Тесты по чтению на английском языке. Готовимся к централизованному тестированию

С. Только после того, как проявили плёнку, он смог узнать лицо своего друга, который недавно трагически погиб.

10. But whether the boy of nineteen or a woman of thirty, there did seem to be a ghostly face in the picture (3).

А. Либо девятнадцатилетний парень, либо женщина тридцати лет, но на фотографии виднелось призрачное лицо.

В. Девятнадцатилетний парень либо же женщина тридцати лет, но на фотографии показалось чье-то призрачное лицо.

С. Было ли то лицо человека девятнадцати лет или тридцатилетней женщины, но оно явно проступало на фото, словно призрачный образ.

11. During that period someone might walk into the range of the camera and even stare at it for a few seconds (3).

А. За это время кто-то мог оказаться перед камерой и даже начать её рассматривать на протяжении нескольких секунд.

B.А в это время кто-нибудь мог войти в диапазон камеры и поглазеть на неё несколько секунд.

C.В это время кто-то мог пройти мимо объектива камеры, всматриваясь в него несколько секунд.

12.At this trial he freely admitted that he had faked his pictures and showed the dummy he had used as his "spirit" (5).

А. В ходе судебных слушаний он спокойно признался, что подделывал фотографии и даже представил суду дамочку, которая позировала в качестве "призрака".

В. На суде он спокойно признал подделку фотографий и даже продемонстрировал манекен, который использовал в качестве "призрака".

С. В ходе судебных разбирательств он без обиняков признался в подделке фотографий и показал манекен, который фотографировал.

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TEST 02

ON MATH AND MATHEMATICIANS

d I. Прочитайте текст и выберите вариант ответа, соответствующий содержанию прочитанных фрагментов (А – D).

А. Carl Friedrich Gauss is a German mathematician, also noted for his wide-ranging contributions to physics. Gauss studied ancient languages in college, but at the age of 17 he became interested in mathematics and attempted a solution of the classical problem of constructing a regular heptagon, or seven-sided figure, with ruler and compass. He not only succeeded in proving this construction impossible, but went further. Soon he gave up his intention to study languages and turned to mathematics. He studied at the University of Göttingen. For his doctoral thesis he submitted a proof that every algebraic equation has at least one root, or solution. This theorem, which had challenged mathematicians for centuries, is still called “the fundamental theorem of algebra”. Although Gauss also made valuable contributions to both theoretical and practical astronomy, his principal work was in mathematics and mathematical physics. He was the first to develop a non-Euclidean geometry.

В. Gottfried Leibniz is a German philosopher, mathematician, and statesman, regarded as one of the supreme intellects of the 17th century. Leibniz was considered a universal genius by his contemporaries. His work encompasses not only mathematics and philosophy but also theology, law, diplomacy, politics, history, philology, and physics. Leibniz's contribution in mathematics was to discover the fundamental principles of infinitesimal calculus. He also invented a calculating machine capable of multiplying, dividing, and extracting square roots. He is considered a pioneer in the development of mathematical logic.

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C.Nikolay Lobachevsky is a Russian mathematician, who was one of the first to apply a critical treatment to the fundamental postulates of Euclidean geometry. Lobachevsky was born in Nizhniy Novgorod and educated at the University of Kazan’, where he later taught. At the age of 30, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics there. Independently from the German mathematician Carl Gauss, Lobachevsky devised a method of non-Euclidean geometry. Another of his achievements was developing a method for the approximation of the roots of algebraic equations. This method is now known as DandelinGraffe method, named after two other mathematicians who discovered it independently. In Russia, it is called the Lobachevsky method. Lobachevsky also gave the definition of a function as a correspondence between two sets of real numbers.

D.Pierre de Fermat is a French mathematician. In his youth, with his friend the French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal, he made a series of investigations into the properties of figurate numbers. From these studies Fermat later derived an important method of calculating probabilities. He was also greatly interested in the theory of numbers and made several discoveries in this field. He is known as the author of a simple theorem turned out to be surprisingly difficult to prove. For more than 350 years, many mathematicians tried to prove Fermat’s statement or to disprove it by finding an exception. In June 1993, Andrew Wiles, an English mathematician at Princeton University, claimed to have proved the theorem; however, in December of that year reviewers found a gap in his proof. A year later, after his colleagues judged it complete, Wiles published his proof. Despite the special and somewhat impractical nature of Fermat’s theorem, it was important because attempts at solving the problem led to many important discoveries in both algebra and analysis.

1. Which of the scholars is famous not only for his scientific achievements but also for his amazing versatility?

A.Fermat

B.Gauss

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C.Lobachevsky

D.Leibniz

2. Which scientists developed a new approach to geometry?

A.Lobachevsky and Fermat

B.Gauss and Leibniz

C.Fermat and Leibniz

D.Gauss and Lobachevsky

3. Which of the scientists authored one of the most puzzling scientific riddles?

A.Gauss

B.Lobachevsky

C.Leibniz

D.Fermat

4. Which of the scientists invented a device that could be considered a great grandfather of the present-day calculator?

A.Lobachevsky

B.Gauss

C.Leibniz

D.Fermat

5. Which scholar radically changed his vocation?

A.Leibniz

B.Gauss

C.Fermat

D.Lobachevsky

d Прочитайте текст. Подберите соответствующий заголовок к каждому абзацу (1-5).

(1) Mathematics has many branches. They may differ in the types of problems involved and in the practical application of their results. For instance, arithmetic includes the study of whole numbers, fractions and decimals, and the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It forms the foundation for other kinds of

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mathematics by providing such basic skills as counting and grouping objects, and measuring and comparing quantities.

(2)Unlike arithmetic, algebra is not limited to work with specific numbers. Algebra involves solving problems with equations in which letters, such as x and y, stand for unknown quantities. Geometry is concerned with the properties and relationships of figures in space. Plane geometry deals with squares, circles, and other figures that lie on a plane. Solid geometry involves such figures as cubes and spheres, which have three dimensions.

(3)Calculus and analysis have many practical uses in engineering, physics, and other sciences. Calculus provides a way of solving many problems that involve motion or changing quantities. Differential calculus seeks to determine the rate at which a varying quantity changes. It is used to calculate the slope of a curve and the changing speed of a bullet. Integral calculus tries to find a quantity when the rate at which it is changing is known.

(4)Probability is the null mathematical study of the likelihood of events. It is used to determine the chances that an uncertain event may occur. For example, using probability, a person can calculate the chances that three tossed coins will all turn up in heads.

(5)Statistics is the branch of mathematics connected with the collection and analysis of large bodies of data to identify trends and overall patterns. Statistics relies heavily on probability. Statistical methods provide information to government, business, and science. For example, physicists use statistics to study the behavior of the many molecules in a sample of gas.

А. Related to Philosophy

B.Identifying Trends and Patterns

C.Not Applied Anymore

D.Not Just Numbers

E.The Most Modern Branch

G.The Most Practical Branch

H.Useful for Prediction

I.Great Diversity

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d III. Прочитайте текст и выполните послетекстовые задания.

(1)The work of mathematicians may be divided into pure mathematics and applied mathematics. Pure mathematics seeks to advance mathematical knowledge for its own sake rather than for any immediate practical use. Applied mathematics seeks to develop mathematical techniques for use in science and other fields. Nearly every part of our lives involves mathematics. It has played an essential role in the development of modern technology – the tools, materials, techniques, and sources of power that make our lives and work easier.

(2)Our everyday life is not deprived of mathematics, as we use it for such simple tasks as telling time from a clock or counting our change after making a purchase. We also use mathematics for such complex tasks as making up a household budget or balancing our cheque book. Cooking, driving, gardening, sewing, and many other common activities involve mathematical calculations. Mathematics is also part of many games, hobbies and sports.

(3)Moreover, mathematics is an essential part of nearly all scientific study. It helps scientists to design experiments and analyze data. Scientists use mathematics formulas to express their findings precisely and to make predictions based on these findings. The physical sciences, such as astronomy, chemistry and physics rely heavily on mathematics. Such social sciences as economics, psychology and sociology also depend greatly on statistics and other kinds of mathematics. For example, some economists use a computer to create mathematical models of economic system. These computer models use sets of formulas to predict how a change in one part of the economy might affect other parts.

(4)Besides, mathematics helps industries to design, develop and test products and manufacturing processes. Mathematics is necessary in designing bridges, buildings, dams, highways, tunnels and other architectural and engineering projects.

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(5) Business is one more field that can't function without mathematics, as it is used in transactions that involve buying and selling. Businesses need mathematics to keep record of such things as stock levels and employees' hours and wages. Bankers use mathematics to handle and invest funds. Mathematics helps insurance companies calculate risks and compute the rates charged for insurance coverage.

d Выберите вариант ответа, соответствующий содержанию прочитанного текста (задания 1-5).

1. According to the story, pure mathematics deals with

A. the development of knowledge for its own purpose and need.

B. the application of advanced knowledge in immediate practical use. C. seeking to advance knowledge for the sake of scientific progress.

2. As one can see, applied mathematics focuses on

A.mathematical techniques that have been founded by pure mathematics.

B.the practical use of mathematical techniques in different fields of life.

C.involvement of mathematics in every part of our life and activities.

3. In day-to-day life mathematics is used

A. in making up a household budget.

B. mostly for helping kids with home assignments.

C. practically in every sphere, from telling time to hobbies and sports.

4. The advancement of science is impossible without math as

A.all data are scripted with the help of numbers.

B.it is involved in designing experiments and analysis of data.

C.its formulas help to predict the future.

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5. Industry is unthinkable without mathematics for it

A.helps to design new products and implements.

B.is useful for manufacturing which is based on mathematic formulas.

С. is used in designing and manufacturing, architecture and engineering.

d Определите значение указанного слова в тексте (задания

6-8).

III. Выберите правильный вариант перевода в соответствии с содержанием текста (задания 9-12).

9.Nearly every part of our lives involves mathematics (1).

A.Математика находится около каждой сферы нашей жизни.

B.Практически каждая часть нашей жизни включает в себя математику.

C.Математика нужна практически во всех сферах нашей

жизни.

10.Scientists use mathematical formulas to express their findings precisely (3).

A.Ученые используют математические формулы, чтобы точно описать свои находки.

B.Ученые используют математические формулировки для точного определения новых открытий.

C.Ученые используют математические формулы, чтобы максимально точно выразить полученные данные.

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11.Astronomy, chemistry and physics rely heavily on mathematics (3).

A.Астрономия, химия и физика очень доверяют математике.

B.Астрономия, химия и физика едва ли возможны без математики.

C.Астрономия, химия и физика находятся в зависимости от математики.

12.Mathematics helps insurance companies calculate risks (5).

A.Математика помогает страховым компаниям просчитать риск.

B.Математика помогает страховым компаниям сосчитать риск.

C.Математика помогает страховым компаниям продумать риск.

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TEST 03

ON ASTRONOMY AND ASTRONOMERS

d I. Прочитайте текст и выберите вариант ответа, соответствующий содержанию прочитанных фрагментов (А-D).

A.Nicolaus Copernicus is a Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. This is called the heliocentric, or sun-centered, system. The major ideas of Copernicus's theory are that the earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves yearly around the sun. He argued, furthermore, that the planets also circle the sun. Copernicus's heliocentric theories of planetary motion had the advantage of accounting for the daily and yearly motion of the sun and stars, and it neatly explained the motion of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn and the fact that Mercury and Venus never move more than a certain distance from the sun. But the price of accepting the concept of a moving earth was too high for most 16th-century readers. As a result, parts of his theory were adopted, while the radical core was ignored or rejected.

B.Johannes Kepler is a German astronomer and natural philosopher, noted for formulating and verifying the three laws of planetary motion. These laws are now known as Kepler's laws. He worked out a complex geometric hypothesis to account for distances between the planetary orbits—orbits that he mistakenly assumed were circular. Kepler then proposed that the sun emits a force that diminishes inversely with distance and pushes the planets around in their orbits. Kepler published his account in a treatise entitled Cosmographic Mystery. This work is significant because it presented the first comprehensive account of the geometrical advantages of Copernican theory. One of his major works during this period was New Astronomy, the

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