Тесты по чтению на английском языке. Готовимся к централизованному тестированию

great culmination of his efforts to calculate the orbit of Mars. This treatise contains statements of two of Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

C.Tycho Brahe is a Danish astronomer, who made precise, comprehensive astronomical measurements of the solar system and more than 700 stars. The data Brahe accumulated was superior to all other astronomical measurements made until the invention of the telescope in the early 17th century. With no instruments other than a globe and a pair of compasses, he succeeded in detecting grave errors in the standard astronomical tables, and set about correcting them. In 1572 he discovered a supernova in the constellation Cassiopeia. Brahe never fully accepted the Copernican theory of the universe and sought a compromise by combining it with the old Ptolemaic system. In Brahe's system, the five known planets were supposed to revolve around the sun, which, with the planets, circled the earth each year. The sphere of the stars revolved around the immobile earth once a day. Although Brahe's theory of planetary motion was flawed, the data he accumulated during his life played a crucial role in developing the correct description of planetary motion.

D.Galileo Galilei is an Italian physicist and astronomer, who initiated the scientific revolution. His main contributions were, in astronomy, the use of the telescope in observation and the discovery of sunspots, lunar mountains and valleys, the four largest satellites of Jupiter, and the phases of Venus. His works opened new vistas in astronomy, and continued Copernicu's work. In physics, he discovered the laws of falling bodies. Galileo’s most valuable scientific contribution was his founding of physics on precise measurements rather than on metaphysical principles and formal logic. In the history of culture, Galileo stands as a symbol of the battle against authority for freedom of inquiry.

1. The two astronomers who engaged in calculating the planetary orbits were

A.Copernicus and Kepler

B.Galileo and Brahe

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C.Brahe and Kepler

D.Galileo and Copernicus

2. The two astronomers who discovered new stars and satellites were

A.Galileo and Copernicus

B.Brahe and Kepler

C.Kepler and Copernicus

D.Galileo and Brahe

3. The two astronomers who never used a telescope were

A.Brahe and Copernicus

B.Galileo and Brahe

C.Kepler and Copernicus

D.Galileo and Kepler

4.The two astronomers who were devoted Copernicans were

A.Galileo and Brahe

B.Galileo and Kepler

C.Brahe and Kepler

D.Copernicus and Brahe

5.The two astronomers who also made contributions to areas other than astronomy were

A.Galileo and Copernicus

B.Brahe and Kepler

C.Copernicus and Kepler

D.Kepler and Galileo

d II. Прочитайте текст. Подберите соответствующий заголовок к каждому абзацу (1-5).

(1) According to the controversial sunspot theory, great storms or eruptions on the surface of the sun hurl streams of solar particles into space and eventually into the atmosphere of our planet, causing shifts in the weather on the Earth and interference with radio and television communications.

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(2)A typical sunspot consists of a dark central umbra, a word derived from the Latin word for shadow, which is surrounded by a lighter penumbra of light and dark threads extending out from the center like the spokes of a wheel. Actually, the sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, which may account for their apparently darker color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot umbra is about 4000 degrees, whereas the temperature in a penumbra registers 5500 degrees, and the granules outside the spot are 6000 degrees.

(3)Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to complex structures with areas stretching for billions of square miles. About 5 percent of all sunspots are large enough so that they can be seen from Earth without instruments; consequently, observations of sunspots have been recorded for thousands of years. Sunspots have been observed in arrangements of one to more than one hundred spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also a marked tendency for the two spots of a pair to have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore, the strength of the magnetic field associated with any given sunspot is closely related to the spot's size.

(4)Sunspots have also been observed to occur in cycles, over a period of eleven years. At the beginning of a cycle, the storms occur between 20 and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on the sun. As the cycle continues, some of the storms move closer to the equator. As the cycle diminishes, the number of sunspots decreases to a minimum and they cluster between 5 and 15 degrees north and south latitude.

(5)Although there is no theory that completely explains the nature and function of sunspots, several models show scientists' attempts to relate the phenomenon to magnetic field lines along the lines of longitude from the north and south poles of the sun.

A.Explanation of the Color Difference

B.Structure of a Sunspot

C.Typical Sunspot Temperature

D.Consequences of Storms on the Sun

E.First Observers of Sunspots

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F.Attempts to Explain the Phenomenon

G.Sunspot Cycles and Periodicity of Storms

H.Some Curious Details

d III. Прочитайте текст и выполните послетекстовые задания.

(1)Astronomers at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, have discovered what they claim are the largest structures yet observed in the universe. The structures are glowing blue arcs of light nearly 2 million trillion miles in length.

(2)The discoverers of these arcs think they are actually optical illusions created by light that has been bent due to the immense gravitational pull of a massive galaxy. The arcs are probably formed when the light from a distant galaxy is bent by the gravitational pull of another, less distant, intervening galaxy. Even though such light-bending galaxies contain billions of stars, they still do not contain enough visible stars which alone could exert the pull needed to bend light in such a way.

(3)Therefore, it is theorized that there must be huge amounts of invisible or "dark" matter within these galaxies. Furthermore, astronomers say that there might be enough dark matter in the universe to supply enough gravity to slow the expansion of the universe and then make it eventually collapse.

d Выберите вариант ответа, соответствующий содержанию прочитанного текста (задания 1-5).

1. The passage mainly deals with

A.how the universe expands.

B.what "dark matter" is like.

C.how arcs in space are created.

2. According to astronomers, the blue arcs are

A.galaxies.

B.imaginary objects.

C.optical illusions.

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3. It can be concluded that galaxies can bend light through their

A.arcs.

B.extreme distance.

C.gravitational field.

4. According to the passage the gravitational pull of some galaxies may be partly supplied by

A.dark matter.

B.blue arcs.

C.light.

5. It can be inferred from the passage that

A.astronomers are not certain about the properties of dark matter.

B.astronomers are not certain whether or not the arcs are visible.

C.only astronomers at Kitt Peak National Observatory have seen the arcs.

d Определите значение указанного слова в тексте (задания

6-8).

d Выберите правильный вариант перевода в соответствии с содержанием текста (задания 9-12).

9. … what they claim are the largest structures yet observed in the universe (1).

A. … которые по их требованиям являются крупнейшими структурами во Вселенной.

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B.… которые по их утверждению представляют собой самые большие образования во Вселенной.

C.… которые по их представлению являются крупнейшими объектами во Вселенной.

10.… even though such light bending galaxies contain billions of stars (2).

A.… даже если такие галактики, способные сгибать свет, содержат миллионы звёзд.

B.… даже в том случае, когда такие галактики, обладающие свойством сгибать поток света, содержат миллиарды звёзд.

C.… даже если в таких галактиках, способных изгибать поток света, находятся миллиарды звёзд.

11.… it is theorized that there must be huge amounts of invisible "dark matter" within these galaxies (3).

A.… существует теория, что внутри этих галактик должно быть большое количество невидимого "тёмного вещества".

B.… имеется теория, что внутри этих галактик находится большое количество невидимой "тёмной материи".

C.… теоретически предполагается, что внутри этих галактик должно находиться большое количество невидимой "тёмной материи".

12.Furthermore, astronomers say … (3)

A.Более того, астрономы утверждают…

B.В дальнейшем, астрономы утверждают…

C.Далее астрономы говорят …

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TEST 04

ON COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

COMPUTER WIZARDS

d I. Прочитайте текст и выберите вариант ответа, со- ответствующийсодержаниюпрочитанныхфрагментов(А-C).

A.The innovators of computer technology were very different from each other but they had a common enthusiasm for technical innovation and the capacity to foresee the potential of computers. A graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Robert Noyce was a risk-taker who was successful both as an engineer and as an entrepreneur. The son of an Iowa minister, he was informal, genuine, and methodical. Even when he was running one of the most successful businesses in the Silicon Valley, he dressed informally and his office was an open cubicle that looked like everyone else's. As an engineer, he co-invented the integrated circuit, which was the basis for later computer design. As a businessman, Noyce co-founded Intel, one of the most successful companies in the Silicon Valley and the first company to introduce the microprocessor. The microprocessor chip became the heart of the computer and made possible the invention of the personal computer.

B.Twenty-year-old Steven Jobs and twenty-four-year-old Stephen Wozniak were the two men who first introduced the personal computer to the marketplace. They had neither prestigious university educations nor experience in big business. The two collaborated on their first project as computer hobbyists in a local computer club. Built in the garage of Jobs's parents, this first personal computer was type- writer-sized, as powerful as a much larger computer, and inexpensive to build. From the very beginning, Jobs insisted that the computers be

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light, trim, and made in muted colors. He also insisted that the language used with the computers be "user-friendly" and that the operation be simple enough for the average person to learn in a few minutes. These features helped convince a skeptical public that the computer was practical for the home and small business.

C. As the computer industry began to reach into homes and small businesses around the world, the need for many new products for the personal computer began to emerge. Martin Alpert, the founder of Tecmar, Inc., was one of the first people to foresee this need. Alpert had neither the technical training of Noyce nor the computer clubs of Jobs and Wozniak to encourage his interest in computer engineering. His parents were German refugees who worked in a factory and a bakery to pay for his college education. They insisted that he study medicine even though his interest was in electronics. Throughout medical school he studied electronics passionately but privately. His first electronics products were medical instruments that he built in his living room. His wife recognized the potential of his projects and enrolled in a graduate program in business management. Both became the most successful creators of personal computer peripherals.

1. The two people who worked best as a team complementing each other were

A.Noyce and Jobs

B.Jobs and Wozniak

C.Wozniak and Alpert

D.Mr and Mrs Alpert

2. The computer enthusiast who found his vocation against all the odds was

A.Noyce

B.Wozniak

C.Jobs

D.Alpert

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3. The computer innovator who was both a brilliant inventor and a shrewd businessman was

A.Noyce

B.Wozniak

C.Jobs

D.Alpert

4. The people who facilitated universal popularity of computers are depicted in

A.Sections A and B

B.Sections B and C

C.Sections C and A

D.Sections A, B, and C

5. The only computer enthusiast who received a prestigious education was

A.Noyce

B.Wozniak

C.Jobs

D.Alpert

d II. Прочитайте текст. Подберите соответствующий заголовок к каждому абзацу (1-5).

(1)Work on Sixth Generation computers should lead to advanced home computers which make your house intelligent. Firstly, you will be able to speak to the computer and tell it to do complicated things and leave it to handle the details and the planning. The computer will be able to simultaneously perform many different tasks, complicated and routine ones. A Sixth Generation machine will monitor your house: controlling the lights, heating, video recorder and the like by simple spoken commands.

(2)The main barrier to the imaginative use of these machines will be the 'band-width' in and out of homes. Band-width is the technical term for the capacity of an information-carrying channel and is usually measured in 'bits per second'. The bandwidth of a normal phone-line

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is around 1200 bits per second, equivalent to 150 alphabet characters per second, just a little faster than one can read. This really is not fast enough.

(3)In future, it is planned to replace the whole phone system with fiber-optic cables. Fiber-optic cables have incredible bandwidth and can carry simultaneously more phone lines, data links and TV channels than we are ever likely to need.

(4)So, eventually, the band-width problem will go away and our advanced home computer will have two-way high speed communication with the rest of the world. This will open up a host of new applications. Let's consider an example: the DELTA project. DELTA stands for Developing European Learning through Technological Advance. As a result of DELTA, your advanced home computer will be able to bring sophisticated instruction using graphic illustrations, video, speech and music rights into your home. What will be new about DELTA is the quality and variety of the educational material. This means that the system will be sensitive to the needs of its human pupils and can adapt the level and kind of instructions.

(5)Computer teaching programs, up to now, have been pretty awful. This is partly because every difficulty and possible route through the material has to be anticipated by the authors, and partly because the inter-faces – how you and the machine communicate – are so primitive. If you want to ask a question, at present there is no chance that you can just type it in and expect an intelligent answer. With the DELTA system, this is not only a real possibility but, in addition, the nature of our question will allow the system to guess the problem behind it and to suggest alternative supplementary explanations.

A.Optic Fiber, Material of the Future

B.Chances of Intelligent Communication

C.Main Obstacles

D.Advanced Computers and Education

E.Fiber-Optic Cables are the Key

F.Computer Teaching Programs of Today

G.New Lifestyle with New Computers

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