Экологическая медицина = Ecological medicine. Учебное пособие

Aquifers – an underground level or permeable rock, sand, or gravel saturated by groundwater.

Arsenic – a greyish-white element having a metallic luster, vaporising when heated, and forming poisonous compounds.

Asbestos – any of several minerals (as chrysotile) that readily separate into long flexible fibres that have been used, especially formerly, as fireproof insulating materials.

Assays – a qualitative or quantitative test for a particular chemical effect. Asthma – a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. It usually results from an allergic

reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity.

Atomic nucleus – the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the centre of an atom.

Autoimmune diseases – over 80 different conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body cells. They likely result from genetic and environmental factor interactions.

Barometer – an instrument for determining the pressure of the atmosphere.

Bioaccumulation – accumulation of substances in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food; occurs when a substance is absorbed faster than it can be excreted.

Biofuels – derived from biological materials, such as algae and plants, that can be regenerated. Distinguished from fossil fuels, which are nonrenewable. Examples include ethanol, methanol, and biodiesel.

Biologics – the immunisation vaccines, antigens, anti-toxins, and other preparations made from living organisms and their products intended for use in diagnosing, immunising, and treating humans and animals or in related research.

Biomagnification – the process by which a compound (such as a pollutant or pesticide) increases its concentration in the tissues of organisms as it travels up the food chain.

Biotechnology – an applied science that uses living organisms like plants and bacteria to produce products for healthcare, energy, and environmental safety.

Black lung disease – coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, also known as black lung disease, results from breathing in dust from coal, graphite, or man-made carbon over a long period.

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Bronchitis – an inflammation of the bronchial linings, causing a persistent cough, copious amounts of sputum, and involuntary muscle spasms that constrict the airways.

Cadmium – a soft, silver-white metal in its pure state used in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries; in metal plating, plastics, and synthetics; for alloys and other miscellaneous uses.

Carbon cycle – the process by which living things absorb carbon from the atmosphere, sediments and soil, or food. To complete the cycle, carbon returns to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide or methane by respiration, combustion, or decay.

Carcinogen – any substance that is capable of inducing the production of cancer.

Cataracts – a clouding of the lens in the eye that affects vision; cataracts are very common in older people.

Chlorides – compounds of chlorine with another element or group. Climate change – climate is the average weather in a region over time.

Climate change refers to major, long-term changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns. Natural factors or human activities may cause climate change and impact the environment.

Coastal Wetlands – saltwater and freshwater wetlands located within coastal watersheds, specifically USGS 8-digit hydrologic unit watersheds which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, or Gulf of Mexico

Coliform bacteria – bacteria that are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes; also found in plant and soil material.

Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) – an annual water quality report or a drinking water quality report, that provides information on your local drinking water quality.

Corrosion – the action, process, or effect of corroding, which is to wear away gradually, usually by chemical action.

Creosote – a wood preservative derived from the distillation of tar from wood or coal.

Crustaceans – any of a large class of mostly aquatic arthropods that include lobsters, shrimp, crabs, wood lice, water fleas, and barnacles.

Crystalline silica – a basic component of soil, sand, granite, and many other minerals; may become particles small enough to inhale when workers chip, cut, drill, or grind objects that contain it.

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Curing – to add preservatives and flavours (salt, sugar, nitrates) to meat in order to improve flavour, colour, and shelf life.

Dander – tiny scales from hair, feathers, or skin that may cause allergies and affect indoor air quality; household pets are sources of saliva and animal dander.

DDT – a colourless odourless water-insoluble insecticide.

Dengue fever – an infection caused by a virus spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.

Diabetes – the name commonly give to a condition for a disorder characterised by a raised blood sugar (glucose) level.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) – a synthetic form of the female hormone estrogen, linked to a type of cancer of the cervix and vagina, that was prescribed to pregnant women between 1940 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage and related pregnancy complications.

Dioxin – a highly toxic compound produced as a byproduct in some manufacturing processes, notably herbicide production and paper bleaching. It is a serious and persistent environmental pollutant.

Domoic acid – a neurotoxin contained in some fish and shellfish; exposure to this compound affects the brain, causing seizures and possibly death.

Dredges – a tool usually in the form of an oblong iron frame with an attached bag net used especially for gathering fish and shellfish.

Dry well – a hole in the ground filled with gravel or rubble to receive drainage water and allow it to percolate away.

E. coli – a type of bacteria (Escherichia coli) that lives in intestines; most types of E. coli are harmless, but some types can cause diarrhea.

Ecosystem – the totality of life within a given interrelated and self-sus- taining system existing in a defined geographical area.

Ecosystem services – the benefits or “services” of an ecosystem to human life, such as clean water and the decomposition of organic matter.

Electromagnetic fields – invisible areas of energy that are associated with the use of electrical power and various forms of natural and manmade lighting.

Embalming fluid – a fluid injected into the arteries to preserve a dead body.

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Emissions – a discharge of pollutants into the environment; generally used in regard to discharges into the air.

Emphysema – a chronic disease of the lungs in which the lung tissue becomes destroyed and the affected area is unable to participate in the transfer of oxygen to the body.

Encephalitis – an inflammation of the brain caused by a viral (usually) infection or a bacterial infection.

Endocrine – relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood.

Endocrine disruptor – chemicals that can interfere with hormones at certain doses.

Endocrine gland – a structure in the body that produces hormones which are then secreted directly into the bloodstream.

Endometriosis – the presence and growth of functioning endometrial tissue in places other than the uterus that often results in severe pain and infertility.

Environmental health – pollution of the air, water, or soil can lead to health problems. Environmental health is the practice of identifying and reducing exposure to these pollutants.

Environmental justice – the EPA defines environmental justice as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, culture, national origin, income, and educational levels with respect to protective environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

Epigenesis – development of a plant or animal from an egg or spore through a series of processes in which unorganised cell masses differentiate into organs and organ systems.

Ergonomic injury – an injury resulting from the cumulative effect of repetitive motions or repetitive stress (e.g., sustained awkward posture).

Essential oils – concentrated plant extracts that retain the natural smell and flavour of their source and are obtained through mechanical pressing or distillation.

Excavation – a cavity formed by cutting, digging, or scooping. Experimental design – a study that can test cause and effect relation-

ships between subjects under specific treatment conditions. Exposome – everything the body is exposed to throughout life.

Exposure science – the study of our contact, such as by swallowing, breathing, or touching, with environmental factors and their effects on the human body.

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Extreme weather – unexpected, unusual, unpredictable severe or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution.

Fatty tissue (adipose tissue) – the fat storage tissue in the bodies of animals. It is primarily a food storage mechanism but also provides thermal insulation and protects internal organs from external physical damage.

Feedstock – raw material, usually plant or agricultural waste, that can be converted into fuel or energy.

Fertiliser – a substance that adds inorganic or organic plant nutrients to soil and improves its ability to grow crops, trees, or other vegetation.

Fibreglass – a composite material of glass fibres in resin; used in nail wrap applications to brace natural nails or artificial tips.

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) – a complex air pollutant mixture that can include metals, organic chemicals, acid droplets, and soil or dust particles.

Fission – the splitting of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of large amounts of energy.

Five-G (5G) – the fifth version of a product or system. 5G is the term used to describe the next-generation of mobile networks beyond LTE mobile networks.

Flame retardants – chemicals that are applied to materials to prevent the start or slow the growth of fire.

Forever chemicals – synthetic chemicals, such as PFAS, that are oil-, water-, or heat-resistant. Their strong molecular bonds take many years to degrade, allowing them to accumulate in the environment.

Formaldehyde – a colourless, flammable, strong-smelling chemical widely used to make home building products.

Fossil fuel – a fuel (such as coal, oil, or natural gas) formed in the earth from plant or animal remains; fossil fuels are the nation’s principal source of electricity; they cannot be replenished once they are extracted and burned.

Fumigant – a pesticide used to control or destroy fungi on food or grain crops.

Furan – a flammable liquid chemical compound that is obtained from wood oils of pines or made synthetically and is used especially in organic synthesis; also: any of various derivatives of furan.

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Gamma rays – radiant electromagnetic energy of a very short wavelength capable of penetrating most substances; it is given off by radioactive substances and during fission and fusion reactions.

Gelatin – a gummy material obtained from animal tissues by boiling. Geothermal energy – heat energy generated by the earth’s interior. Ginkgo biloba – one of the oldest living tree species in the world, has a

long history in traditional Chinese medicine.

Global health – the area of study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.

Global temperature – an average of air temperature recordings from weather stations and satellites. Worldwide, 2006-2015 was the warmest decade­ on record since thermometer-based observations began nearly 150 years ago.

Grantee – the recipient of a grant, scholarship or fellowship, or some other funding source from NIEHS or other NIH institute.

Greenhouse gas – any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse gases – gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous ­oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulphur hexafluoride.

Groundwater – the water found below the surface of the land and contained in the pore spaces of saturated rock, sand, or gravel; the source of water found in wells and springs.

Gynecomastia – a condition of overdevelopment or enlargement of breast tissue in men or boys, often during puberty. But it is also seen in newborn babies and in men as they age.

Hair dye – hair colourant, which changes the hair colour, contains many different chemicals that may act as carcinogens or endocrine disruptors.

Hantavirus – hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a rare but deadly viral infection spread by mice and rats.

Hormone – a chemical substance in animals secreted by the endocrine gland, used to regulate metabolic activity.

Hydrologic model – a computer analysis of large amounts of historical data that helps predict how variables like temperature, rain, and carbon dioxide levels might affect the hydrologic cycle.

Hypoallergenic – having little likelihood of causing an allergic response.

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Incomplete Combustion – the incomplete burning of natural gas, petrol, liquefied petroleum gas, oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, coal, charcoal, or wood that produces carbon monoxide.

Inflammation – the primary host response to infection. Also an essential component of the response to most other forms of injury.

Ingestion (swallowing) – absorbing by eating or drinking.

Inorganic – material such as sand, salt, iron, calcium salts, and other mineral materials; inorganic substances are of mineral origin, whereas organic substances are usually of animal or plant origin.

Insecticides – substances intended to repel, kill, or control insects.

Justice 40 Initiative – aims to make 40% of benefits from federal investments in climate change, clean energy, and other areas go to underserved communities.

Lead – a metal with many industrial uses that is also toxic. No amount of lead is safe for people.

Leukaemia – a form of cancer of the blood in which the number of white blood cells is increased.

Liquefied natural gas – natural gas converted to liquid form by cooling to a very low temperature.

Low-emitting – giving off relatively small amounts of something. Lupus – a long-term, autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation

and pain in any part of your body.

Lyme disease – a bacterial infection spread by the bite of an infected tick.

Malaria – a serious disease caused by a parasite and spread by the bite of an infected mosquito; malaria is a major cause of death worldwide, but it is almost wiped out in the United States.

Masonry – work performed by a skilled worker who builds by laying units of substantial material (such as stone or brick).

Melatonin – a hormone that is derived from serotonin, is secreted by the pineal gland especially in response to darkness, and has been linked to the regulation of circadian rhythms.

Meningitis – a viral or bacterial disease marked by inflammation of membranes in the brain and spinal cord; swimming or playing in polluted water can cause meningitis.

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Mercury – a silver-white poisonous heavy metallic element that is liquid at ordinary temperatures and is used especially in batteries, in dental amalgam, and in scientific instruments.

Mesoscale – a measure of distance useful for local winds, thunderstorms, and tornadoes. It ranges from a few to a few hundred miles.

Mesothelioma – a usually malignant tumour derived from mesothelial tissue that lines the lungs, stomach, heart, and other organs; the cancer usually starts in the lungs, but can also start in the abdomen or other organs.

Metabolite – any chemical produced as a result of a living organism’s metabolism or another substance it has absorbed.

Metastasis – the process whereby a malignant cell is detached from a primary tumour and is disseminated in the body to set up secondary tumours elsewhere.

Methylmercury – any of various toxic compounds of mercury containing the complex CH3Hg that often occur as pollutants which accumulate in living organisms (as fish) especially in higher levels of a food chain.

Microbiome – the microorganisms in a particular environment, including the body or a part of the body.

Micrometres – a unit of measure; size of particulate matter particles is measured in micrometres; the average human hair is about 70 micrometres in diameter.

Mineral – an inorganic substance; something neither animal nor vegetable.

Miscarriage – an unexpected loss of pregnancy.

Mixtures research – the study of how environmental exposures consisting of numerous chemicals, man-made and natural, affect human health.

Mould – a superficial, often woolly growth produced especially on damp or decaying organic matter or on living organisms by a fungus.

Moulds – microscopic organisms found indoors and outdoors that play an important role in the breakdown of plant and animal matter. When disturbed, moulds release tiny cells called spores into the surrounding air.

Moorings – a place where a boat or ship are held fast with lines or anchors.

Mortuary – an establishment with facilities for the preparation of the dead for burial or cremation; a funeral home or morgue.

Munitions – military weapons, ammunition, and equipment. Mutagen – anything that harmfully changes DNA in a cell, which can

lead to diseases, such as cancer. Examples of mutagens include radioactive substances, ultraviolet radiation, and certain chemicals.

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Naegleria – a single-celled organism commonly found in warm freshwater and soil. Only one type infects people: Naegleria fowleri. Exposure symptoms range from headache and nausea to seizure and hallucination.

Nanotechnology – the science of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build microscopic devices.

Nephropathy – an abnormal state of the kidney; especially: one associated with or secondary to some other pathological process.

Neurotransmitter – a substance that facilitates the transmission of the signal from a nerve to the cell.

Neutrons – an uncharged elementary particle present in all known atomic nuclei except the hydrogen nucleus.

Obesity – a condition characterised by the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body.

Obesogens – artificial chemicals believed to contribute to obesity. They are found in various food containers, baby bottles, toys, plastics, cookware, and cosmetics.

Off-gas – a term referring to the fact that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in our homes are released by consumer and household products, and these chemicals then enter the indoor air we breathe.

Ore – a naturally occurring mineral containing a valuable substance (such as metal) for which it is mined and worked.

Organic matter – of, relating to, or derived from living organisms. Oxidative damage (stress) – physiological stress on the body that is

caused by the cumulative damage done by free radicals inadequately neutralised by antioxidants and that is held to be associated with ageing.

Ozone – a colourless, odourless gas. It is found naturally in the earth’s stratosphere, where it absorbs the ultraviolet component of incoming solar radiation.

Parasite – an organism living in, with, or on another organism (host); gets nutrients from its host.

Parkinson’s disease – a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement.

Perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) – synthetic chemicals found in many products, including food packaging, household cleaners, and nonstick cookware.

Perchlorate – a molecule that can occur naturally in the atmosphere or is manufactured for industrial products such as rocket propellant, explosives, and road flares. Linked to thyroid problems in people.

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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) – historically the most widespread form of PFAS in the environment. Major U.S. manufacturers no longer make it, but alternatives are used in its place.

Pesticide – a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

Petroleum – an oily liquid, made of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amounts of other substances, that occurs in many places in the upper strata of the earth; is prepared for use as petrol, naphtha, or other products by various refining processes.

Pharmaceuticals – of or relating to the production and sale of drugs and medicine.

Phthalates – often called plasticisers, these chemicals make hundreds of products more durable, such as personal-care products, food packaging, toys, and flooring.

Phthalic anhydride – a white solid with a characteristic, acrid odour. It is used in the manufacture of plasticisers; in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins for use in structural building parts, swimming pools, automotive parts, and luggage.

Phytoestrogens – plant-derived compounds found in many foods such as soy. Some are linked to health benefits, including a lowered risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, and breast cancer, while others are endocrine disruptors that may harm health.

Plague – an infection caused by the bacterium Yersinia pesti, found mainly in rats and in the fleas that feed on them.

Plasticisers – an additive to paint, varnish, cement or similar to increase its workability.

Pleural membrane – the delicate layer of tissue that surrounds the lungs. Pneumonia – an inflammation of the tissues of the lung.

Pollen – a fine powdery substance, typically yellow, consisting of microscopic grains discharged from the male part of a flower.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – banned in 1977 because of potential harm to immune and nervous systems, these toxic compounds remain in the environment. PCBs were used in old fluorescent fixtures, some electrical devices, and hydraulic oils.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) – a class of chemicals that result from burning coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or tobacco. They bind to

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