. Anaemia – a condition in which the blood does not carry enough oxy-

gen to the rest of the body; the most common cause of anaemia is not having enough iron.

Antibiotic – a chemical originally produced by a microorganism, which inhibits or prevents the growth of another microorganism. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.

Aquaculture – also known as fish or shellfish farming, seafood grows in controlled waters for commercial or recreational use.

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