Читай и обсуждай. Бизнес-курс английского языка. Учебное пособие

your customers. In addition, it also has significantly lower operating costs compared to having a physical store.

2.It is more convenient for you and your consumer – the World Wide Web offers easier and more convenient business transactions compared to offline retailing. This allows business to provide more complete information on their website compared to the information in the brochures that are being handed out by sales representatives. Furthermore, the sales process is only done with a few clicks, starting from the inquiry stage to the closing of the deal – which is obviously a much faster and convenient process. As mentioned earlier, another advantage of e-tailing is that you don’t have to rent an office to do business. Hence, you can be at your home while you run your e-tailing company – thereby saving you time and effort, and the need to travel to and fro your shop or office.

3.You can interact with your clients – this is another advantage of e-tailing. With this type of interaction – e-tailers can personally connectwiththeirconsumersandconsumerscangivetheirappropriate feedbacks accordingly, making it an excellent customer service tool. kite tail. And with the numerous media available for your customers, such as social networks, videos and emails, the customer is also given multiple options on how to communicate with the company. With this interaction, businesses can effectively assess in more ways how they can improve their services or products, which in the end, will certainly guarantee a much higher rate of satisfied customer.

4.Provides your business with different promotional platforms – a physicalstoreisonlyrestrictedtoitsareaofvisibilityandaccessibility, meaning it can only operate at best – if your shop can be seen and can be accessed by the public – either at the store, the beach or the mall, as the case may be. Websites, on the other hand, can be accessed to almost all areas where the internet is available, allowing businesses to reach a wider market.

5.Easier for customer to locate your business – with multiple availablesearchengines,customersmayhaveaneasiertimeinlocating your business and its branches (if you have a physical store). In here, all that they have to do is type in the product that you are selling, any related services, or company name – and the different locations of your business that are conveniently close will appear. These are

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UNIT 8. INTERNATIONALTRADE

Lead-in

Task 1.Answer the following questions.

1.What is international trade (definition)?

2.What does international trade talk about?

3.What is its importance?

Task 2. Paraphrase the following statement. Do you agree with it?

Why? Why not?

If there is a point on which most economists agree, it is that trade among nations makes the world better off. Yet international trade can be one of the most contentious of political issues, both domestically and between governments.

Reading 1

Task 1. Skim the article. For statements 1–5 choose the answers A–E.

1. It gives rise to a world economy.

2. Some countries may sell goods more cheaply than other countries.

3. International trade allows countries to participate in a global economy.

4. Supply and demand factors ensure that production happens efficiently.

5. Regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly.

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A.International trade

B.Efficiency of Trading Globally

C.Benefits of Trading Globally

D.Free Trade

E Protectionism

Task 2. Translate the article into Russian.

What Is International Trade?1

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events.

Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market:food,clothes,spareparts,oil,jewelry,wine,stocks,currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation.Aproduct that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country’s current account in the balance of payments.

Increased Efficiency of Trading Globally. Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources — whether labor, technology or capital—moreefficiently.Becausecountriesareendowedwithdifferent assetsandnaturalresources(land,labor,capitalandtechnology),some countries may produce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently produce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known asspecialization in international trade.

Other Possible Benefits of Trading Globally. International trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that individuals invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory,

1 http://www.investopedia.com/articles/03/112503.asp

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economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic participants.

For the receiving government, FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country. These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic product. For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher revenues.

Free Trade vs. Protectionism. As with other theories, there are opposing views. International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissezfaire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.

In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly.Advocates ofthistheorybelievethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international market.

Task 3. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases in bold.

Task 4.Answer the questions.

1.What is international trade?

2.What opportunities does it give consumers and countries?

3.What is the difference between import and export?

4.Why is it efficient to trade globally?

5.What are the benefits of trading globally?

6.Whet is free trade?

7.What is protectionism?

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Language Focus.

Task 1. Complete the passage using the following words and phrases:

warehousing, export, home country, middleman, overseas, homegrown, specialize in, foreign market, manufactured, merchandise

How to Start an Import / Export Business1

Why are imports such big business in the United States and around the world? There are three main reasons:

Availability: There are some things you just can’t grow or make in your 1… . Bananas in Alaska, for example, mahogany lumber in Maine, or Ball Park franks in France.

Cachet: A lot of things, like caviar and champagne, pack more cachet,more of an “image”,if they’reimportedratherthan2….Think Scandinavian furniture, German beer, French perfume, Egyptian cotton. Even when you can make it at home, it all seems classier when it comes from distant shores.

Price: Some products are cheaper when brought in from out of the country. Korean toys, Taiwanese electronics and Mexican clothing, to rattle off a few, can often be 3… or assembled in foreign factories for far less money than if they were made on the domestic front.

Aside from cachet items, countries typically 4… goods and services that they can produce inexpensively and import those that are produced more efficiently somewhere else. What makes one product less expensive for a nation to manufacture than another? Two factors: resources and technology. A country with extensive oil resources and the technology of a refinery, for example, will export oil but may need to import clothing.

Types of Import/Export Businesses. First off, let’s take a look at the players.While you’ve got your importers and your exporters, there are many variations on the main theme.

Export management company (EMC): An EMC handles export operations for a domestic company that wants to sell its product 5…

1 https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/41846

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but doesn’t know how (and perhaps doesn’t want to know how). The EMC does it all-hiring dealers, distributors and representatives; handling advertising, marketing and promotions; overseeing marking and packaging; arranging shipping; and sometimes arranging financing. In some cases, the EMC even takes title to the goods, in essence becoming its own distributor. EMCs usually specialize by product, 6… or both, and — unless they’ve taken title — are paid by commission, salary or retainer plus commission.

Export trading company (ETC):While an EMC has 7…to sell and is using its energies to seek out buyers, an ETC attacks the other side ofthetradingcoin.Itidentifieswhatforeignbuyerswanttospendtheir money on and then hunts down domestic sources willing to export.An ETC sometimes takes title to the goods and sometimes works on a commission basis.

Import/export merchant: This international entrepreneur is a sort of free agent. He has no specific client base, and he doesn’t specialize in any one industry or line of products. Instead, he purchases goods directlyfromadomesticorforeignmanufacturerandthenpacks,ships and resells the goods on his own.This means, of course, that unlike the EMC, he assumes all the risks (as well as all the profits).

Swimming the Trade Channel. Now that you’re familiar with the players, you’ll need to take a swim in the trade channel, the means by which the merchandise travels from manufacturer to end user. A manufacturer who uses a 8… who resells to the consumer is paddling around in a three-level channel of distribution. The middleman can be a merchant who purchases the goods and then resells them, or he can be an agent who acts as a broker but doesn’t take title to the stuff.

Who your fellow swimmers are will depend on how you configure your trade channel, but they could include any of the following:

Manufacturer’s representative: a salesperson who specializes in a type of product or line of complementary products; for example, home electronics: televisions, radios, CD players and sound systems. He often providesadditionalproductassistance,suchas9…andtechnicalservice.

Distributor or wholesale distributor: a company that buys the product you’ve imported and sells it to a retailer or other agent for further distribution until it gets to the end user.

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Representative: a savvy salesperson who pitches your product to wholesale or retail buyers, then passes the sale on to you; differs from a manufacturer’s representative in that he doesn’t necessarily 10… a particular product or group of products

Retailer: the tail end of the trade channel where the merchandise smacks into the consumer; as yet another variation on a theme, if the end user is not Joan Q. Public but an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), then you don’t need to worry about the retailer because the OEM becomes your end of the line.

Task 2. Translate into Russian.

1. Internationaltradeistheexchangeofcapital,goods,andservices across international borders or territories, which could involve the activities of the government and individual.

2. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product.

3.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to new markets and products.

4.Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market:food,clothes,spareparts,oil,jewelry,wine,stocks,currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation.

5.A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import.

6.Countries trade because one country may be more productive than others in all goods, in the sense that it can produce any good using fewer inputs (such as capital and labor) than other countries require to produce the same good.

7. Though a country may be twice as productive as its trading partners in making clothing, if it is three times as productive in making steel or building airplanes, it will benefit from making and exporting these products and importing clothes.

8. Because of comparative advantage, trade raises the living standards of both countries.

9.Trade contributes to global efficiency.

10. When a country opens up to trade, capital and labor shift toward industries in which they are used more efficiently.

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11. That movement provides society a higher level of economic welfare.

12. Reforms since World War II have substantially reduced government-imposed trade barriers. But policies to protect domestic industries vary.

13. Tariffs are much higher in certain sectors such as agriculture and clothing and among certain country groups such as less developed countries than in others.

14. The World Trade Organization (WTO) referees international trade.

15. Agreements devised since 1948 by its 153 members of the WTO and its predecessor General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs promote nondiscrimination and facilitate further liberalization in nearly all areas of commerce, including tariffs, subsidies, customs valuation and procedures, trade and investment in service sectors, and intellectual property.

Task 3. Translate into English.

1.Международная торговля — это система международных товарно-денежных отношений, которые складываются из внешней торговли всех стран мира.

2.Международная торговля возникла в процессе зарождения мирового рынка в XVI–XVIII веках.

3.Понятие «экспорт» означает вывозить товары и услуги из порта страны.

4.Покупателя таких товаров и услуг принято именовать страной-«импортером», тогда как внешнего продавца — страной- «экспортером».

5.Импорт любых товаров или услуг является одним из самых распространенных видов деятельности в торговой сфере.

6.Наряду с экспортом, импорт составляет основу международных экономических отношений.

7.Внутреннийрынок—эторынокпродуктовиресурсов,огра- ниченный определенной территорией (город, регион, страна), где участники рынка осуществляют экономическую деятельность.

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8. Основной фактор успеха выхода компании на внешний рынок — это наличие сильного локального партнера, который поверит в ваш бренд.

9. Очень важно создать продукт, который привлечет иностранных потребителей.

10. Для того чтобы выйти на внешний рынок, необходимо иметь большой ассортимент товаров.

11. Чтобы выбрать стратегию выхода на внешний рынок, прежде­ всего надо его изучить.

12.Крометого,оченьважноизучитьситуациювданномрегионе. 13. При анализе региональных особенностей следует учесть такие факторы: степень осведомленности людей о товаре и их

потребность в продукте этого типа.

14.Послеизучениякомпаний,которыемоглибыстатьвашими партнерами, необходимо наладить контакт с потенциальным партнером.

15.Вы можете направить предложение потенциальному партнеру, обсудить варианты по телефону или провести встречу.

Skills Focus

Task 1. Study the graph1. Complete the sentences using an appropriate adjective, noun, adverb and verb: an increase, a rise, a decrease, a fall, to increase, to rise, to decrease, to fall, slight, gradual, sharp, sudden, slightly, gradually, sharply, suddenly. For more information seeAppendix 1, Describing Graphs.

1 http://pli.intuto.com/cats/content.aspx?courseID=744&learningID=40370

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