Тесты по чтению на английском языке. Готовимся к централизованному тестированию

Ю. В. Маслов, М. Е. Маслова, И. Г. Цеханович

ТЕСТЫ ПО ЧТЕНИЮ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ.

Готовимся к централизованному тестированию

Минск «ТетраСистемс»

2008

УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923

М31

Авторы:

кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой Ю. В. Маслов; старший преподаватель М. Е. Маслова; преподаватель И. Г. Цеханович (кафедра профессиональной иноязычной подготовки

Барановичского государственного университета)

Р ецензент:

методист отдела гуманитарно-эстетических дисциплин Витебского областного государственного института повышения квалификации и переподготовки руководящих работников и специалистов образования Л. Ф. Зубенко

Маслов, Ю. В.

М31 Тесты по чтению на английском языке. Готовимся к централизованному тестированию / Ю. В. Маслов, М. Е. Маслова, И. Г. Цеханович. – Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2008. – 160 с.

ISBN 978-985-470-811-9.

Пособие содержит 20 тематических тестов по чтению, разработанных в формате централизованного тестирования. Данный материал позволяет организовать интенсивную проверку уровня готовности к осуществлению разных видов чтения. Тематика тестов разнообразна и включает факты из всех областей знаний, изучаемых в средней школе. Пособие предназначено для абитуриентов, а также учащихся старших классов школ всех типов.

УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923

ISBN 978-985-470-811-9 © МасловЮ. В., МасловаМ. Е., ЦехановичИ. Г., 2008 © Оформление. НТООО«ТетраСистемс», 2008

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Главная цель данного пособия – подготовка учащихся старших классов всех типов школ к централизованному тестированию по английскому языку.

Нередко чтение текстов, которые носят более специальный характер, вызывает у школьников затруднения. Это связано, прежде всего, с тем, что в ходе обучения недостаточно внимания уделяется обучению разным видам чтения. Данное пособие представляет собой попытку авторского коллектива компенсировать этот недостаток. В пособии содержатся тесты, выполнение которых предполагает реализацию различных видов чтения.

Тесты могут выполняться как в классе, так и самостоятельно. Наличие ключей позволяет использовать материал в режиме самоконтроля, а все возникающие вопросы решать в классе с помощью учителя. Предлагаемые в пособии задания могут быть успешноиспользованыдляпромежуточногоиитоговогоконтроля.

Данные тесты, на наш взгляд, существенно отличаются от многих других. Дело в том, что все они – сугубо тематические, так что выполнение заданий существенно расширяет фоновые знания учащихся, интересующихся или специализирующихся в самых разных областях – физике и математике, химии и биологии, филологии и литературе, изобразительном искусстве и даже физической культуре.

При этом формат тестовых заданий строго соответствует стандартам централизованного тестирования. Все 20 тестов примерно идентичны по уровню трудности, поэтому улучшение результатов их выполнения от одного теста к другому может означать совершенствование умений в разных видах чтения.

Желаем пользователям нашего пособия, учащимся старших классов школ, не только правильно выполнить все задания, но и просто получить удовольствие от чтения наших материалов. Авторы уверены, что учащиеся, успешно выполнившие наши задания, будут чувствовать себя значительно более уверенно на централизованном тестировании. Успехов вам!

Авторский коллектив

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TEST 01

ON PHYSICS AND PHYSICISTS

d I. Прочитайте текст и выберите вариант ответа, соответствующий содержанию прочитанных фрагментов (А-С).

А. Michael Faraday is a British physicist and chemist, best known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws of electrolysis. The research that established Faraday as the foremost experimental scientist of his day was, however, in the fields of electricity and magnetism. In 1821 he plotted the magnetic field around a conductor carrying an electric current. Faraday followed this accomplishment with the discovery of electromagnetic induction. During this same period of research he investigated the phenomena of electrolysis and discovered two fundamental laws: that the amount of chemical action produced by an electrical current in an electrolyte is proportional to the amount of electricity passing through the electrolyte; and that the amount of a substance deposited from an electrolyte by the action of a current is proportional to the chemical equivalent weight of the substance. In experimenting with magnetism, Faraday made two discoveries of great importance; one was the existence of diamagnetism, and the other was the fact that a magnetic field has the power to rotate the plane of polarized light passing through certain types of glass.

В. Sir Isaac Newton is an English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher. He is considered one of the most important scientists of all time. Newton formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion – laws that explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the heavens. He established the modern study of optics and built the first reflecting telescope. Newton’s revolutionary contributions explained the workings of a large part of the physical world in

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mathematical terms, and they suggested that science may provide explanations for other phenomena as well. Newton took known facts and formed mathematical theories to explain them. He used his mathematical theories to predict the behavior of objects in different circumstances and then compared his predictions with what he observed in experiments. Newton began with the laws of motion and gravitation he observed in nature, and then used these laws to convert physics from a mere science of explanation into a general mathematical system with rules and laws. His experiments explained the phenomena of light and color and anticipated modern developments in light theory. In addition, his invention of calculus gave science one of its most versatile and powerful tools.

С. Zhores Alferov is a Belarus-born physicist who was co-winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in physics. Alferov shared half of the Nobel Prize with American physicist Herbert Kroemer for their independent yet parallel improvements to semiconductors during the early 1960s. Their enhanced semiconductor design is widely used in microelectronics. Alferov was born in 1930 in Vitebsk, Belarus. His major work centered on creating faster transistors. Transistors regulate the passage of electrons and are found in almost all electronic devices. Semi-conductors, materials that have the properties of both a conductor (capacity to carry an electric current) and an insulator (resistance to an electric current) are one of the key components of transistors. Alferov experimented with structures made of layers of different semi-conducting materials. By combining separate materials in layers as thin as a few atoms, he vastly improved transistor performance. These layered semiconductors are called heterostructures. Today, the heterostructures are used in satellite communication systems, in the base stations for mobile-telephone networks, and in the fiber-optic technology that speeds Internet data throughout the world. Heterostructure lasers make it possible for CD players to reproduce music and for the bar-code scanners in stores to automatically record sales. Future improvements in laser-diode technology may one day replace the conventional light bulb with light-emitting devices based on semiconductor heterostructures.

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1. A breakthrough in modern technologies was achieved by

A.Newton and Alferov

B.Kroemer and Faraday

C.Faraday and Alferov

D.Alferov and Kroemer

2. A scholar who can be reverentially called “a man for all times” is

A.Faraday

B.Alferov

C.Newton

D.Kroemer

3. The scientists who received a major prize for their innovation are

A.Newton and Alferov

B.Kroemer and Faraday

C.Faraday and Alferov

D.Alferov and Kroemer

4.The scientist who possessed a unique gift for scientific prediction is

A.Faraday

B.Alferov

C.Newton

D.Kroemer

5.The scholars who united several branches of science in their research are

A.Alferov and Kroemer

B.Faraday and Alferov

C.Newton and Faraday

D.Kroemer and Newton

d II. Прочитайте текст. Подберите соответствующий заголовок к каждому абзацу (1-5).

(1) In the eleventh century, people noticed that if there was a small hole in one wall of a darkened room, then the light coming through the hole would make a faint picture on the opposite wall of the scene

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outside the room. A room like this was called a camera obscura. Artists later used a box "camera obscura" with a lens in the hole to make the picture clearer. But it was not possible to preserve the image that was produced in the box.

(2)In 1727, Johann Heinrich Schulze mixed chalk, silver, and nitric acid in a bottle. He found that when the mixture was exposed to the light, it became darker. In 1826, Joseph Niepce put some paper dipped in a light-sensitive chemical into his camera obscura which he left on a window. The result was probably the first permanent photographic image.

(3)The image Niepce made was a "negative," a picture where all the white parts are black and all the black parts are white. Later, Louis Daguerre found a way to reverse the black and white parts to make "positive" prints. But when he looked at the pictures in the light, the chemicals continued to react and the pictures went dark. In 1837, he found a way to "fix" the image. These images are known as daguerreotypes.

(4)Many developments were made in the nineteenth century. Glass plates coated with light-sensitive chemicals were used to produce clear, sharp, positive prints on paper. In the 1870s, George Eastman proposed using rolls of paper film, coated with chemicals, to replace glass plates. Then, in 1888, Eastman began manufacturing the Kodak camera, the first "modern" lightweight camera which people could carry and use.

(5)During this century, many great technological improvements have been made. One of the most important is color film. This is made from layers of chemicals that are sensitive to red, green, and blue light, from which all other colors can be made. Although now, for example, we make and see photos of the earth from space, the basic principles of photography have not changed since Niepce took his first photograph.

А. How It All Began

В. Changes or Non Changes, Basic Principle Stays С. Camera Obscura Working Magic

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D.Unheard-of Possibilities of Color Photography

E.In the Beginning There Was Light

F.Photography: More and More Accessible

G.Images Are Here to Stay

d III. Прочитайте текст и выполните послетекстовые задания.

(1)For a long time people have been trying to prove that ghosts are real. It has not been an easy job. Most of the evidence comes from people who say they have seen ghosts, but people can tell lies and make mistakes. A photograph of a ghost would be a more solid piece of evidence, and there have been a lot of photographs that were supposed to show ghosts – most of them not very convincing. People began trying to take pictures of ghosts from the time photography first developed in the mid-nineteenth century. But in the early days photography was crude; people did not understand it very well, and they made mistakes.

(2)A classic mistake was almost made by Frank Podmore, one of the early psychical researchers in Britain. The word psychical means "things of the spirit," and Podmore studied reported sightings of ghosts. One day he was shown a picture of the inside of an English chapel. In the picture was the faint, ghostly outline of a human face. The photographer said that nothing unusual had happened during the picture taking. Only after the film was developed did he see the human face and recognize it as that of a young friend who had recently died a tragic death.

(3)Podmore, who had seen lots of fakes, was impressed. He thought the man was honest. Podmore showed the picture to someone else, without telling the story of the dead boy. This person identified the face as that of a woman about thirty. But whether a boy of eighteen or a woman of thirty, there did seem to be a ghostly face in the picture. How did it get there? The answer lies in the way photographs were taken many years ago. Photographers would set up a camera on a three-legged stand called a tripod. They would expose the film and then walk away because it could take a long time for the image to reg-

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ister on the film, particularly if the light was not bright. The inside of a chapel, for example, would not be well lighted, and such a photograph could take an hour or more.

(4)During that period someone might walk into the range of the camera and even stare at it for a few seconds. Cameras were unusual in the early days, and people were curious about them. The image of the intruder would register lightly on the film, and when the picture was developed, it would appear faint and "ghostly." Many of the early ghost pictures were not mistakes at all. They were deliberate fakes. Professional photographers would take a picture of a person in the studio, and when the picture was developed, what appeared to be a ghostly figure would be standing behind or alongside the living person. Usually this figure was identified as a dead friend or relative. These so-called "spirit photographs" often cost a lot of money, and they were all fakes.

(5)For years spirit photography was popular in many parts of the world. Then, in 1875, a photographer was arrested by the police in Paris. At his trial he freely admitted that he had faked his pictures and showed the dummy he had used as his "spirit." But many people who had bought spirit photographs from him refused to believe that the pictures had been faked. Spirit photography hasn't been popular for a long time. When we look at some of the old spirit photographs today, we wonder how anyone could have been fooled by them.

d Выберите вариант ответа, соответствующий содержанию прочитанного текста (задания 1—5).

1. Proving that ghosts are real was not an easy job, as

А. the only evidence was hearsay and unconvincing photographs. В. the quality of the photos left much to be desired.

С. the only evidence was strange sounds in different places.

2. A classical mistake was almost made by Frank Podmore, who

А. did not question the truthfulness of the "ghost" picture. В. didn't believe the "ghost" picture was real.

С. trusted the honesty of the photographer.

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3. The answer how the image of a ghost appeared in the picture lies in

А. the quality of the photo: a clear image faded out quickly. В. the way the photographs were taken many years ago.

С. the character of a photographer who had to be honest and sincere.

4. People were curious about cameras, because

А. thе technical innovation was an exciting novelty. В. they believed cameras might bring them profit.

С. people were sure cameras attracted ghosts and spirits.

5. Many of the early "ghost" pictures were not mistakes at all, as

А. ghosts really existed at those times. В. they were deliberate fakes.

С. spirits liked to be photographed.

d Определите значение указанного слова в тексте (задания

6 – 8).

d Выберите правильный вариант перевода в соответствии с содержанием текста (задания 9-12).

9. Only after the film was developed did he see the human face and recognize it as that of a young friend who had recently died a tragic death (2).

А. Только после того, как плёнка была проявлена, он увидел на ней лицо молодого друга, который недавно трагически погиб.

В. После того как фотография была сделана, он распознал на ней лицо своего друга, погибшего при трагических обстоятельствах.

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