Фоностилистика английского языка. Учебное пособие на модульной основе

In fact, studies have highlighted quite a few positive effects of tourism.

For example, Doxey‘s model doesn‘t look at the effects on the tourists themselves – they may well benefit from increased understanding of the host society and culture. Then, traditional crafts in the host area may be revitalized because tourism provides new markets such as the souvenir trade, for example, so instead of these traditional skills being lost, local people are encouraged to develop them. There may also be more long-lasting changes, which actually lead to the empowerment of both groups and individuals in the host area. For example, tourism creates openings for employment for women, and through giving them a chance to have a personal income; it allows them to become more independent.

In addition, because tourism tends to work through a very few languages that have world-wide usage, those working in the tourist industry may be encouraged to acquire new languages, and this will empower them through providing wider access to globalized media, and improving their job prospects in a wider context. Right, now we‘ll take a short break there and then we‘ll look at a couple of case studies and see how far the points we‘ve discussed so far apply to them.

14. Sea or Air? ♫

Susan: Are you looking forward to your trip to Canada, Julie?

Julie: I can‘t wait to see Canada, Susan, but I‘m scared stiff of the journey. My husband insists on flying, but I want to sail. Planes make me nervous.

Susan: There‘s nothing to be frightened of. How many planes fly across the

Atlantic every day?

Julie: I‘ve no idea. Hundreds, I suppose.

Susan: And how often do you hear of a crash?.. Once or twice a year? Julie: Yes, but aero planes fly so high and fast that once is enough.

Susan: Look, there are more road casualties per day than air deaths per year. Air transport is really safe compared with road transport.

Julie: I‘d still prefer to go by sea. Ships may not travel fast but at least you can relax. I‘d love a trip on a luxury liner like the Queen Elizabeth II.

Susan: It‘s fine if you‘re a good sailor, but have you ever travelled far in a rough sea?

Julie: No. I‘ve only been in a boat once. I sailed down the River Thames on a

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sightseeing tour... But in any case I‘d rather be sea-sick than dead.

15. The Growth of Asia and Some Implications for Australia ♫

Talk at Australian Investment Conference (Sydney – 19 October 2009)

Philip Lowe (Assistant Governor):

Thank you very much Paul and good afternoon to all. It‘ a … it‘s a pleasure for me to be here this afternoon. As you all know, the last 18 months has been an extremely challenging period. Late last year we saw risk aversion sweep around the world. Global capital markets virtually shut down, confidence in many financial institutions was shaken to its core. Global industrial production collapsed, and so did the value of world trade. The result of all this has been the worst global downturn since the early 1930s.

Yet, despite what has been an incredibly difficult international backdrop the Australian economy has been surprisingly resilient. Amongst the major developed countries of the world Australia is the only one that has not recorded a negative year-ended growth rate during the global downturn. And somewhat remarkably it‘s also the only one that has not recorded a drop in its export volumes over the past year.

There are a number of reasons for this relatively good performance; I think they are now pretty well understood. The timely and large adjustments to both monetary and fiscal policy have been important. So too has the healthy state of the banking system. The depreciation we saw at the second half of last year was also important. And last, but certainly not least, has been Australia‘s trade links with Asia, and in… and in particular China, have been very important. Rather than go over this ground again today, I‘d like to lift my gaze a bit beyond the current immediate outlook for both the economy and interest rates to focus on a medium-term structural issue. While it‘s always a bit treacherous doing that given the very large uncertainties involved, and it‘s important we periodically do that if we are to appropriately plan for the future.

My central theme is that there are reasonable grounds for considerable optimism about the prospects for the Australian economy over the decade ahead. There are a number of reasons for this, but the one that I would like to focus on today is our growing trade links with Asia.

Over the past decade this‘ been a very significant shift in economic weight from the advanced economies of the world on the one hand to the

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emerging world on the other, particularly those in Asia. This shift has picked up recently, with many of the advanced economies weighed down by the problems in their financial systems. But more importantly for Australia, this shift has much much further to run and it‘s likely to have profound effects on our prospects and on the structure of our economy. And in my time today, I would like to talk about some of the changes that we are seeing and I think we will see.

16.Conversation ♫

–Hi, Kate, how are you getting on?

–Hey, what are you doing here? I didn‘t expect you until later.

–Well, I‘ve already finished everything I had to do at work so I thought I‘d come back and help you. I know you‘ve had a busy day.

–I‘ve had an extremely busy day. And it hasn‘t finished yet.

–Did you remember we‘ve got Paul and Hannah for dinner tonight?

–Yes, I did.

–Have you got everything you need?

–Well, I‘ve already done the shopping but I haven‘t bought the wine yet.

–Oh, I‘ll do that.

–Have you picked up the children yet?

–No, I haven‘t done that yet. They are still at school.

–Ok, well, I‘ll get them when I buy the wine.

–No, they‘ve got their sports club, so they‘ll be there until about six. You‘re more important here. Have you collected the car from the garage yet? It should be ready by now.

–No … no, I haven‘t. I‘ll go to the garage later. Now, what‘s next?

–Well, the kitchen is clean but you could check the bathroom for me.

–Ok. Have you thrown away the pile of newspapers in the front room?

–No, they are still lying on the table.

–I‘ll take out the rubbish as well.

–I‘ve already done that. Now … I haven‘t started cooking yet and it‘s getting late. When you‘ve got the wine can you lay the table? Here‘s the tablecloth and knives and forks … and mend the television?

–All right.

–It still doesn‘t work. Oh and wrap up your mother‘s birthday present.

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–It still needs wrapping paper. And turn on the heating. It‘s getting quite cold in here.

–Oh, dear. It‘s one of those days.

17. BBC World News – Iceland Volcano ♫

Conditions on the ground immediately downstream of the volcano are extremely difficult. A lot of ash is falling. Approximately ten centimetres of volcanic dust has settled on the ground.

Visibility is down to just a few metres and the authorities are using specially modified vehicles, armoured personnel carriers to visit and check on people who remain in the area. But the top of the ash cloud reaching into the sky has lowered. It is no longer registering on weather radar and scientists estimate its maximum height is now around three to four thousand metres.

Much less ash is now being released into the atmosphere compared to the beginning of this eruption and scientists say they believe the volcanic activity may now be entering a different phase.

Lorna Gordon, BBC, Iceland

18. The American Novel since 1945 ♫

Amy Hungerford: Last time I finished up my lectures on Wise Blood by trying to draw together three different ways of reading the novel into one interpretative framework, and what I ultimately argued was that the New Critical formal unity of the novel that is epitomized, I think (in a somewhat, perhaps, heavy-handed way), in Chapter 7 of the novel – that‘s book-ended by the symbol of the blinding white cloud – that it‘s that unity, in a sense, that replaces the bodily unities that are always blown apart in O‘Connor‘s fiction. And, in a certain way, what you see is a fiction that is personified in that way, that it takes on the qualities and the values of the person, and for O'Connor that means the person understood in a religious framework as something with transcendent meaning and transcendent value and, indeed, a transcendent life.

There is a very different image of the personified word in Lolita, and I‘m going to refer now to an essay, a 1992 essay, by the British novelist Martin Amis. He compares the prose style in Lolita with a muscle-bound man, a man

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whose body is bulked up purely for aesthetic reasons, for only the purpose of looking a certain way, that the bodybuilder is not that person who's going to go out and use their muscles to do some job. It is simply there to be looked at, to be oiled up and presented and displayed. That‘s how Amos describes the prose style of Lolita.

So, I want you to keep that image in your mind. The question of the relationship between the person and the aesthetic in Lolita is going to be at the heart of my overarching argument about the novel.

Today, you‘re not going to see much of that. What I want to do today – since we have three lectures on Lolita – what I want to do today is simply to begin to open the text for you: to give you some ways of reading it; to alert you to certain kinds of questions; to ask you some overarching questions; and also to just get you thinking and into the texture of the novel. First, I want to ask you though, what do you think of this so far? I just want to hear from you. What are you responses? Who really hates this novel so far? Anybody? Yes. Okay. Why do you hate this novel?

Student: I guess it‘s because of the fact that he‘s doing something that‘s really not good, and it almost seems like he‘s trivializing it.

Amy Hungerford: Uh huh. What about it trivializes that crime?

Student: I guess it‘s just that there‘s no moral lens that we‘re looking at it through. It‘s just his view of the world.

Amy Hungerford: Uh huh. Okay. So, Humbert‘s lack of a moral vocabulary to understand what he‘s doing makes it seems like it‘s trivialized. Okay. Other thoughts on this? Who else is really put off by this subject matter? Even if you like the novel, who else is really put off by this? Yes…

19. An extract from “Pride and Prejudice” by J. Austen ♫

And when the party entered the assembly room it consisted only of five all together – Mr. Bingley, his two sisters, the husband of the eldest, and another young man.

Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike; he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners. His sisters were fine women, with an air of decided fashion. His brother-in-law, Mr. Hurst, merely looked the gentleman; but his friend Mr. Darcy, soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall person, handsome features, and the report which was in general

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circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a year. The gentlemen pronounced him to be a fine figure of a man, the ladies declared he was much handsomer than Mr. Bingley, and he was looked at with great admiration for about half the evening, till his manners gave a disgust which turned the tide of his popularity; for he was discovered to be proud; to be above his company, and above being pleased; and not all his large estate in Derbyshire could then save him from having a most forbidding, disagreeable countenance, and being unworthy to be compared with his friend. He was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world, and everybody hoped that he would never come here again. Amongst the most violent against him was Mrs. Bennet, whose dislike of his general behaviour was sharpened into particular resentment by his having slighted one of her daughters.

Elizabeth Bennet had been obliged, by the scarcity of gentlemen, to sit down for two dances; and during part of that time, Mr. Darcy had been standing near enough for her to overhear a conversation between him and Mr. Bingley, who came from the dance for a few minutes to press his friend to join it.

20. American Educators Consider Later High School

Start Times ♫

This is Shep O’Neal with the VOA Special English Education Report. Radio announcer Shep O’Neal:

Medical research is leading American education officials to consider having high school classes start later in the morning. The research says teenagers are more awake later at night than adults are. When teenagers stay up late at night they have problems learning early in the morning.

Researchers in the state of Rhode Island measured the presence of the hormone melatonin in peoples‘ mouths at different times of the day. Melatonin causes people to feel sleepy. They found that melatonin levels rise later at night in teenagers than they do in children and adults. And they remain at a higher level in teenagers later in the morning. They say this shows that teenagers have difficulty learning early in the morning. Yet most school systems in the United

States begin high school classes at about seven o‘clock.

A few school districts have made some changes. In nineteen ninety-six, school officials in Edina, Minnesota changed high school opening from about seven thirty until eight thirty. Two years later, the nearby city of Minneapolis

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did the same. Teachers there reported that students were no longer sleepy in class and were happier. And staying in school later in the day did not seem to be a problem for students who had jobs after school.

Health experts say teenagers need between eight and nine hours of sleep a night. Students who do not get enough sleep are likely to be late for school, fail to do their homework, fall asleep in class and have trouble taking part in class discussions. Yet some adults oppose changing school start times. School district officials say it is not possible to carry high school and elementary students on buses at the same time. And parents of young children do not support having elementary schools start earlier in the morning. They say it would require young children to wait for school buses in the dark.

Others do not support a later start time because they say it would limit the time for practicing sports after school. However, the Minnesota schools found that this did not hurt school sports competitions. More American school districts are discussing the possibility of changing high school start times. Researchers and teenagers say they cannot make the change quickly enough.

21. Statement ♫

September 28, 2005 (San Jose, California)

– Good morning. My name is Judy Liegman, I am a 5-th grade bilingual teacher for the Sunnyvale school district. And I am here because I feel that the CTA union has gone too far this time. I am outraged by their apparent assumption that we teachers should be an obedient and docile source of funding for any political purpose that union officials happen to set their minds to. This contemptuous attitude toward us teachers is manifested clearly in their assault on our freedom of speech and personal property, in the form of an arbitrary additional dues assessment, in order to finance their political agenda.

Our earliest Founding Documents in this country make it clear that no person should be required to forfeit the fruit of his or her labor to fund the political objectives of others. We teachers need to have the protections of the Constitution in the face of coercive, intimidating power. I had a taste of the CTA‘s tactics of intimidation last Thursday when we announced our lawsuit in Sacramento. I could not believe my ears when a large crowd of union operatives began to scream at us and chant at the top of their voices. The bedlam did not

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abate for the entire 20 minutes we attempted to share our concerns with the public.

I am especially disgusted with the stealthy way the CTA officials planned the timing of the vote to add this extra dues burden onto us teachers. Apparently union officials made their decision on June 11 – the time when we teachers are working at full speed to finish the school year, completing our grades and report cards, filling out endless paperwork, cleaning and ordering our classrooms, and saying good-bye to the students who have learned to love and trust us during the past school year.

The last thing we teachers are paying attention to, at a time like that, is the possibility that our union officials might be positioning themselves to start seizing an additional $60 from each of us, beginning with the new school year!

So here we teachers stand, all 335,000 of us in California, still not having been given a disclosure of the forced dues deduction that will show up on our paychecks in two days. To most, it will come as a big surprise to learn that millions of dollars have been taken from them to fight a political battle.

I am sure that a large number of my fellow California teachers share my desire for political autonomy, for the freedom to make our own choices, issue by issue, candidate by candidate, where we want to put our own money to work in the public forum.

Individual convictions, although not considered important by the California Teachers Association officials, are an essential element of our democracy, and they must be protected and guarded with great care. For this reason, we beg the court to put a ―wall of separation‖ between the union and our pocketbooks!

Our basic freedoms are at stake, and it is high time that a limit is set on the power that union officials wield over our professional and financial lives. Thank you.

22. Conversation ♫

Janet: I‘ve just come across an old photograph album of my mother‘s in this drawer. Come and have a look, Mike.

Mike: Gosh! Is this a picture of you as a baby? You were quite cute then. It‘s a shame you‘ve grown up.

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Janet: Don‘t be nasty! Look, here‘s a photo of my sister Paula when she was still in the fourth form at school. That‘s an old boyfriend of hers beside her.

Mike: She looks a bit young for boyfriends – but I suppose she takes after you – you always used to have a different boyfriend whenever I saw you in those days. Janet: Look who is talking! I remember looking through some of your old photos a while ago – and I found a whole collection of pictures of different girlfriends of yours.

Mike: Look! Here‘s an old photo of your mother. Didn‘t she look like you then?

Janet: Yes, everyone says we are very alike. Mike: What a ridiculous hat she is wearing!

Janet: It‘s not ridiculous at all. It was the height of fashion – then.

Mike: Something has just occurred to me – if your mother looked like you twenty years ago, you‘ll probably look just like her in twenty years time…

Janet: So?

Mike: So… er… well… Look, a picture of young David!

23. Introduction to Psychology ♫

Paul Bloom: What we‘ve been talking about so far in the course are human universals, what everybody shares. So, we‘ve been talking about language, about rationality, about perception, about the emotions, about universals of development, and we‘ve been talking about what people share. But honestly, what a lot of us are very interested in is why we‘re different and the nature of these differences and the explanation for them. And that‘s what we‘ll turn to today.

So first, we‘ll discuss how are people different, different theories about what makes you different in a psychological way from the person sitting next to you, and then we'll review different theories about why people are different. And this is the class which is going to bother the most people. It‘s not dualism. It‘s not evolution. It‘s this because the scientific findings on human psychological differences are, to many of us, shocking and unbelievable. And I will just try to persuade you to take them seriously…

How happy are you? This is also such a good topic it's going to get its own class. The very last class of the semester is devoted to happiness and the question of what makes people happy, what makes people unhappy, and what makes people differ in their happiness. If I asked you to rank how happy you are

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from a scale of 1 to 10, the numbers would differ across this room. And there are different theories as to why.

Your success and failure in life – this is somewhat interesting because you could study this in more or less objective ways. We don‘t have to ask people. We could look at your relationships, how they begin, how they end, your job satisfaction. We could look at your criminal records. Some of you are going to see time. Most will not. Some of you will get into little troubles all through your life. Some of you already have seen the inside of a police station, possibly a lineup. Others couldn‘t go near such a thing. What determines that? And at the root of all human differences are two main factors. And so, I want to talk about the two main interesting factors. One is personality. The other is intelligence. And this is what – these are the differences I‘ll talk about today first from the standpoint of how do we characterize them, how do we explain them, and then from the standpoint of why these differences exist in the first place.

24. “The Season” by Ivy Russell ♫

¯Oh, ˈdo you re„member When „springtime was ‚here,

The snowdrops and catkins, The ˈbirds‘ ˙songs ˈso ‚clear?

Oh, ˈdo you reˆmember

The ˈlong ˙summer \hours,

The ˈhum of the \bees

And the \scent of the \flowers?

¯And ˈdo you reˈmember When “autumn came ˌround,

ˈHow „leaves „red and \yellow

ˈLay „thick on the \ground?

But ˌnow it is ˇwinter,

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